隨著全球化、貿易便捷化及非傳統性安全威脅，我國海關由財政功能逐漸轉型為經濟安全功能。為因應跨國組織犯罪、毒品走私、非法移民、傳染性疾病、恐怖主義、網路安全等「非傳統性安全」，有效地於邊境執法，我國海關查緝策略與機制應加速調整。 海關緝私條例之查緝走私包括安全檢查，與國安法第四條之安全檢查顯有重疊，為避免造成行政資源浪費，實有整合之必要。我政府宜確定邊境查緝之主導機關，整合所有邊境業務相關機關，賦予海關司法警察權及刑事調查權，俾我國海關調查違法事證後，直接移送地檢署偵辦，不必再由不具關務專業的其他單位介入調查，延宕偵辦程序。 我國海關實施貨物通關自動化作業超過10年，通關作業、速度及各項通關服務已列關務先進國家，而查緝面，不僅沒有司法警察權，查緝器材及設備落後關務先進國家不只10年。面對大量入出境之旅客及貨物，為期能有效的執行邊境管制，海關查緝機制策略調整範圍應包括查緝重點之調整、風險管理之強化、查緝設備及機具之採用、緝毒犬的加速訓練及培育、相關作業方式的調整、情資分享及國際合作與爭取特定業務範圍之司法警察權等；組織、查驗方式及人事亦應配合調整。 國際政治現實因素下，我未能加入世界海關組織，而在中國的壓力下，願與我簽訂關務互助或情資交流協定之國家屈指可數，如何在顧及國家利益及不損及國內查緝之情形下，與其他國家於互惠的基礎上交流，亟待修法突破。另為配合海關執行緝私之實際需要，修法明定留置受檢查人之要件、期間及其他應為程序或措置，亦屬必要。

自1989年來兩岸交流已十餘年，雖意識形態之對立未能有效改善，但經貿交流卻高潮迭起。中共在經貿方面所以對台採開放策略，自有其政治考量，中共官方無非希望藉兩岸緊密交流，而最終目的在於未來能透過經濟來整合台灣。惟在兩岸熱絡經貿互動過程中，衍生了不少犯罪問題；如偷渡、通緝逃犯、海上糾紛、走私等等。本論文以探討走私問題為主軸，尤其對兩岸槍械、毒品走私為研究之重點。 　　走私是經濟犯罪之一環，以台灣海島國家而言，其方法不外乎空運夾帶、漁船交易、貨櫃走私三大類。而其中以貨櫃走私數量上最龐大、危害性最嚴重、查緝上難度最高。本論文以相關走私犯罪理論來印證走私犯罪之模式，並以文獻探討及深度訪談來瞭解貨櫃走私之特性、手法及尋求突破防制策略，以期望將貨櫃走私犯罪控制在社會可以接受的程度。使兩岸經貿交流中，對危害國家安全的槍械、毒品及大宗經濟物品之走私犯罪行為，能有效的打擊及防制。 　　兩岸即將加入ＷＴＯ，目前兩岸經貿及交流障礙因素將可望逐漸掃除，可預期將再造兩岸經貿交流的高峰。相對的，亦將對台灣本島的政治、經濟、社會、治安衍生很大的變化，並對台灣方面帶來嚴重的挑戰。其中，隨著兩岸經貿交流的擴大，兩岸往來貨櫃數量勢必暴增，而隱藏走私犯罪將更為猖獗、氾濫。將使我政府當局面臨嚴重的考驗。因此；本論文乃根據文獻探討與深度訪談之結果，擬定三大防制策略，即消極性的防堵策略、積極性的查緝作為、科學的新安檢措施。細節雖有些繁瑣，但每一環節均為貨櫃安檢及查緝工作的小螺絲釘，而且是安檢先進的經驗傳承。本論文經一年之前期準備及半年餘思索繕寫，方能順利完成；內容包括： 第一章：緒論，包括研究動機、目的與方法。 第二章：走私犯罪相關理論基礎與貨櫃安檢制度沿革等文獻探討。 第三章：1989年後兩岸所衍生之走私現況探討與兩岸緝私制度比較。 第四章：貨櫃走私犯罪之原因特性模式探討與實證研究。 第五章：兩岸加入WTO後預期貨櫃走私型態之變化。 第六章：擬定具體可行之貨櫃走私防制策略。 第七章：結論，包括研究檢討與未來願景。 / The exchange between strait has started for more than ten years. However, in the process of active commercial interaction between strait, many criminal problems derive from the interaction, such as sea dispute and smuggling. This thesis majorly focuses on the issue of smuggling, especially the gun and drug smuggling between strait. 　　Smuggling is a type of economic crime, which includes smuggling through air cargo fishing boat exchange and container smuggling. The container smuggling is the most numerous and jeopardous one, and it is extremely difficult to investigate. The thesis examines the smuggling practice with relevant theories. It also includes comprehensive study on relevant articles and discussion which help to understand the means, nature and characters of above-mentioned smuggling. With the above approaches, the study anticipates to find an effective smuggling preventing strategy, which can control the smuggling under an acceptable degree of society. Furthermore, the thesis anticipates to afford a powerful attack and effective prevention on smuggling. 　　Both Taiwan and mainland China will accession to WTO in a near future , the obstacles will be removed. As a result, the high tide of trade and exchange between strait will appear. Therefore, due to the growing number of container transportation , the case of smuggling will increase. It's predictable that, the relevant governmental authority will face a difficult trial. Based on the comprehensive article research and investigation, the thesis encompasses three proposed preventing strategies, namely the negative blocking strategy, positive investigation strategy and new scientific security measures. With years of preparation and composing. contents including： 1. Abstract 2. Comprehensive article research and investigation 3. Discussion about current situation on smuggling between straits after 1989 4. Discussion about, the model of crime on container smuggling 5. The predictable change of container smuggling between straits after entering WTO 6. Prevention strategy 7. Conclusion

由於各國對移民、入出境政策以及相關的管制措施，產生合法移民與入出境的人流，也因而產生非法移民及入出境的情形。而在非法移民當中，「人口販運」之情形是一種極端。人蛇集團在整個偷渡的過程更扮演催化劑的角色，他們為謀取販賣與質押人口的暴利，甚至親自經營色情行業，或配合色情業者需求，強迫賣淫和勞動為目的而販運男、女、及兒童，其規模及人數在大陸地區日益擴大，經營方式及走私手法也不斷創新。並且利用各種場合搜尋適當女性，運用各種方法將其運送來台或至他國，本研究主要是藉由蒐集人蛇集團「人口販運」及「人口走私」之具體個案，以瞭解人蛇集團販運人口之現況，探討兩岸人蛇集團形成的因素及其組織結構與販運流程，研擬防制策略，提出具體可行辦法。 / Because of the immigration policies and related management measures of all the countries, human flows including legal and illegal immigrations are created. Among cases of illegal immigration, “human trafficking” cases are at the extreme. Human smugglers play the role of catalysts in processes of stowing away. They sell humans for huge profits. Some of them even run sex-related businesses by themselves or cooperate with the pornography industry to make male, female, and child stowaways into prostitutes. The number of victims and the scale of these businesses have been growing in Mainland China. And there are more and more creative measures to run business and to smuggling humans. They look for suitable women in all kinds of places and send them to Taiwan or other countries through all kinds of channels. This study aimed to explore the current status of human trafficking by human smuggles and discuss the causes of human smugglers, structures of their organizations, and processes of selling humans through the case study of “human trafficking” and “human smuggling” cases, in order to develop prevention strategies and propose possible workable solutions.

本論文以抗戰時期中共在華北的抗日根據地為例,說明此段時期中共統治區內公私營商業消長的情況,著重中共如何在華北抗日根據地中發展商業活動,及中共政權與私營及公營商業的關係. 從"中共與商業"在戰時不同階段所呈現出來的不同面貌為出發點,定位抗戰時期"中共與商業"在歷史長流中的角色與意義.

自1987年我方開放赴大陸探親後，由於兩岸地理位置相近、語言文化相通，復因交通、資訊科技便捷，民間互動漸趨頻繁，兩岸間跨境犯罪已從量增而質惡，加上司法互助合作無法實現，不法分子洞悉此種空隙，遂勾結串聯，進行各類跨境重大犯罪，嚴重危害人民生命、財產安全及國家安全。兩岸警方基於打擊犯罪、保障民眾生命財產安全是警察職責所在，經由多次協商互動，已合作偵破多起跨境刑事犯罪，對兩岸社會安定、人民權益貢獻良多。毒品犯罪為世界公罪，其走向組織化、集團化、跨境化之趨勢，已非單一地區所能因應，加強建立兩岸間情資交流、合作偵辦機制，實為兩岸緝毒合作之首要目標，尤其跨境走私毒品手法不斷更新，惟有持續加強雙方情資聯繫及合作偵辦交流，始能有效共同防堵兩岸跨境毒品走私犯罪，杜絕對我國國家安全之威脅。 藥物濫用及毒品的危害，是全世界各國面臨的共同問題。據估計，2006 年全球的古柯產量約為984 噸。在198 個國家和地區中，有172 個國家和地區報告種植有大麻，全球有1 點6 億人口吸食大麻。大麻因此成為全球吸食人口最多的非法麻醉藥品。安非他命類興奮劑是全球使用人口第二多的毒品。台海兩岸受到毒品危害的歷史甚長，近十餘年更因兩岸經濟發展與相互交流，使兩岸間跨區販毒活動隨之興盛，因為受到政治因素影響，兩岸執法人員，交往與合作受到嚴重限制，未能相互瞭解對方內部毒品犯罪活動情況，亦未能積極合作緝毒，毒梟利用此一漏洞，進出兩岸從事毒品犯罪並逃避追查，徒增兩岸執法人員查緝之困難。筆者嚐試從兩岸毒品犯罪的歷史、毒品犯罪情況、法律制度、組織架構、反毒策略、反毒成效等方向進行分析，希望能對台海兩岸毒品犯罪問題作一系統性的瞭解。另對兩岸跨區毒品犯罪的現況與困境進行分析，並進一步探討兩岸合作打擊毒品犯罪之可行方式，以增進兩岸緝毒合作，共同打擊毒品犯罪，維護兩岸人民福祉。 關鍵詞：臺海兩岸、毒品走私、毒品犯罪、國家安全、非傳統性安全

冷戰結束後，全球化成為世界趨勢。全球化帶來經濟的繁榮與發展，但同時也便利了組織犯罪活動的擴張，升高了國際犯罪率，其中毒品走私即為最具代表性組織犯罪類型。毒品危害世界已有半世紀之久，儘管在國際組織及各國共同努力防制下，毒品問題卻仍持續升高，根據「聯合國毒品控制和犯罪預防辦公室」(United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)2006年全球毒品報告指出，全球毒品濫用人數高達2億人，占世界15-64歲人口之5%。另據統計，國際間非法毒品走私日趨熱絡，其交易金額亦逐年上升，進入21世紀後全球毒品每年交易金額高達八千億至一兆美元，與全球武器交易金額相差無幾，顯見在全球化的趨勢下，毒品犯罪活動逐漸國際化、組織化、專業化、智慧化，並造成全球毒品泛濫的加遽。 在全球化時代下，亞洲毒品犯罪也更形嚴峻，其中以中國大陸毒品犯罪成長最快速，同樣我國毒害亦升高。臺灣地區毒品犯罪於90年代逐漸嚴重，主要濫用的毒品種類為海洛因及甲基安非他命，1993年臺灣因毒品犯罪進入高峰期而正式「向毒品宣戰」，之後毒品問題明顯下降，惟在反毒十餘年後，毒品犯罪又見升高，特別是近年來新興合成類毒品(搖頭丸、K他命、FM2等)的出現，使毒品種類更多元化，犯罪更複雜化，而毒品快速的泛濫已造成國家、社會安全重大危害。中國大陸自1996年起即成為台灣地區海洛因等毒品的主要來源地，隨著全球化的發展，大陸地區已成為毒品重要的生產、轉運及輸出國。而當今兩岸交流快速增加，人民往來日益密切，隨著兩岸加入WTO及開放小三通、觀光等措施，販毒集團更容易活動，致兩岸毒品犯罪也面臨更嚴厲的挑戰。 有鑒於毒品犯罪日益升高，臺灣地區復於2004年宣布，將2005年至2008年定為「全國反毒作戰年」，再次全面向毒品宣戰。儘管如此，以國內現行查緝毒品的制度、資源及相關法令等，能否與全球化下國際販毒趨勢潮流或者是販毒集團相抗衡，令人懷疑。特別是在我國毒品問題占有非常重要部分的兩岸毒品犯罪，迄今兩岸間尚未建立任何合作機制，致完全無法有效遏止日益升高的兩岸毒品走私活動，及剷除跨境販毒集團。鑒此；如何健全國內緝毒機制、整合資源、提昇緝毒技能等，以及如何強化國際及兩岸合作關係，積極發揮國內「拔根」、國際、兩岸「斷源」的相輔相成效果，以遏止國內毒品氾濫趨勢，實為當務之急。 關鍵字：全球化、毒品走私、毒品犯罪、合成毒品、緝毒工作、兩岸緝毒 合作、國際緝毒合作 / After the Cold War, globalization has become an international trend. Globalization brings economic prosperity and development. However, it also assists the expansion of organized crime and increases the international crime rate. Among all the different types of organized crime, drug smuggling is the most representative of this. Drugs have been a major problem in the world and have threatened society for more than half a century. Although international organizations and governments in different countries have worked together to prevent drug trafficking, the problem is still getting worse. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime’s report in 2006, up to 200 million people, which was about 5% of the world population aged between 15 and 64, abused drugs. According to a statistical data, the crime rate of illegal drug smuggling in the world has risen, and amount of drugs sold has increased year by year. In the 21st century, the total amount of drugs sold in the world is up to USD.800 billion to USD.1 trillion every year, which is not different than amount of the international trade of weapons. It is obvious that under the trend of globalization, drug trafficking has become more international, organized, professional and technical. In addition, the flooding of drugs internationally has become more and more serious. In the age of globalization, the problem of drug crime in Asia is getting more and more serious. Among all the Asian countries, the related crime rate in China has increased most rapidly. In Taiwan, the crime rate also has increased. The problem has been getting worse in Taiwan since the 1990s. Heroin and methamphetamine were the most commonly abused drugs in the 1990s. In 1993, the Taiwan government declared a war against drug trafficking because of the high peak in the crime rate. Afterwards, the problem improved noticeably. However, after a decade of the anti-drug campaign, the problem got serious again. Recently, the appearance of newly synthetic drugs (such as MDMA, ketamine and FM2) has caused a great diversity of drugs to spring up and the result has been a corresponding increase in the complexity of related crimes. The flooding of drugs at a fast pace has already endangered the country and the society as a whole tremendously. Since 1996, Mainland China has become the main supplier of heroin to Taiwan. Owing to the trend of globalization, China has also become the main country producing, transporting and exporting drugs in the world. At present, dealings and contacts between Taiwan and China have become more frequent, and has led to some significant changes across the strait. Some of these changes include membership in the WTO, the development of trade links (the mini three links), and the development of tourism between Taiwan and China. These factors have made it easier for drug gangs to smuggle drugs back and forth between the two countries. This has made it more challenging for authorities in dealing with the rise in drug trafficking. Respecting the fact that drug trafficking is getting more and more serious in Taiwan in recent years, the Taiwan Government announced in 2004 that from 2005 to 2008 would be the “Years to fight drugs nationally”. It also declared a war against drugs once again. Still, whether or not the current drug inspecting system, resources, and related laws in Taiwan can match against international drug smuggling trend is still questionable. Especially when it comes to the issues of drug smuggling between China and Taiwan, which is an important part of the drug problem in Taiwan, there is still no cooperative mechanism across the strait. Therefore, there is still no effective way to stop the crime rate from rising and to eradicate cross-border drug gangs. In lieu of this, how to improve the anti-drug mechanism is a serious issue. Some suggestions have been to combine different resources, and enhance skills of the drug enforcement units in Taiwan, as well as to promote international cooperation between Taiwan and China are necessary so that the drug trafficking problem can be solved and the supply of drugs from other countries can be stopped at the same time. Key words: Globalization, drug smuggling, drug trafficking, drug gangs, synthetic drugs, drug enforcement, drug enforcement cooperation across the strait, international drug enforcement cooperation

冷戰結束後，國際社會新興的電腦犯罪、恐怖主義、非法移民、國際販毒、槍械走私、組織犯罪等問題，向為各國所共同關切。傳統安全係以戰略和軍事威脅為主，而非傳統安全威脅則來源多元、形式多樣，所呈現者又以各式跨國組織犯罪最為顯著。本論文以兩岸交流衍生之大陸民眾偷渡入臺、毒品走私、組織犯罪等議題來闡明臺灣所面臨的非傳統安全威脅，此外，尚須因應「國家認同」等源自內部治理之「內發性威脅」等「危機」。 非傳統安全問題具有向外擴散及向內滲透特點，與傳統安全問題間沒有明確界限，兩者具有相互轉化的特性，一旦非傳統安全問題失控或激化，可能被迫須以傳統軍事手段解決。故非傳統安全的範圍是動態的，難以界定，有鑑於兩岸交流衍生之非傳統安全議題相當龐雜，本文乃選擇對個人、社會、國家、國際體系等各層次皆會造成安全威脅的非法移民、毒品走私、組織犯罪以及恐怖活動等四項議題為主要研究課題。 當前全球化的發展潮流勢不可遏，安全研究的範圍究應「擴展」還是「窄化」，廣泛受到學者的重視與辯論，主張「擴展」之學者所持的理由是，許多非軍事面向的議題，影響並威脅國家安全至鉅，應該擴大安全研究的範圍。而傳統安全研究學者則認為，若將安全議題太過於擴大，將造成研究焦點無法集中，以及安全實質內涵空虛的弊端，故本論文將研究焦點集中於當前對我國非傳統安全具指標性之大陸非法移民的深層結構、兩岸毒品走私現況和未來發展、跨境組織犯罪、恐怖活動發展趨勢等課題，並提出因應建議。