根據經濟部投資審議委員會公佈的資料顯示，歷年來台商在大陸投資的區位選擇戰略已由南向北遷移，尤其是江蘇、浙江的投資金額約佔51％以上，2005年以後這種趨勢還在持續的往長江三角洲前進。而內政部資料在大上海地區有60萬台商，其家庭高中以下就學子女至少約有一萬餘人，但是此地區的華東與上海兩所台商子女學校，所招收的學生總人數卻遠低於預估人數。我政府基於輔導立場，應該更進一步瞭解其間辦學的問題，藉以在輔導政策上提升對此一地區台商子女就學與教育的服務。 透過文獻、資料與訪談、問卷的實施，發現大上海地區各類型的學校與教育資源非常豐富，台商子女現在的就學環境不再似2000年以前那樣的窘困，由於大陸教育主管不斷的釋出各項優惠政策、台商投資的在地化趨勢、台籍幹部被取代的情勢等因素都有可能牽動台商學校的招生前景，這些問題都為政府輔導台商學校的政策，埋下許多的變數。2010年8月起，兩所台商學校在中學部的轉學生人數竟同時有較大幅度的成長，這個現象卻未反映在台商子女返台升學的選擇上，倒是藉學測成績留在大陸申請進入高校升學的人數開始增加。 政府向來肯定台商學校在大陸辦學有其需要與價值，在台商學校面對主客觀辦學的壓力下，本研究在今後的輔導政策上，對政府的建議是：一、協助台商學校發揮台灣教育的特色；二、協助學校能合法的擴大辦理招生與經營範圍；三、對其他非台商學校的台商子女宜加強教育政策的宣導；四、提升國內大學教育素質，以吸引台商子女返國升學的意願。 / According to information released by the Ministry of Economic Affairs Investment Commission, location choice strategy of Taiwanese investors in mainland have been migrated from south to north over these years, in particular of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. After 2005 this trend continues forward to the Yangtze River Delta. The Ministry of the Interior data shows there are over 600,000 Taiwan businessmen in Shanghai, and at least about one million school children among these families. However, the total number of students enrolled by two Taiwanese Children's schools is far lower than the estimated number. Based on the position of guidance, our government should further understand the problem to enhance the education services of Taiwanese children's schools through the counseling policy. Through literature, information, interviews and the implementation of the questionnaire, I found various types of schools and educational resources in Shanghai. There is no longer difficult for Taiwanese Children choosing schools now as before 2000. Reasons like the mainland education authorities continue to release various preferential policies, the trend of localization for Taiwanese investors, and the replacement of Taiwanese managers, may affect the prospects of enrollment for schools. These problems are also the reasons for government making policies. Since August 2010, there is a big growth of transfered high school students enrolled by two Taiwanese schools, but not reflected in the return students. This may due to the new policy of admission for mainland colleges. The government has always affirmed the need and value of Taiwanese children`s schools. In the case of the running pressure of schools, the proposals through my study are: 1.To help on the school show the characteristics. 2.To assist schools that can legally extended to apply for enrollment and scope. 3.To enhance the advocacy of education policy for non-Taiwanese school children. 4.To upgrade the quality of domestic universities to attract Taiwanese children willing to return to study in Taiwan.

第一章：緒論。說明本文研究動機、目的、內容、方法、步驟以及有關名詞的界定與 文獻回顧。 第二章：自然環境與社會經濟概況及其問題。說明研究對象地區的發展背景、自然環 境，分析人口與產業結構，以及實質發展現況，探討限制發展的影響因素。 第三章：土地利用現況與資源潛力分析。調查各類土地之利用現況，瞭解問題所在， 進而探討各種產業資源之發展潛力。 第四章：促進發展之規劃設計。就前兩章之分析結果，配合相關計畫與居民意願，提 出發展構想與應有之配合措配。 第五章：結論與建議。提出本文研究結果與建議。

海岸為海洋與陸地交界之處，風、浪與潮流等自然營力長期於此不斷的侵蝕與堆積交互演替。近年來，隨著人口快速增加，人類對於海岸地區土地利用與開發的需求急遽擴張，使得影響海岸地形的變因日益複雜且變化迅速。宜蘭特殊的沙丘性海岸因抗蝕性弱，易受到外力影響而改變地形，海岸後方的沿海平原為人口與產業集中的地區，因此自然營力與人為因素對宜蘭平原海岸地形與環境的影響，備受關注。因衛星影像具多時期與大尺度的空間特性，可提供土地覆蓋變遷分析之有效資訊，故本文使用2003年、2006年與2009年宜蘭平原沿海地區SPOT 5衛星影像，利用階層式分類程序將研究試區分為水體、建成與交通用地、沙地、農地與林地等五種土地覆蓋類別，透過土地覆蓋分類之結果，比較三個時期土地覆蓋型面積的變化；建立馬可夫轉移矩陣，了解各土地覆蓋型轉移的情況；其次，量化地景指標以了解整體土地覆蓋型區塊在空間結構上的情況，並利用Shannon多樣性指標t檢定測驗兩時期間整體地景是否有明顯的變遷。進一步，利用二項式Logit迴歸分析2003至2006年與2006年至2009年間土地覆蓋型的變化與沙丘海岸變遷的關係以及參考前人宜蘭海岸變遷之研究，選擇可能影響此區海岸變遷的自然與人為環境因子，建立二項式Logit迴歸模式，探討各項因子對於沙丘性海岸的影響，並利用海岸沙丘空間分佈預測機率圖，最後以2006年與2009年沙地主題圖作為驗證資料，探討模式的可行性。本研究透過不同的空間計量方法，了解本區土地覆蓋型的變化，期本研究成果對於此區海岸保護與管理政策制定者有一參考的依據。 / Coastal zone is at the junction of ocean and land. The area constantly experiences interchanging succession of erosion and accumulation due to natural forces such as wind, wave, and tidal currents. In recent years, associated with fast population increase, the demand of lands expanded rapidly such that the effects on topography of coastal zone became more complex and changed quickly. Coastal sand dunes are dynamic and fragile terrain often regarded as environmentally sensitive areas. Sand dunes are vulnerable to erosion by natural process and human activity. The objective of this research was to examine the effects of environmental factors and land-use changes on coastal sand dunes in I-Lan County. Satellite imageries are characterized by multi-temporal and large-scale, therefore they are ideal for providing necessary information to facilitate analysis of regional land-cover changes. In this research, three SPOT 5 images acquired in 2003, 2006 and 2009 were used to analyze land-cover changes in I-Lan coastal zone. Firstly, a hierarchical classification procedure was applied to classify the image data to five land-cover types and the land-cover changes were compared. Secondly, based on the classification results, a Markov transitional probability matrix was constructed to understand the transition among different land-cover types, and the Fragstats software was used to quantify the landscape structure of three different periods. By analyzing the spatial distributions of land-cover types in different time periods, we were able to examine to the temporal and spatial changes of land-cover in the I-Lan coastal zone. In addition, a t-test based on Shannon diversity index was used to evaluate the changes of the whole landscape in the study area. Thirdly, by selecting possible natural and man-made factors that are likely to affect coastal environment based on various prior studies, the mathematical models such as Markov chain and binomial logit regression analysis were applied to predict the future overall landscape structure and to simulate the spatial distribution of the sandy coastal zone. Thematic maps derived from satellite images obtained in 2006 and 2009 were used to verify and assess the feasibility of the models. This study integrated several spatial statistical methods to understand the patterns of land-cover changes in the study area. It is expected that the results of this study may offer a valuable reference for the policy-makers of coastal protection and management.

本論文主要探討聯合國在維護國際安全與和平目的時，由原先所構思的集體安全概念，來確保不再發生世界大戰，到發展出維持和平行動及預防外交的前因後果。 　　聯合國於一九四五年成立後，由於東西雙方兩大集團採取對抗方式，冷戰於焉形成，集體安全概念除了在韓戰及波灣戰爭發揮維護國際社會安全與和平應有的功能外，面對其餘各項衝突均無法發揮其功能，維持和平行動乃因運而生，並延伸出預防外交的概念。 　　聯合國於一九四八年第一次實施維和行動，開啟了維和行動的新頁。在冷戰的四十幾年間，維持和平行動及預防外交確實發揮穩定國際安全與和平功效。隨著冷戰於一九八八年結束，國際間採取以合作代替對抗，同年聯合國維持和平行動獲得諾貝爾和平獎，及美國於一九九一年在聯合國安全理事會授權下組成多國聯軍,將伊拉克從科威特逐回其本土，以及蓋里秘書長在一九九二年向安理會所報題為和平議程中，重新賦予預防外交新的定義及做法，因而引發國際間對於聯合國在維護國際安全與和平上的厚望，預防外交頓時成為當時流行的口號，而受到國際社會的重視。 　　聯合國對於國際間的期望也確實給予具體的回應，維持和平行動從冷戰前四十三年間執行十三項任務，激增到冷戰後短短十五年內的四十三項任務，介入處裡的衝突，也從國際間的衝突到國家的內戰等，範圍較前廣泛；而其所執行的任務更從早期監督停火及擔任軍事緩衝者到維護人道救濟及人權，並進而協助國家重建工作等，不一而足，可說加大了預防外交的廣度與深度。維持和平行動及預防外交實施以來，雖有長足的進步，但本身仍有問題需要去面對及克服，聯合國因而成立小組研擬改進之道，逐一加以解決，然仍有部分問題未能完全解決，尚待克服。雖然聯合國仍有待精進，但是其作為國際及國內爭端的最佳仲裁機構，是無庸置疑的，這也是為何在海地任務中，由美國領軍組成的多國部隊仍須經聯合國授權，才具正當性。目前維和任務及預防外交仍是聯合國維護國際社會安全與和平的最佳方法。

隨著全球氣候變遷，天然災害發生頻率越來越高，人道救援的重要性、多元性、緊急性及複雜性更加凸顯，國際人道援助已然成為當代普世價值，因此聯合國與歐盟在1990年代重新改組人道援助機構，統一人道援助事務的事與權，使得國際人道援助機制更臻完善。 首先，海地2010年發生世紀強震，國際社會發動近年來最大動員進行救援與救災，本文透過檢視跨國合作人道援助海地震災，瞭解國際人道援助機制之執行成果，共有包括美國等30餘個國家、聯合國等14個國際組織、紅十字國際委員會等37個非政府組織共同合作協助海地救災與重建工作。 其次，經檢視此次國際救災與重建工作之成果，除所號召的67支搜救隊就出的134生還者是近年來最多成功救援生還者最多的案例，直到2012年2月，原來震災後暫棲避難所的150萬災民也大幅減少至49萬人，預計修復與重建的房舍進度也達成50％，由上述成效觀之，各行為者之間並未出現疊床架屋之困境，反而出現團隊合作的情形，這要歸功於聯合國多年來進行救災累積的經驗。 此次主要由聯合國統一指揮，有效避免救災資源重疊及浪費的情形，並把握救災黃金時間提升人道援助的成效與成果。救災過程中雖因美國撤僑，派軍控制海地國際機場，導致各國救災行動一時受阻，引起撻伐，嗣經聯合國副秘書長John Holmes介入後及時解決此問題，應可作為日後聯合國與國際社會進行人道援助之借鏡，雖救災初期略為紊亂，整個人道救援過程仍稱順利，可謂「瑕不掩瑜」。 最後，中華民國的人道援助經費與聯合國、歐盟、美國及國際重要非政府組織動輒10幾億美元之經費相較之下微不足道，但中華民國此次人道援助策略秉持以自身的優勢及傳統援助強項為基本戰略，並以「小而美」、「小而巧」、「小而強」的原則規劃執行相關計畫，由中華民國執行重建計畫的執行效率，再與聯合國、歐盟及美國透過非政府組織所執行的計畫相較之下，中華民國的策略似乎較為奏效且真正符合受災國人民的迫切需求，這也將成為日後中華民國日後制訂人道援助政策的最佳參考模式。 / With global climate change, natural disasters occur more frequently; therefore, the importance, diversity, urgency and complexity of humanitarian assistance not only become more and more prominent, but also become contemporary universal value. In the 1990s, the United Nations and the European Union reshuffled their humanitarian aid agencies, by unifying Humanitarian Aid Office’s authority, the mechanism of the international humanitarian assistance becomes more complete. Firstly, in January 2010 Haiti was hit by a catastrophic-magnitude earthquake, causing great damages and losses. The international community launched in recent years the largest mobilization for rescue and disaster relief. The essay reviews cross-border cooperation in humanitarian aid for the Haiti earthquake and analyzes the implementation of international humanitarian assistance. A total of more than 30 countries including the United States, United Nations and other 14 international organizations, 37 non-governmental organizations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, work together to assist the Haitian relief and reconstruction work. Secondly, 134 survivors were rescued by 67 search and rescue teams, also claimed to be the most successful rescue case in past decades. Until February 2012, refuges that lived in the temporary camps are significantly reduced from 1.5 million to 490,000 and the percentage of the progress of the repair and reconstruction of the damaged houses has reached 50%. Instead of the overlap and waste of resources, all the international actors work together to make a great success, thanks to disaster relief experience accumulated in the United Nations over the years. The unified command of the United Nations effectively avoids duplication of relief resources and waste and takes advantage of the prime time in enhancing effectiveness and outcomes of the humanitarian aid. Although the evacuation of the United States’citizens in Haiti and the incident that the U.S. troops were sent to control Haiti International Airport in the relief process result in temporary drawback in the international disaster relief efforts, thus causing international discontent, the intervention of the UN Under-Secretary-General John Holmes helped resolve the issue. This could serve as a good example for United Nations and the international community to carry out humanitarian assistance on disaster relief in the future. Despite the early slight disorder, the whole humanitarian process proceeds with stability in the end. Finally, the humanitarian aid funds of the Republic of China（Taiwan） to the Haiti earthquake, compare with that of the United Nations, the European Union, the United States and other important international non-governmental organizations, are trivial, yet the Republic of China（Taiwan） makes the best use of its advantages and traditional strengths and followed the principles of “small but beautiful”, “small but clever” and “small but good”. The strategy of the implementation of the reconstruction plan of Taiwan, compares with that of the United Nations, the European Union and the United States, seems more effective and truly meets the urgent needs of the victims, which will also serve as the best reference model for Taiwan in the stipulation of its humanitarian aid policy in the future.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22874号 / 理博第4640号 / 新制||理||1667(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 西村 卓也, 教授 久家 慶子, 教授 宮﨑 真一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM