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論我國稅捐稽徵法第12條之1【實質課稅原則】之適用界限-以法學方法論與【納稅者權利保護法】意旨為分析方法 / The Study on the Demarcation of Substance-Over-Form Principle of Tax Collection Act Article 12-1馮浩庭, Feng, Hau-Ting Unknown Date (has links)
我國稅捐稽徵法第12條之1【實質課稅原則】規定自立法迄今仍爭議不斷,故為求於稅捐爭訟案件中妥當適用實質課稅原則,有必要對於實質課稅原則之適用前提、定位、解釋及適用界限等議題進行分析,特別係指明實質課稅原則應有之適用界限,避免稅捐稽徵機關過度擴張適用,俾保障納稅義務人之合法權益。特別是我國立法院於105年12月28日制定公布【納稅者權利保護法】,訂於106年12月28日生效施行,為我國納稅者權利保護邁出一大步,而此專法之通過,對於稅捐稽徵機關及行政法院適用實質課稅原則時,應有何種程度之影響亦值探討,俾能發揮納稅者權利保護之立法目的與意旨。本研究以法學方法論及【納稅者權利保護法】意旨為分析方法,提出實質課稅原則之適用前提及界限,並選擇納稅義務人進行租稅規劃時常用租稅工具(包括信託、保險、土地交易、所得性質)之相關行政法院判決,進行評析驗證,最後提出結論與建議供納稅義務人、稅捐主管機關及行政法院參考。
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獎勵與懲罰對租稅逃漏與規避行為之影響 / The Effect of Reward-Penalty System on Tax Aversion呂欣茹, Lu, Hsin Ju Unknown Date (has links)
現行有關逃漏稅研究的國內外文獻,無論在理論推導或實證分析上,多集
中於非法的租稅逃漏(tax evasion)上,而忽略了另一種合法的減少稅
負的方法:租稅規避(tax avoidance)。本文乃將 Falkinger &
Walther (1991) 獎懲並行的制度與傳統的租稅逃避(tax aversion)理
論相結合,而以較嚴謹的方式分析聯合的個人租稅逃漏與租稅規避的選擇
行為,即所謂的租稅逃避行為。本文共分為四章十節,略述如下:第一章
為緒論,分為三節,分別說明研究動機與目的、研究範圍與方法及章節安
排。第二章為文獻回顧,分為三節,以國、內外文獻為探討單元,分別依
時間順序及研究範圍與方法,針對租稅逃漏、租稅規避與租稅逃避聯合決
策行為等三個領域的文獻作假設分析與結論整理,最後則做一小結。第三
章為獎懲並行的租稅逃避理論( A Mixed Penalty- Reward Tax
Aversion Theory ),分為三節,第一節介紹獎懲並行的租稅逃避理論,
主要分成基本假設、模型設立、比較靜態分析和加入獎勵因素後的影響四
部份來討論。第二節乃以獎懲並行的租稅逃避模型與前章中所述較具代表
性的逃、避稅理論模型加以比較。最後則作一小結。第四章為結論,僅一
節。由於另一租稅減少途徑──租稅規避──的存在改變了許多僅討論租
稅逃漏文獻的結論。本文主要的結論是,除了查獲率和邊際懲罰率的變動
對申報所得和避稅所得佔總逃避所得的份額有明確的正向影響外,其他相
關變數如總所得、邊際稅率和邊際避稅成本的變動所造成的影響均不明確
;而邊際獎勵率的變動對申報所得的影響亦無法確定,然其對避稅所得佔
總逃避稅所得的份額卻造成(反直觀的)負面的效果。此外,提高獎勵率
是否提高或降低其他變數變動的效果,其答案亦無法肯定。這些發現表
示 Falkinger & Walther (1991) 對於採用獎勵制度的優點似乎有誇大之
嫌。
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反租稅規避制度對利潤移轉之影響 -以台灣上市電子工業在境外設立子公司為例 / Impact of anti-tax avoidance regimes on the profit shifting-Evidence from the listed electronic industries in Taiwan investing on subsidiaries abroad顏瀅庭 Unknown Date (has links)
在全球化的趨勢之下,國際分工不可避免地成為跨國公司運作的趨勢。2013年2月,OECD發布《處理稅基侵蝕及利潤移轉》的報告表示,跨國公司利潤移轉策略的採取被認為是稅基侵蝕的主要原因。基於BEPS已經成為各國非常重視的議題,世界各國也為了保全稅基及防杜利潤移出,紛紛訂出反制措施。這些反制措施是否能遏制利潤不當的移動,是一個值得重視議題。惟目前學術文獻上並未有一篇全面盤點這些反制措施及地主國租稅制度對利潤移轉的影響。
故本篇研究以2005年至2012年台灣電子工業作為研究對象,利用橫斷面及時間序列的追蹤資料 (panel data) 之隨機模型做估計,探討台灣跨國公司之電子業海外子公司的利潤移轉是否會受到租稅規避行為的影響。結果顯示,利潤移轉會受到以下四種國際租稅規避工具所影響,分別是地主國是否有移轉訂價的規範、是否有預先移轉訂價規範、是否有反資本弱化條款以及地主國是否為租稅天堂。
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從風險管理與犯罪預防觀點論保險詐欺之防制林秉耀 Unknown Date (has links)
保險詐欺是自有保險制度以來就有的問題,世界各國都被這個問題所困擾。因為沒有受到廣泛的宣傳及討論,加上執法機關的忽視、抗拒提供調查機能及加強追訴,所以在1980年代以前沒有被當作重大問題予以重視,一般民眾完全不知它的嚴重性,把它當作「沒有被害人的犯罪(victimless crime)」。然而保險詐欺隨時都在發生,而且範圍及程度日益擴大,已堪稱為「溫和的巨災(quiet catastrophe)」,不但影響個人經濟負擔,且破壞社會安定,因此本文就如何防制保險詐欺加以探討。
保險詐欺直接衝擊的是保險公司的經營穩定性與安全性,對保險公司而言是經營上的風險,因此從風險管理的角度,分析保險公司的實務運作,探討運用各種風險管理對策防制保險詐欺的可行性。經本文研究發覺以風險管理模式可以防制保險詐欺或減輕保險詐欺的損失,各種風險管理對策運用如下:
(一) 風險自承原則:對規模小、影響層面小的保險詐欺案件,列為「堪忍的詐欺」,予以承受,以節省相關的查證經費。
(二) 風險規避原則:建立「防範保險詐欺查核表」,在進行核保、理賠作業時嚴格查核,積極避開保險詐欺風險。
(三) 風險分散原則:針對損失頻率低、損失幅度大的案件採取同業共保的方式;對損失頻率高、損失幅度小的案件採取約定自負額方式承保,以分散風險。
(四) 風險轉嫁原則:約集保險同業成立相互保險組織,把保險詐欺所帶來的風險移轉給相互保險組織。
保險詐欺基本上是犯罪行為,要消弭犯罪行為可以藉由對犯罪環境加以有效管理、設計或操作,以及降低犯罪機會達到目的。本文研究發現推動「詐欺管理生命週期理論」的嚇阻、預防、察覺、緩和、分析、政策、偵查、追溯等措施,及「情境犯罪預防理論」的增加犯罪困難度、提升犯罪風險、降低犯罪報酬、削弱犯罪動機等措施,喚起全民共同防制保險詐欺的意念,可以壓制保險詐欺之發生。
嚴謹的法令規範是防制犯罪的根本,經由本文的探討發覺保險詐欺的盛行,除了民眾法治觀念差以外,現行法令不周全,讓歹徒有機可乘及執法單位強制力不足,亦是原因之一。修訂保險法及刑法,對於防制保險詐欺有很大的效益。 / “Insurance Fraud” has been an issue, by which the countries all over the world are perplexed, since there exists the system of insurance. By 1980’s, not much attention has been paid to this issue which deemed a victimless crime and the public does not realize how serious the problem is due to the lake of broad propaganda and the ignorance, being rejected to offer the function, and being refused to strengthen prosecution by the law enforcement agency.
Nevertheless, insurance fraud happens all the time and has already been called the “quiet catastrophe” because the range and severity caused keep expanding day by day. Resulting from, not only the financial burden of the individual is influenced, but the social stability is destroyed as well. Therefore, this paper probed into “how to prevent Insurance Fraud”.
Since Insurance Fraud would strike the financial stability and security of an insurance company, it becomes kind of risk on company’s management. This paper would be analyzing the practical operation of an insurance company and trying to find out the feasibility of Insurance Fraud Prevention by using various kinds of risk management countermeasures. By which, this paper discovers the losses caused by insurance fraud could be prevented and/ or reduced. The followings are those risk management countermeasures studied and applied:
A. The principle of “Risk Retention & Reduction”:
Sorting out those cases by loss amount scale. Smaller ones are classified & named as “Admitted Fraud”, and settled without verification in order to save the related expenses for investigation.
B. The principle of “Risk Avoidance or Hedging”:
Setting up “Checking List of Insurance Fraud”, by using which to actively avoid the risk of insurance fraud while carrying on the operations of underwriting and claim handling.
C. The principle of “Risk Sharing & Diversification”:
Co-insuring with peer companies for those accounts with the characteristic of low frequency & high severity in terms of loss exposure. As to other accounts, appointing an appropriate policy deductible level to disperse the risk of Insurance Fraud.
D. The principle of “Risk Transference or Shift”:
Establishing the pooling system or organization to transfer the risk of Insurance Fraud to the peer companies.
Basically, Insurance Fraud is a criminal offence, which could be eliminated and / or reduced by way of methods of management, design, and operation on the crime environment. It is found that the occurrence of Insurance Fraud could be depressed by:
A. Promoting measures of “The Fraud Management Lifecycle Theory”, such as deterrence, prevention, detection, mitigation, analysis, policy, investigation, prosecution etc., and
B. Executing the countermeasures of “The Situational Crime Prevention Theory” such as increasing perceived efforts, increasing perceived risks, reducing anticipated reward, removing excuses etc., and
C. Arousing the public the thought of fighting Insurance Fraud mutually.
A rigorous legal system is the base of preventing criminal offence. As discovered and presented by this paper, reasons why the Insurance Fraud has been prevailing are not only because of a poor sense of legal compliance of the public, but also the un-thoroughness of the current legal system resulting in offering ruffians opportunities to take advantages from Insurance Fraud and the in-sufficient power of prosecution of the law enforcement agency. Therefore, to revise the insurance law and criminal law would be greatly workable for preventing Insurance Fruad.
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