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台灣地區地小人稠，土地使用情況複雜，因此，土地管理為一重要課題。航攝資料具高空間解析力及幾何真實性之特性，若能快速取得，則有助於長期環境監測與土地永續利用。有鑑於此，本研究以機動性高之直昇機為載具，配合9cm焦距之攝影機，採用11.5cm ×11.5cm像幅之彩色正片，航空拍攝實驗區，並於拍攝前佈設空照標，且利用全球定位系統測定地面控制點。 本研究目的在探討小像幅數值影像於重建方位過程中，攝影條件之特性及地面控制之成果，此外，利用解析測圖儀與影像工作站不同量測方法對於空中三角精度影響，結果顯示小像幅亦可完成數值空中三角測量。數位法X、Y、Z方向之RMSE為0.097 m、0.090 m、0.161 m，解析法之RMSE為0.132 m、0.120 m、0.144 m。 / The objective of this thesis has been to investigate the feasibility of digital aerotriangulation using small format photos. A focal length of 9mm camera mounted on a helicopter with format of 11.5cm by 11.5cm color positives have been used for taking pictures of the research area. The premarked ground control points were surveyed by GPS. Photo control was executed using a Leica BC3 analytical plotter and an Intergraph ImageStation respectively. The coordinates measurements of photo points using the two instruments have been evaluated. Both of interior and exterior parameters computed from digital triangulation and digitized photos have been used to produce the orthoimage. The resultant orthoimage was then superimposed and compared with the existing 1/1000 digital map. The results have indicated that: 1. The RMSE of digital method were X = 0.097m, Y = 0.090m, Z = 0.161m; the RMSE of analytical method were X = 0.132m, Y = 0.120m, Z = 0.144m; 2. Digital aerotriangulation could be performed using small format photos.

本研究針對「台灣儀器集團」在中國設立的H公司為觀察對象，該公司係中國測量產業中唯一一家較具規模與知名度的台灣公司。台灣儀器集團在進入中國前，台灣的業務範圍僅限於代理國外品牌儀器，並沒有從事製造活動。 H公司以沒有生產能力的背景到中國市場發展，經營的有聲有色。本研究的研究目的為(一)分析該公司在中國市場環境開放程度改變化、B2B市場的變化之下，是否影響H公司策略的採行。(二)中國測量儀器產業的產業概況H公司競爭優勢(三)未來經營方向建議。 透過回顧式縱貫研究法與個案分析法深入分析後，本研究發展出四個命題: 命題一: 台灣廠商在早期(2004年以前)的中國市場，相對於其他國外廠商具有先天的語言與文化優勢，相對於中國廠商具有策略靈活的優勢。 命題二:獨家代理商經營模式，在測量儀器產業已難維持過去的競爭優勢。 命題三:就4C交易成本理論而言，H公司在四個階段所能創造優勢的交易成本不同。隨著市場的激烈競爭、資訊透明，資訊蒐集成本下降，外顯成本從價格面去影響，道德危機成本與專屬資產成本則日益提高。 命題四:短期而言，Place、Price、Promotion可以創造優勢，但長期而言，必須擁有自己的Product，才能維持競爭優勢。 本研究貢獻在於不同的交易成本考量因市場發展階段的不同而異，以及H公司在中國測量儀器產業的關鍵成功因素為自有品質佳的產品，單純的代理商已難以維持優勢。 / In this thesis, we have taken “H Company” in china, established by the founder of “Taiwan instrument Group”, as a study case. Prior to the establishment of “H Company” in china, the business model of “Taiwan instrument Group” was the import of surveying measure into Taiwan, and the sales and services of these instruments, without any investments in the manufacturing of these instruments. Even without manufacturing capability, “H Company” was able to create sufficient competitive advantages to expand the business rapidly in china for some time. The theme of this study is (1) to observe how the strategies developed by “H Company” was influenced by the rapid changes of the B2B market and the other environmental factors in China, (2) to analyze the surveying instrument market in china and the changes of the competitive advantages of “H Company”, (3) to give some suggestions for “H Company” in the future. After analyzing with “Retrospective Longitudinal Approach” and “Case Study Approach”, four research propositions has been indentified: 1.In the early stage, compared to other foreign companies and local companies, Taiwanese companies have the advantages due to similar language and culture compared to foreign companies, while possessing superior marketing and business strategies compared to the local companies. 2.H Company could only maintain the competitive advantages from the model of exclusive distributorship for a limited time period. 3.By using the Transaction Cost Theory, one can explain the different transaction costs to gain the competitive advantages in different stages. As the market matures and becomes more efficient and transparent, competition will intensify, thereby reducing information searching cost, increasing the importance of explicit cost, moral transaction cost, and switching cost. 4.In a short run, competitive advantages due to successful strategies of place, price and promotion can overcome short comings of the product competitiveness, but in the long run, but competitive advantages from the product will be key factor to ensure long term success. The finding of the thesis is that difference transaction costs has to be considered in different competitive stages, and designing/manufacturing one’s own brand of products with good quality in the surveying instrument industry in China will be the next step for “H Company” to grow and evolve from its past business model of distributor.

本研究的動機在整合攝影測量與網際網路技術，主旨為研究經由網路瀏覽立體影像之分析。為製作地物之立體影像，研究中使用非量度性數位相機，於地面垂直拍攝二棟建物，以補色原理製成數值像對，接著建置研究區之導覽網站，並將立體影像連結上網，提供立體觀察。本研究亦以Java程式設計立體浮測標，提供觀察者瞭解地物之遠近或高低。 　　實驗呈現若以柯達DC280數位相機進行近景攝影測量，前方交會地物檢核點之空間位置可達像空間上次像元之精度，像比例尺為1/1680時，相對精度可達物距之1/8400。研究結果顯示：結合攝影測量與網際網路可充分展現影像之三維空間。 / The ideal of this study is to put together the knowledge of Photogrammetry and web technology and then provide the 3D pictures for web browsers. 　　A non-metric digital camera is used in this research to shoot two building on the ground vertically. The color-contracting theory is applied to construct the website and create a stereoscopic viewing on the targets within the experimental range. In addition to color-contracting theory, floating mark designed with Java program is also used to help the web users better understand the distance and altitude in proportional to the surrounding objects. 　　According to the experiment in this research, pictures taken with Kodak digital camera model #DC280 together with help of close-range photogrammetry. turn out to beas accutate as those taken with sub-pixel standard (1:1680 proportion versus 1:8400 accuracy). Photogrammetry joins with Internet will successfully disclose the 3D concept and will promote the idea of Photogrammetry.

2009-08-31 本文は著者の希望により公開取り下げ / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14268号 / 工博第3019号 / 新制||工||1448(附属図書館) / 26595 / UT51-2008-T28 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 大西 有三, 教授 田村 正行, 教授 松岡 俊文 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(理学) / 乙第12912号 / 論理博第1548号 / 新制||理||1590(附属図書館) / 32122 / (主査)准教授 宮﨑 真一, 教授 平原 和朗, 教授 橋本 学 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

第一章緒論：闡明研究動機、目的、範圍、步驟、及名詞之定義與限制條件。第二章 數值地籍測量電腦化何行性之探討：首先提出數值法測量在界址測量。面積計量與電 腦繪圖之基本原理，正好與電子處理之特性吻合，適於電腦化作業；其次介紹西德、 瑞士、加拿大與日本施行成功之先例，及台灣地區以往試辦結果，證實可行。第三章 數值地籍測量電子資料處理系統之建立：探討建立電子資料處理系統之系統分析、系 統設計、及程式設計，並介紹電腦繪製地籍圖之概念。第四章效益分析與配合措施： 分別就測量精度、作業速度、設備經費、與地籍管理等四項，詳細比較數值法與圖解 法之優劣，並作效益分析；然後提出實施時應有之配合措施。第五章結論與建議：經 上述研究分析知，數值地籍測量電腦化為適合現代社會需求及科學化管理之件業制度 ，宜積極推行；最後並檢討未來尚待研究之方向。

建蔽率、容積率為都市規劃及控制都市成長所必需之土地利用強度資訊，對這些資訊的狀況瞭解程度會影響整個都市規劃政策的好壞。而現行調查方式為人工現地調查，常需花費大量的人力與時間。實際上，數值航空攝影測量與地理資訊系統等技術的進步，已可應用於輔助建立這些方面的資訊。 本研究目的在結合數值航攝影像與地理資訊系統之技術，以應用於探求土地利用強度之相關資訊。研究主要從數值航攝影像中萃取三維空間資訊，利用地理資訊系統轉換成建蔽率及容積率等土地利用強度資訊。此外，為瞭解成果之精度，本研究亦曾以地面實際測量驗證數值航測成果，結果顯示，利用單像個別量測並利用前方交會計算高程之方式，已可達到精度之要求。除此之外，轉換後之建蔽率、容積率亦較建築物原計畫之建蔽率、容積率數據大約1.1∼1.2倍。研究顯示，在進行現地調查建蔽率、容積率之前，這種方式可為快速輔助判斷之良好工具。 / It needs the information of land use intensity to control the growth of cities, such as building coverage ratio and building bulk ratio. It spends much manpower and time to get the information. The improving technology of digital photogrammetry and geographic information systems can assist investigate and collect the information. The objective of this research has been to analyze the land use intensity with assistance of geographic information systems and digital photogrammetry. Digital aerial photographs have been used to collect 3-D spatial information of research area. This information has been imported into a geographic information system. Building coverage ratio and building bulk ratio of whole research area could be established thereafter. The information collected by digital photogrammetry has also been investigated and checked in situ. The results have indicated that: 1. The ratios of both building coverage ratio and building bulk ratio to the original planned record have been of 1.1~1.2. 2. The most suitable height of each floor is 3.3m when calculating the floor number of building in the research area. 3. Digital aerial photographs could be very useful when the information of land use intensity was required.

本文提出以規則法與相似法將未知動詞自動分類至中研院詞庫小組(1993)的動詞分類標記上。規則法中的規則從訓練語料中訓練出，並加上未知動詞重疊的規律，包含率約二成五，正確率約86.86%∼91.32%。規則法的優點在於正確率高，但缺點在於可以處理的未知動詞數量太少。相似法利用與未知動詞的相似例子猜測未知動詞的可能分類，利用詞彙內部的訊息---詞基的詞類、語意類與詞彙結構來計算相似度。相似法的可以全面性的處理未知動詞，缺點容易受到訓練語料中標記錯誤的例子誤導與訓練語料的大小所影響。我們結合規則法與相似法預測未知動詞分類的正確率為72%。 / We present two methods to classify the Chinese unknown verbs. First, we summarize some linguistic rules and morphological patterns from corpus. The accuracy of the rule-based method is 86.86%~91.32%. Second, we use the instance-based categorization to classify the Chinese unknown words. The accuracy of the instance-based method is 67.86%~70.92% and the accuracy of the integrated classifier is about 72%.