Titre: Categorisation et évaluation de l'innovation :approche par la théorie des prospects appliquée au cas du vin allégé en alcool.Chaque année de très nombreuses innovations sont proposées sur le marché, mais seul un nombre réduit d'entre elles rencontre le succès espéré. Face à ce constat, l'une des explications avancées par la recherche marketing est la difficulté du consommateur à catégoriser un nouveau produit.Ce travail s'insère dans le courant de recherches sur la catégorisation de l'innovation et suggère de tenir compte de l'incertitude qui caractérise ce processus. L'originalité de cette étude est de proposer un lien entre les recherches sur la catégorisation de l'innovation et celles sur la prise de décision en condition d'incertitude. La Théorie des Prospects (Kahneman et Tversky, 1979) en particulier, et l'un de ses principes, celui d'aversion aux pertes, ont fourni un cadre théorique adapté pour tenir compte du caractère d'incertitude de l'innovation. Notre question de recherche a proposé de vérifier si le principe d'aversion aux pertes pouvait s'appliquer pour expliquer comment la modification de certains attributs d'une catégorie provoque la perception d'une rupture et la création d'une nouvelle catégorie de produits par le consommateur.La partie empirique de ce travail a été appliquée dans le domaine le vin, un produit qui traverse une grave crise de consommation. Nous avons retenu une approche expérimentale à travers six études conduites sur des innovations du secteur vinicole. Les résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence le rôle majeur joué par la nature de l'attribut dans la catégorisation ainsi que son influence sur la perception des ruptures d'une catégorie.Du point de vue managérial, les conclusions de ce travail ont pour objet l'efficacité des stratégies d'innovation qui agissent sur les attributs d'un produit et sur leur capacité à différencier une innovation parmi la concurrence. Cette recherche fournit également des suggestions quant au positionnement et à la communication à mettre en place pour faciliter la compréhension d'un nouveau produit et donc son choix par le consommateur. / Title: Categorization and evaluation of innovation: a prospect théory approach applied to the case of low alcohol content wine Every year numerous innovations are available on the market but only a small number meet the hoped-for success. Given this fact, one of the explanations offered by marketing research is the difficulty the consumer has to categorize a new product. This work is part of current research on the categorization of innovation and suggests to consider the uncertainty that characterizes this process. Its originality is to propose a link between research on the categorization of innovation and those of decision making under uncertain conditions. Prospect Theory (Kahneman et Tversky, 1979), in particular, and one of its principles, that of loss aversion, this research has provided a theoretical framework adapted to take into account the uncertainty of innovation. Our research question proposes to determine whether the principle of loss aversion can be applied to explain how the modification of certain attributes of a class causes the perception of a break and create a new category of products by the consumer. The empirical part of this work was conducted on wine, a product that is going through a major crisis of consumption. We chose an experimental approach across six studies conducted on innovations in the wine sector. The results were used to highlight the major role played by the nature of the attribute in the categorization and its influence on the perception of breaks in a category. From the managerial point of view, the conclusions of this work relate to the effectiveness of innovation strategies that affect the attributes of a product in their ability to differentiate an innovation from competition. This work also provides suggestions for the positioning and communication set up to facilitate the understanding of a new product and therefore its choice by the consumer.

Queue buildup is a problem that every fast food restaurant would like to reduce, as its effect on customer satisfaction and restaurant revenue is obviously negative. This thesis looks at how a dynamic menu management system would affect fast food restaurants, specifically how the promotion of fast products, in certain situations, would affect total revenue and queue lengths. A neural network was used to categorize products depending on their preparation time and to predict queue waiting times. A simulation approach was used to find out how the menu management system would affect the restaurant. The results are that in situations where long queues are formed, the promotion of fast products increases revenue by 7.8% and decreases queue lengths by 13.3%. In situations where little to no queues are formed, the same system still decreases queue lengths by 4.7%, but also decreases revenue by 0.2%

The purpose of dissertation is to examine whether the understandings of subject indexing processes conducted by human indexers have a positive impact on the effectiveness of automatic subject term assignment through text categorization (TC). More specifically, human indexers' subject indexing approaches or conceptions in conjunction with semantic sources were explored in the context of a typical scientific journal article data set. Based on the premise that subject indexing approaches or conceptions with semantic sources are important for automatic subject term assignment through TC, this study proposed an indexing conception-based framework. For the purpose of this study, three hypotheses were tested: 1) the effectiveness of semantic sources, 2) the effectiveness of an indexing conception-based framework, and 3) the effectiveness of each of three indexing conception-based approaches (the content-oriented, the document-oriented, and the domain-oriented approaches). The experiments were conducted using a support vector machine implementation in WEKA (Witten, & Frank, 2000). The experiment results pointed out that cited works, source title, and title were as effective as the full text, while keyword was found more effective than the full text. In addition, the findings showed that an indexing conception-based framework was more effective than the full text. Especially, the content-oriented and the document-oriented indexing approaches were found more effective than the full text. Among three indexing conception-based approaches, the content-oriented approach and the document-oriented approach were more effective than the domain-oriented approach. In other words, in the context of a typical scientific journal article data set, the objective contents and authors' intentions were more focused that the possible users' needs. The research findings of this study support that incorporation of human indexers' indexing approaches or conception in conjunction with semantic sources has a positive impact on the effectiveness of automatic subject term assignment.

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This thesis called Valuation of Historical Vehicles is dealing with mapping the issue of historical vehicles, their categorization and with proposing unified methodology for valuation of historical vehicles. The goal is to propose a methodology, on the base of which it will be possible to evaluate any historical vehicle. This methodology is going to be tested in the valuation of selected historical vehicles.

In nature, pollinators must navigate fields of resources presenting a variety of features, differing in shape, size, colour, etc. Foraging on a flower by flower basis is slow and maladaptive. Instead foragers must be able to differentiate between rewarding and unrewarding floral species while also generalizing learned information between flowers of the same species. The ability to categorize stimuli occurs on several levels of abstraction, laid out by Herrnstein (1990). In order to categorize objects, animals must first be able differentiate between them without memorizing each stimulus separately. Consequently, objects can be grouped by physical characteristics through perceptual categorization, or, on a more abstract scale, by the function they serve to the animal. This thesis explores the bees’ ability to categorize flowers, following the levels of categorization to answer two questions: Can bees form categories? And how abstract can their categorization become? There has been limited investigation previously in categorization in bees, and no research done on invertebrates addresses categorization beyond physical features. The bees’ ability to form categories was evaluated with four experiments of preference: 1) similar-but-different judgements; 2) perceptual categorization; 3) simple and mediated generalization; and 4) functional relevance. Results show firstly that bees can generalize characteristics within flower species, but also differentiate individual flowers. Secondly, bees can form perceptual categories, and while they rely on physical floral features for categorization, bees also demonstrated preliminary abilities for functional generalization as well. These results provide an explanation to natural foraging techniques adopted by the bees. The adaptive nature of categorization allows foragers to find resources more efficiently and better prepare in changing environments.

V ANGICKÉM JAZYCE THE FUTILE TREATMENT IN THE INTENSIVE CARE The theoretical part is define the concept of the futile treatment, analyze its legal and ethical context, especially within nursing and medical interventions, categorize the treatment and summarize the procedure of making decisions of changing the treatment in the Czech Republic. The purpose of the theoretical part is mapping the situations when the intensive care is pointless and how to proceed in the situations like these. The practical part will process a qualitative research by a form of personal interviews with several representatives of the professional public. The purpose of the practical part is to describe their personal experiences with this issue and to know their opinions of the situations when the futile retreatment is under way and how to categorize a treatment correctly. These interviews isprocessed by a form of the final discussion then. KEY WORDS: futile retreatment, intensive care, categorization, life quality, withdrawing, withholding, interview, euthanasia

This work deals with the collective and social identity of the Prague deaf. It is based on the presumption that the deaf can be regarded as a social group with specific characteristics which are interesting from a sociological perspective. The aim of this work is a description and understanding of the mode the deaf relate to each other and the way the social mechanisms are used for this purpose. The crucial chapter deals with the social categorization as a key mechanism for building and maintaining the social identity of the deaf. The following part is devoted to the collective identity, where two ideal types of the deaf collective identity are presented. The work is based on the qualitative research, which was conducted through semi-structured interviews with the deaf, simultaneously translated into Czech. From a methodological point of view, the presented study is based on the principles of the Grounded theory. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The aim of the thesis is to describe the decision making process of students in the so-called simple categorization, i.e., decision whether a particular object is or is not an element of a category. This process is examined in the context of categories of mathematical objects. The theoretical part of the thesis presents arguments why the study of simple categorization of mathematical objects is important for mathematics education. These arguments are not only based on the available literature in mathematics education, but also partly draw on historical, mathematical and psychological literature. The practical chapters of the thesis describe the design and piloting of a research tool suitable for this research. The dominant elements of this tool are the measurement of the binary answers (yes / no) of the respondent and of his/her reaction time. This tool is then used in the Main study based on mixed, qualitative-quantitative methodology. It was found that with the help of the proposed tool, while adhering to appropriate methodological rules, it is possible to distinguish different approaches of respondents to categorization. In addition, the basic patterns in the decision-making process of the respondents were described. These are, for instance, differences in the categorization of examples and non-...

This essay brings up topics including equality and stereotypical gender ideas in preschool. The purpose of the essay is to investigate if you can use one stereotypical gender idea to counteract another. The essay also demonstrate the importance of making one’s own stereotypical gender ideas visible in order to thereby be able to achieve equality. The curriculum is permeated by goals, which state that preschool teachers should work to secure the same rights for both girls and boys. Boys and girls ought to grow up with the sense of being equally valued. The biological gender should not matter how the educator treats children (Skolverket 2018). However, the curriculum does not address how to achieve these goals. With the help of this essay, I will therefore investigate what it takes for us educators to be able to work towards goals like equality. I am also going to lift some theories about why preschool teachers use methods they think are good tools in working to counteract stereotypical gender roles. How children may be affected by adults gender ideas and how these gender ideas continues to structure the societies view on girls and boys are further areas of investigation, which are brought up in the essay. With help of literature that treats subjects like gender and equality, written by gender scientists like Christian Eidevald, Kajsa Svaleryd, Lisa Andersson Tengnér, Mia Heikkilä and more, I have reflected about and investigated subjects that refer to equality in preschool. My dilemma illustrates how my actions in my work to counteract stereotypical gender roles risk leading to even further inequality. The questions that I have addressed are: can you counteract one stereotypical gender notion by using another, how may gender ideas affect children and how does different forms categorization affect gender identity. All of these questions are investigated with support of the literature. The results of my scientific investigation shows that equality is a complex subject which many preschool educators do not have much knowledge about. The educators own ideas about gender often creates inequality. / Denna essä tar upp ämnen som innefattar jämställdhet och genusföreställningar i förskolan. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om man med en stereotypisk genusföreställning kan bryta med en annan. Essän påvisar även vikten av att synliggöra ens egna genusföreställningar för att kunna motverka stereotypa könsmönster och för att på så vis kunna uppnå jämställdhet. Läroplanen för förskolan genomsyras av strävansmål som menar på att förskolepedagoger ska arbeta för flickors och pojkars lika rättigheter. Pojkar och flickor ska växa upp med känslan av att vara av samma värde. Det biologiska könet ska inte påverka hur pedagoger bemöter barnen (Skolverket 2018). Hur vi ska uppnå dessa mål benämns däremot inte. Med hjälp av denna uppsats kommer jag därför att undersöka vad som krävs av oss pedagoger för att kunna arbeta mot mål som jämställdhet. Jag kommer även att lyfta möjliga teorier om varför förskolepedagoger använder sig av metoder som de tror är goda redskap i arbetet med att motverka stereotypa könsroller. Hur barn kan bli påverkade av vuxnas genusföreställningar och hur dessa genusföreställningar fortsätter att strukturera samhällets syn på flickor och pojkar är ytterligare undersökningsområden som tas upp i uppsatsen. Med hjälp av litteratur som behandlar ämnen som genus och jämställdhet, skrivna av bland annat genusforskare som Christian Eidevald, Kajsa Svaleryd, Lisa Andersson Tengnér, Mia Heikkilä med flera, har jag reflekterat kring och undersökt ämnen som berör jämställdhet i förskolan. Mitt dilemma belyser att jag trots att jag vill motverka stereotypa könsroller agerar på ett sätt som riskerar att skapa ojämställdhet. Frågeställningar som om man kan motverka en stereotypisk genusföreställning genom att bryta med en annan, hur genusuppfattningar kan påverka barnen samt hur kategorisering av kön påverkar strukturering av genusföreställningar undersöks med stöd av litteraturen. Resultatet av min vetenskapliga undersökning visar på att jämställdhet är ett komplext ämne som många pedagoger i förskolan saknar kunskap om. Pedagogernas egna genusföreställningar skapar istället ofta ojämställdhet.