長久以來音樂於人們生活中扮演著極為重要角色，在大多數人的成長過程裡或多或少皆有令其印象深刻之旋律。然而這些旋律常由專業人士所創作，對於未接受過專業訓練的民眾而言，若欲創作自己專屬之音樂難度甚高，而此目標也變得遙不可及。 為解決上述問題，降低音樂自行創作門檻，本研究以行動裝置之使用環境不受限及直覺性觸控介面兩大特性為運行環境，設計Android系統上之音樂創作軟體，協助未受過音樂專業訓練的庶民透過音樂主旋律並搭配適合的和弦配樂達成自行創作音樂之目標。本創作音樂軟體利用行動裝置提供「繪畫旋律曲線」與「字詞輸入」兩種輸入方式，將使用者繪畫的旋律曲線轉換為一段音樂主旋律，進行調性判斷、修正主旋律組成音並利用音樂動機樣式變化加以使主旋律更為豐富，輔以隱藏式馬可夫模型產生適切之和弦序列。最後將主旋律聲波與其產生的和弦聲波以混音的結果呈現給予使用者。 為評估本創作軟體是否符合使用者需求，以實驗觀察法邀請38位受試者進行軟體操作與評估。分析結果顯示，近75%的受試者認為由音樂創作軟體所產生之主旋律與和弦彼此搭配良好且符合其音樂動機。在介面易用性評估方面，結果顯示有近90%受測者認為本研究所提出的音樂創作軟體具有簡單易用之特性且能夠協助其降低創作音樂之門檻。簡單且易用的音樂創作軟體在實務上之重要性不言可喻，不但可使非專業使用者達成自我創作音樂之夢想，更可讓其沉浸於音樂創作成就感之中。 / Music plays as an essential role in human life and it affects the listeners on a certain extent. However, a pleasing music is the production of musicians and is difficult to be created by novices without musical specialty. To lower the entry point of music creation, this thesis design and develop a music accompaniment system on Android with the characteristics of intuitive input and ubiquity for novices without professional music background. The developed system consists of the following modules, main melody preprocessing (key determination and melody modification), music similarity retrieval, main melody post processing (music motif variance), chord accompaniment (Hidden Markov Model and mixing main melody and chord melody) and text processing (tone determination and pitch finding) to automatically match the accordance between melodies and chords that are inputted by patting or word. Thirty-eight participants were invited for system evaluation using the observational experiment. Nearly 75% of participants perceived that the melody and chord matching fits their musical motivations, while 90% stated that they can rely on the system to easily produce desirable music. Our findings contribute to the essence of music creation that the system provides a simplified interface for novice being immersed in music accomplishments, similar to that of professional musicians.

韓國流行音樂（K-Pop）逐漸在世界各地展露頭角，在台灣更使得哈日風潮逐漸被取代，成為最暢銷的外語專輯。本研究欲探討韓國流行音樂如何進軍以台灣為首的大中華市場，希望藉由Super Junior的例子，找出K-Pop成功行銷的秘訣。 經研究發現，不論是S.M.或是avex taiwan的規劃，種種努力皆是以「華語歌手、藝人」的角度來生產「在地偶像」，希望減少觀眾對Super Junior所代表「韓國」的印象，進而在華語流行音樂市場中創立新偶像。 / Korean Pop Music (K-Pop) gradually gained popularity around the world and became the most popular foreign pop music genre in Taiwan in 2009, replacing the long dominating Japanese Pop Music. The purpose of this study is to investigate how K-Pop entered the Greater China market by looking at the marketing strategy of Super Junior in Taiwan. The major finding of this dissertation is that all of S.M. and avex taiwan’s efforts were directed to making Super Junior a “local idol” in Taiwan. In other words, they wanted Super Junior to be a Chinese pop music star. These two companies tried to reduce the Korean impressions on Super Junior, and tried to create a new idol group in the Chinese pop music market.

本劇改編自真實故事，以一位非洲鼓手為主角，描述他教姪子們打鼓，幫助他們走出喪父的陰霾，同時也化解自己與爸爸對立的關係、使家族情感重新凝聚的故事。從劇情中帶出一些普遍存在的生命經驗及困頓，以及在面對時所抱持的態度及過程，期能作為人們生命教育中的一環。 本文共分創作論述、劇本及附錄三個部分。論述的部分首先說明了〈鼓動人生〉故事的創作背景，並整理了親子教養觀、音樂治療、街頭表演藝術等相關文獻；其次為人物小傳、情節設計與先前故事，最後以創作心得及回顧檢討作結。附錄則為分場大綱。 / The film script is adapted from an authentic story, describing a drummer teaches his nephews how to drum in African style in order to help them ride out the grief from their father’s death. In the meanwhile, he also reconciles the conflict with his father, and cohered family bonds. In the script revealed are some commonly-existing life experience and hardship, the process in which difficulties are eventually overcome. The positive attitude towards life as displayed among the family members shows courage and can serve as a life education for the audience. The thesis consists of three parts: the literature review, script and appendixes. In the first part, the background of the story is mentioned, and then documents of parent-child upbringing, music therapy, and street performance are researched and filed. And the following are the life story of each role, the plot design and a prelude. And then an overview of the script writing is presented. In the end, the outlined plot is displayed in appendixes.

網際網路的發達產生許多新的商業模式，線上音樂的興起即是一例，面對紛擾不斷的線上音樂交換，各國因應態度不一，如何兼顧科技發展及保護著作人權益儼然已成重要議題。著作權補償金制度精神在於補償著作權人在利用人合理使用下做遭受經濟上的損失，目前尚無國家對線上音樂交換業者收取補償金，本研究即欲探討補償金之徵收是否能有助於解決線上音樂之爭議、我國著作權法五十條之一修正案是否具可行空間，及線上音樂交換爭議各關係人在補償金制度中能扮演的角色為何。 本研究以次級資料分析之方式，針對補償金、強制授權、概括授權等制度進行探討，並深度訪談施行補償金制度之各關係人意見，研究結果發現補償金制度應用於線上音樂交換確有其空間，亦可有效彌補著作權人之損失，且有助於線上音樂交換業者與著作權人進行理性之談判。線上音樂交換業者亦可提供其科技能力，協助補償金制度施行，仲介團體雖已有徵收及分配權利金之經驗，但在補償金制度施行前仍應做好妥善之準備，俾使補償金制度有效運作。 / There have been great legal debates over the legitimacy of digital music distribution channels such as peer-to-peer file exchange system. Music industries insist that any unauthorized replication of music is illegal, whereas service providers thinks that technology is neutral and should not bear any responsibilities about the contents transferred through the platform it provides. Courts around the world have different opinions on the issue, and no viable solution has been found as yet. Levy systems for copyright has been around for several decades, which recognizes the difficulty of authors (or owners) of copyright to enforce it. Levies will be collected for a host of different sources include blank media, recording devices and so on, which means sale of digital devices such and digital music players/recorders, maybe even the Internet access service or personal computers are subjects to levy collection. Government agencies in Europe, Japan and Canada has long been dealing with such issues and have their levy systems well established, which seems to be a viable solution for the digital music debates. The history of levy system and the implementation in different countries were surveyed in this thesis, and in-depth interviews were conducted to examined the opinions of different parties (regarding the dispute over digital music distribution) by. It is found that a well-designed levy system could ease the tension between music and technology industry, therefore facilitate talks between them in search for a solution based on mutual interests. Another interesting finding is that the attitude toward peer-to-peer service provider is quite different between music industry and musicians. Distinction must be made between music industry and individual musicians if one intend to study the resolution of disputes in digital music distribution.

音樂分段在研究音樂分析相關的領域是很重要的研究題目。音樂的分段可以提供作音樂結構分析、音樂瀏覽、音樂內容查詢與音樂摘要等應用。本論文的研究目的就是對音樂作自動分段，以幫助使用者能快速瀏覽音樂的內容。因此，我們針對音樂的主題作主題式的分段。 音樂的主題是取決於作曲者的動機，動機是構成音樂主題的基本因素。為了能夠以主題為基礎作音樂分段，我們必須找出決定音樂主題的因素。動機會有規則性的出現在整首音樂當中，所以我們可以利用動機出現的規則來探勘音樂的動機。 我們提出一個以主題對音樂作分段的方法，總共分為四個主要的步驟。第一，我們從原始的音樂資料擷取出主旋律的部分。第二，將主旋律做粗略分段。我們利用探勘Non-trivial重複樣式的技術[17]，來找出粗略段落。第三，從粗略段落中探勘動機。我們利用Stein所提出來的動機變化規則，修改傳統探勘重複序列的方法，做動機的探勘。最後，我們利用探勘出來的動機對主旋律作精細分段。我們針對MIDI音樂檔案利用提出來的方法，實做出一個系統，找出音樂的主題段落。 先前研究在評估實驗結果時，多採用Precision與Recall去評估實驗的結果。然而，這樣的評估方法並不能表現出實驗結果與正確答案之間的相似程度。所以我們提出新的評估方法，根據實驗結果與正確答案之間的相似程度來評估實驗的準確率。根據實驗結果顯示，我們的方法準確率約65%。 / Music segmentation is one of the important issues in music analysis. Music segmentation can be utilized for music structure analysis, music browsing, content-based music retrieval, and music summarization. In this theis, we proposed a music segmentation method based on the music theme to provide users the capability to browse music segments by theme. Motives, the concepts of the composer, are the basic elements of music themes. Music themes were constructed by motives. In order to segment music by themes, we have to discover motives. Most motives repeated in the music by some motivic treatment rules. Therefore, motives can be discovered by these rules. We proposed the theme segmentation method. There are four steps. Firstly, we extract main melody from original music. In the second step, rough segments are generated from main melody by mining non-trivial repeating patterns. Then, motives are detected from rough segments. We modify the mining algorithm for discovering frequent patterns by applying motivic treatment rules proposed by Stein. Finally, we segment main melody based on the generated motives. Moreover, a system for segmentation of music in MIDI format was implemented. Concerning the effectiveness evaluation of music segmentation, precision and recall are used in previous research. We proposed an effectiveness measure and corresponding algorithm to evaluate the accuracy of music segmentation. Experimental results show that our proposed music segmentation method achieves 65% accuracy.

在音樂中，組曲是一種特別的創作形式。組曲將多首音樂段落組合排列，並且在音樂段落之間加入間奏，形成一首音樂組曲。組曲的編曲重點在於音樂段落的編排順序及段落之間的連結。平時在宴會、舞會、餐廳、賣場等場合中，往往都會連續播放多首流行音樂。利用電腦編曲自動產生流行音樂組曲，將可提升播放音樂的銜接與流暢感。 因此，本研究利用資料探勘技術及音樂編曲理論，將多首音樂重新改編成一首組曲。系統首先將每首音樂分段並找出每首音樂的代表段落。接著，系統根據代表段落間的相似度編排順序。最後，為了達到組曲中音樂段落連接的流暢性，我們以模型訓練的方式在段落連結間加入間奏。系統從訓練資料學習產生旋律發展、和弦進程與節奏的模型，接著分析代表段落的動機、旋律、和弦及節奏，使得組曲編曲後的段落連結更為流暢且完整。本研究以流行音樂鋼琴伴奏曲為測試資料，我們分別邀請三十四位受過音樂訓練與未受音樂訓練的測試者，針對本研究所提出的鋼琴伴奏節奏辨識、代表段落萃取、段落順序編排及間奏產生，評估其效果。實驗結果顯示，本研究所提出的順序編排與間奏產生技術，對於組曲的流暢感，有著相當大的幫助。 / In music, a medley is an organized piece composed from segments of existing pieces. Ordering and bridge for connection between segments are the important elements for medley arrangement. Automatic medley arrangement is helpful for playing a set of music continuously which is common in banquet, party, restaurant, shopping mall, etc.. This thesis aims to develop the automatic medley arrangement method by using data mining techniques and music arrangement theory. The proposed method first segments each music and discovers the significant segment from each music. Then, the linear arrangement based on the similarities between significant segments is generated. Finally, in order to connect segments smoothly in the medley, the bridge between two segments is generated and inserted by using model training. Three models, melody progression, chord progression and rhythm models are learned from training data. For the experiments, testing data is collected from popular piano music and thirty-four people are invited to evaluate the effectiveness of the rhythm recognition of accompaniment, the extraction of significant segment, the linear arrangement of segments, and the creation of bridge. Experimental results show that the proposed medley arrangement method performs well.

本篇論文旨在研究中文流行音樂歌詞與歌曲之間情意的關聯性，並設計一個能推薦出符合歌曲情意的「以曲找詞歌詞推薦系統」。 流行音樂（Popular Music）在廣義上的定義為透過大眾媒體傳播、以大眾為閱聽對象的歌曲。其大眾化的特徵，使得流行音樂歌詞的主題多與日常生活息息相關且能清楚表達歌曲的情意，並以其所引起的共鳴性決定歌曲是否具出版的商業價值，人們也常常使用流行音樂歌曲來唱出屬於自己的故事、屬於自己的心聲。因此，本篇論文提出自動為流行音樂歌曲推薦符合歌曲情意的歌詞，讓舊有的歌曲搭配上新的歌詞，而當一首歌曲搭配了不同的歌詞就有了不同的故事，也帶給了原曲新的生命，達成一曲多詞的數位加值效果。 由文獻及專業音樂創作者的論述中，我們可以了解流行音樂詞曲有相關的搭配關係，其中又以詞曲情意的搭配關係最為重要，因此詞曲情意之間的關聯性為本研究問題的核心所在。透過大量分析市面上的流行歌曲，我們便可以從中看出詞曲之間情意搭配的線索。我們利用 LSA（Latent Semantic Analysis）演算法萃取出歌詞的情意特徵值，並比較其與語言學領域中隱喻融合理論的相似性，而在歌曲方面萃取出音高、調性、速度、節奏、和弦及音色等與等能展現歌曲情意的相關特徵值。然後利用了 CFA（Cross-Modal Factor Analysis）演算法來建立詞曲之間情意特徵值的關聯模型，最後我們便可以利用關聯模型來建立推薦系統，如此便完成了詞曲情意關聯為基礎的以曲找詞歌詞推薦系統。 實驗結果顯示，考慮詞曲情意特徵關聯所訓練出的關聯模型（CFA Feature Model）在以曲找詞推薦符合情意歌詞的前五名準確率平均達 60.1 %，前五十名也有 41.4 % 的準確率，比起僅考慮歌曲情意特徵（Audio Feature Model）以曲找詞推薦符合情意歌詞的前五名準確率 45.1% 及前五十名準確率28.6 % 準確率高，代表本研究所提出的詞曲情意關聯模型確實能有效推薦出符合歌曲情意的歌詞。我們也對本研究提出的詞曲情意關聯模型進行歌詞推薦結果的案例分析，我們輸入幾首學生創作的歌曲觀察詞曲情意關聯模型歌詞推薦結果，我們發現推薦出的流行音樂歌詞與學生創作的原詞在歌詞情意上非常類似，再次顯示本研究所提出的詞曲情意關聯模型確實能有效推薦出符合歌曲情意的歌詞，在詞曲創作上將能為創作者帶來靈感支援，幫助創作者詞曲創作。 / Nowadays lots of people use popular music to sing out their own story, and their own aspirations. In this thesis, we propose an approach to analyze the conception association between lyrics and music of Chinese popular music. And for applications, we design a lyrics recommendation system which can automatically recommend lyrics which is suitable to accompany with query music according to the affection and conception between lyrics and music. So, the old song with new lyrics, just like the song with different stories, brings the original song with new life. There are accompany association between lyrics and music, and the affection and conception association is most important among all. Therefore, analyze the conception association between lyrics and music is our goal. To do this, we can find out the association clues between lyrics and music from analyzing lots of popular music. For lyrics, we use LSA (Latent Semantic Analysis) algorithm to extract lyrics conception features. For music, we extracted the pitch, tonality, speed, rhythm, chords features which can show the music’s conception in the music. Then we use the CFA (Cross-Modal Factor Analysis) algorithm to analyze and learn the conception association between lyrics and music and establish the conception association model . Finally, we will be able to take advantage of the conception association model to establish the lyrics recommendation system. In the experimental results, when recommend the same conception lyrics to the query music, our proposed approach (CFA Feature Model) reaches accuracy of 60.1% on average in the top 5 recommended lyrics. Compared to control group approach (Audio Feature Model) only reaches accuracy of 45.1% on average in the top 5 recommended lyrics, our approach get better accuracy. We also presented some interesting lyrics recommendation results in case study. We upload some popular music created by students, and we found out that the affection and conception of the recommended lyrics are similar to the original song lyric which is created by the students. The experimental results show that the lyrics and music conception association model we proposed in this study does recommended lyrics suitable to the query music conception.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

「音樂」或「歌」在台灣原住民的生活中有著特殊的文化位置，在「原住民文學」發展之際也屢屢成為難以分割的元素，而在書面文字以外龐大的原住民口傳文學中，音樂或歌曲更是有著舉足輕重的地位。在歌手巴布狄倫（Bob Dylan）獲頒諾貝爾文學獎的今日，不但代表了歌曲文本在俗文學與典範文學中的壁壘再度被挑戰，「流行音樂」所牽扯到的全球架構之流行文化、娛樂產業與庶民生活價值等面向也開始被一併地以「文學」觀點討論。本論文從「口傳文學」與「流行音樂」兩個領域出發，並以唱片公司跨國整併以及在地意識、多元文化價值蓬勃的九零年代台灣為關鍵的時間點，探討「原住民流行音樂」如何成其面貌，以及當中具代表性的可能因素與類型特質。本研究的思考軸線，從「他者」的書寫、「認同」的建構到「差異」類型的成形，在這個演進過程中，當代西方理論的發展已經顯示了一條清楚的路線，它不但可以是個體生命歷程的縮影，與台灣原住民族的近百年來的族群經驗也密切地吻合。本論文首先以認同經驗的層次來檢視原住民「傳唱歌謠」所反映的時代社會性質，以及當中屬於口傳文化「集體性」的展現，並探討傳唱歌謠進入流行音樂框架中的銜接處所產生的關鍵性質差異。其次，討論九零年代的台灣音樂環境，分別從產業、創作製作和文化三個面向進行考察，嘗試描繪出原住民流行音樂成形的狀態。最後，以「流行音樂」的研究觀點來對原住民流行音樂的實際案例進行分析，包含其核心價值與邊界形式的討論，也與全球脈絡中的其他「口傳」族群音樂成其音樂類型並影響主流流行音樂的案例進行對比參照。在這些大主題與「歷史敘事學」（Historical Narratology）式的分析考察中，本文企圖勾勒出原住民流行音樂作為一種音樂類型，在其差異脈絡中的「差異自主性」，相對應於口傳文學「集體性」與某種他者印象中「原住民性」之觀看軸線，作為未來對原住民音樂或其他流行音樂類型可嘗試的一種研究思路與音樂經驗的印證方式。 / The “Music” or “Singing” has a special position in Taiwan’s aboriginal culture. It is not only an indispensable element in the development of “Aboriginal literature” but also very important in the vast indigenous oral literature beyond written languages. Nowadays, Bob Dylan won the Nobel Prize for Literature as a singer songwriter. It indicates that the steady state of the “songs” between popular literature and classic literature once again been challenged or eliminated, while it also points out that the points of view that popular culture, entertainment industrial, and common people’s life as well as Pop-music are feasible to be part of “literature”. To discuss the reason why “Taiwanese Aboriginal Pop-Music” became a type and how it worked, the thesis starts from the idea of two field, which is “oral literature” and "popular music”. In the year of 90s in Taiwan when the record companies were consolidated across different countries and the booming of the local awareness of the music and the multi-culturalism were as the key successful factors at that time. The axis of this study is the development that from the description of “Others”, the construction of “Identity” to the formation of “difference categories”. It demonstrated clearly in the development of western contemporary theories. It is not only a microcosm of the life course of an individual, but also closely corresponds to the ethnic experience of the indigenous people in Taiwan over the past centuries. First,this dissertation research the social in natures of the periods reflected by aboriginal "oral folk songs” and the “Collectivity” of oral culture among them with the difference levels of identity experience. Then, I explored the key properties that arose when the oral folk songs entering the interface of pop-music. Second, to depict the formation of aboriginal pop-music, I discussed the music environment in Taiwan’s 90s according to three aspects of views, which are industry, creative production and cultural. At last, I analyzed the actual cases of the aboriginal pop-music by the theoretical perspective of “Pop-Music” research, which contains the discussions of its core values and boundary. It also been compared with the cases of other "oral" ethnic music globally, that formed the genre of music and influences mainstream pop music. In these wide range of topics and the research in the light of “Historical Narratology”, I tried to contoured a possible way to research the indigenous music or other music types and to express personal music experience. It depends on the aboriginal pop music, as a music type, has its own “Differential Autonomy” in its context, corresponding to the “Collectivity” of oral literature and the “Aboriginality” from “Others”.

從銷售角度看，目前音樂錄音市場中的CD已漸趨式微，而曾被CD逼向日薄西山的黑膠，反而自數年前起異軍突起，目前已和數位下載有不相上下的成長率。黑膠持續存在市場的原因，是因為數位的音質無法令聽覺敏感者滿意，加上近年來，黑膠的價格在市場競爭下，不若以往高不可攀，也讓許多年輕族群趨之若鶩。本研究著重黑膠市場復興之行銷策略，並且從「購買動機」、「認知價值」、「服務品質」、「顧客滿意度」以及「顧客忠誠度」作研究變數，檢視個案「古碟公司」銷售黑膠營運策略。研究目的有五點：（一）探討購買動機、認知價值、服務品質對顧客滿意度及顧客忠誠度構面之意涵。（二）檢定購買動機、認知價值、服務品質對顧客滿意度及顧客忠誠度構面之關係。（三）探究人口統計項與購買動機、認知價值、服務品質對顧客滿意度及顧客忠誠度構面是否具有顯著差異性。（四）檢定顧客滿意度對顧客忠誠度是否具有顯著差異性。（五）依據量化與質化的研究，對古碟公司提出行銷策略建議。 本研究主要調查對象為到誠品音樂館購買黑膠的消費者，由於黑膠市場屬於小眾市場，問卷樣本相當有限，經誠品音樂館北中南店長鼎力協助，總共蒐集到有效樣本100份。研究結果發現：購買黑膠之顧客最為重視的是「認知價值」，其中又以「商譽」「行為與貨幣價值」最為重視。 最後，本研究針對古碟公司提出七點建議，期盼研究能與實務作出結合。 關鍵字：黑膠、誠品音樂館、購買動機、認知價值、服務品質、顧客滿意度、顧客忠誠度 / From a sales perspective, current CD in the recorded music market has declined, while that vinyl was cornered by CD, but since a few years ago, a dark horse, now and digital downloads are comparable to the growth rate. Vinyl continued market reasons, is because digital sound quality cannot have satisfactory hearing sensitivity, coupled with recently, vinyl prices under market competition, if not unattainable in the past, so many young people in droves. This study focuses on vinyl marketing strategy, with “Purchase Motivation”, “Perceived Value”, “Service Quality”, “Customer Satisfaction” and “Customer Loyalty” as research variables. There are four research purposes：(A) Investigating the meaning of vinyl Purchase Motivation, Perceived Value, Service quality, Customer satisfaction and Customer loyalty. (B) Examing vinyl Purchase Motivation, Perceived Value, Service quality, Customer satisfaction and Customer loyalty. (C) Exploring demographic variables whether there are significant differences with vinyl Purchase Motivation, Perceived Value, Service quality, Customer satisfaction and Customer loyalty or not. (D) Based on quantitative and qualitative research, give the case ''Goodiscs'' Vinyl Company’s marketing suggestions. This research survey was conducted in consumers from Eslite Music Center. A total of 100 valid samples were collected. The results showed that, in ''Goodiscs'' Vinyl Company, customers value “Perceived Value”, among which "Reputation of a firm's product”, “Monetary value and Behavioral price" the most. Finally, this study presents seven recommendations for “Goodiscs'' vinyl company, hoping to combine research with reality. Keywords: Vinyl, Eslite Music Center, Purchase Motivation, Perceived Value, Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty