Orientador: Salvador Antonio M. Sandoval / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T08:40:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_ElianaCeliaIsmaelda_D.pdf: 1648595 bytes, checksum: 2cc7a7835bf2a945584ee89732c08a0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Os estudos, que têm a mulher como objeto central de discussão, cresceram muito a partir da publicação de "O Segundo Sexo", de Simone de Beauvoir, na década de 50. Este desenvolvimento trouxe fortes críticas tanto aos valores vigentes, como aos parâmetros dominantes nas ciências sociais, particularmente às explicações androcêntricas, que tratavam a mulher sob óticas naturalizante e a-histórica. Nas décadas de 80 e 90 o leque de estudos sobre a mulher se ampliou consideravelmente, com pesquisas nas áreas da história, antropologia, literatura, psicologia, educação e sociologia, sobre as diversas condições da mulher. Tanto a diversidade de interpretações possíveis, como a multiplicidade de perspectivas analíticas e de métodos de pesquisa permitiu a construção de diferentes olhares sobre as mulheres e as relações de gênero. estacando-se estudos sobre a construção da identidade de gênero, sobre o discurso social da subordinação, sobre estereótipos e preconceitos, e particularmente, sobre as formas sutis com as quais as mulheres são subjugadas e desvalorizadas. Acompanhando esta vertente de pesquisas, especificamente sob a perspectiva da psicologia social, recolocando o preconceito e o estereótipo nos processos de exclusão social, apresentamos um trabalho empírico que objetiva avaliar as formas atuais de discriminação da mulher, em seu ambiente de trabalho. Especificamente, este estudo analisa os processos de categorização, construídos por mulheres e homens, ocupantes de cargos de comando, acerca de discriminações sofridas por mulheres, em seu processo de ascensão profissional, buscando entender como se apresentam as novas formas sutis de discriminação, sofridas por mulheres em cargos de comando, praticadas nas relações de trabalho, bem como, as estratégias que desenvolvem para adquirir, ou manter-se no cargo. Para tal fim, nosso estudo empírico teve duas etapas. Na primeira, abordamos um grupo de 50 homens, que exerciam função de chefia em empresas públicas e privadas e possuíam nível superior. Na segunda etapa, entrevistamos 20 mulheres profissionais, também com nível superior, que, exerciam funções de comando em cargos proeminentes, em diversas instituições públicas e privadas. Para análise do material coletado, foram utilizados a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo e um soft de análise do discurso, o programa estatístico chamado Alceste - Analise Lexical por Contexto, que se ajusta com muita propriedade aos objetivos dessa investigação, por permitir interpretações quantitativas e qualitativas das entrevistas realizadas. Os/as participantes entrevistados/as tendem a reconhecer algum grau de discriminação em suas relações de trabalho, porém, esse reconhecimento é limitado aos aspectos objetivos do problema. As conclusões apontam para uma visão estereotipada do papel da mulher no trabalho, como se observa ao longo da análise / Abstract: Since the publication of Simone de Beauvoir' s book "The Second Sex" in the 1950's, works with woman as the central object have increased. This development has brought about strong criticisms towards society' s dominant values as well as towards the social sciences dominants parameters, particularly those linked to andocentric explanations that saw the woman from a natural and a-historical point of view. In the 1980's and 1990's, studies about woman's different conditions have increased considerably and in areas such as history, anthropology, literature, psychology, education and sociology. The diversity of possible explanations, as well as the multiplicity of analytical perspectives and research methods have allowed the construction of different views about women and gender relationships. We can point out studies on gender identity development, social discourse about subordination, stereotypes and prejudices and, specially about subtle ways that women are dominated and devaluated. Following this research perspective specially from a social psychology angle and replacing prejudice and stereotypes in the social exclusion process, we present an empirical work that aims at analyzing current forms of discrimination towards woman on the working place. Specifically, this study analyses the social categorization processes developed by women and men, who have an authority position, about the discrimination towards women in their process of professional ascension, trying to understand the configuration of the new subtle discrimination forms suffered by women in authority positions and which are performed in the working relationships. Also, it is analyzed the strategies developed by women to gain or to maintain in their professional place. In order to achieve those goals, this empirical study has had two stages. In the first one, we approached a group formed by 50 men who were head of personal departments in public or private companies and who also had a graduated title. In the second stage we interviewed 20 women who were in high hierarchical positions in several public and private institutions. To analyze those interviews, we used the Content Analysis Technique and a Discourse Analysis Software, the statistical software ALCESTE (By Context Lexical Analysis) which were appropriated to this study objectives because it allows qualitative and quantitative interpretations of the interviews / Doutorado / Educação, Sociedade, Politica e Cultura / Doutor em Educação

O Sistema Multidimensional de Categorização de Comportamentos na Interação Terapêutica (SiMCCIT) desenvolvido por Zamignani e Meyer em 2007 pretende descrever o que ocorre em sessões de psicoterapias por meio de categorias de comportamentos de terapeutas e clientes. A pergunta que o presente estudo pretendeu responder é se o eixo correspondente ao comportamento verbal vocal desse sistema é capaz de identificar diferenças entre terapias bem e mal sucedidas quando aplicado às quartas sessões. A avaliação das terapias foi feita com um critério misto definido por: a) os resultados do Inventário de Aliança Terapêutica (WAI), b) presença de comportamentos de melhoras e de análise e c) relato de outras mudanças de comportamentos do cliente. De um total de 25 terapias com as quatro primeiras sessões gravadas em áudio, seis foram consideradas bem sucedidas, seis mal sucedidas e 13 foram consideradas terapias com resultados intermediários. Foi realizada a categorização da quarta sessão das terapias bem sucedidas e das terapias mal sucedidas. Os dados sugerem a existência de algumas diferenças entre as sessões das terapias bem e mal sucedidas, embora não significativas estatisticamente. Nas sessões das terapias bem sucedidas observou-se que: a categoria Solicitação de Relato tendeu a ser um pouco mais frequente em todos os casos; a categoria Solicitação apresentou uma porcentagem discretamente maior e ocorreu uma correlação positiva entre facilitação e empatia. Nas sessões das terapias mal sucedidas constatou-se que: a categoria relato ou foi menos frequente ou mais frequente que nas sessões das Terapias Bem Sucedidas; quanto mais os clientes relatavam mais os terapeutas facilitavam seus relatos e que quanto mais os terapeutas solicitavam reflexões, mais metas os clientes se propunham a realizar. Como as diferenças da categorização não foram estatisticamente significativas em casos julgados diferentes concluiu-se que o eixo de comportamento verbal vocal do SiMCCIT diferenciou pouco as terapias bem e mal sucedidas. Algumas variáveis dificultaram a observação da capacidade do sistema de diferenciar as sessões das terapias bem e mal sucedidas: o número reduzido da amostra e o uso de apenas um dos eixos do sistema. Discutiu-se assim a necessidade de ampliar a amostra e utilizar outros eixos do sistema, como o de temas / The Multidimensional System for coding Behaviors in Therapist-Client Interaction (SiMCCIT), developed by Zamignani and Meyer, intend to describe what happens in psychotherapy sessions using behavioral categories of therapists and clients. The question that this study intended to answer was if this system is able to identify differences between successful and unsuccessful therapies. The assessment of therapy success was made with a mixed criterion defined by: (a) the results of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI); (b) presence of improved behavior and analysis and (c) report of other changes in client behavior. In the total of 25 therapies with the first four sessions audio recorded, six were considered successful, six unsuccessful and 13 intermediate. The fourth sessions of successful and unsuccessful therapies were categorized. The data suggest some differences between the successful and unsuccessful therapy sessions, although not statistically significant. In the successful therapy sessions it was noted that: the category Request Report tended to be slightly more frequent in all sessions, the category Request showed a slightly higher percentage, and there was a positive correlation between Facilitation and Empathy. In the sessions of unsuccessful therapies it was found that: clients reported more or less than in successful therapies, the more clients reported more therapists facilitated their reports and that the more therapist asked reflections, the more goals clients proposed to undertake. Because the differences in categorization were not statistically significant in cases considered different it was concluded that the axis of vocal verbal behavior of SiMCCIT did not differentiate the successful from unsuccessful therapies. Some variables hampered the ability of the system to differentiate between sessions of successful and unsuccessful therapies: the reduced number of the sample and the use of only one of the axes of the system. It was discussed the need to expand the sample and use other axes of the system, such as themes

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T14:49:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 milenecristinedecastroteixeira.pdf: 1373244 bytes, checksum: 7bba0e38b23013ba9fba481b4563dce8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T13:34:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 milenecristinedecastroteixeira.pdf: 1373244 bytes, checksum: 7bba0e38b23013ba9fba481b4563dce8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T13:34:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 milenecristinedecastroteixeira.pdf: 1373244 bytes, checksum: 7bba0e38b23013ba9fba481b4563dce8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo investiga as capacidades de abstração e generalização de padrões linguísticos nas etapas iniciais do processo de aquisição de língua materna, privilegiando relações de dependências não-adjacentes (DNA) e explora a relação entre itens funcionais e marcadores de palavras de Nome (word markers). Diferentemente de trabalhos anteriores, que usaram línguas totalmente artificiais – cujas propriedades fonológicas, morfológicas e prosódicas eram muito simples –, esta pesquisa usa uma língua pseudonatural, preservando tais propriedades. A conciliação entre um modelo de processamento voltado para a aquisição da linguagem (Bootstrapping Fonológico: Morgan & Demuth, 1996; Christophe et al., 1997) e um modelo de língua que considere níveis de interface entre o sistema linguístico e outros sistemas – perceptuais e cognitivos (Programa Minimalista: Chomsky 1995; 1999 e obras posteriores) - permite compreender a passagem de um nível de representação fonético/fonológico para um nível de representação formal. Assumindo-se ainda que mecanismos estatísticos e de abstração e generalização são recursos precocemente disponíveis e explorados por bebês no processo de categorização de elementos lexicais (Marcus et al., 1999; Gómez, 2002; Newport & Aslin, 2004), a conciliação entre o modelo de língua e o modelo de processamento pretende explicitar o modo como a criança extrai do continuum sonoro, além de pistas distribucionais e prosódicas, propriedades dos traços formais dos elementos funcionais nos quais o Sistema Computacional age resultando na derivação linguística. Bebês, com média de idade de 11 meses, foram expostos durante um curto período de tempo a uma língua diferente de sua língua materna e, posteriormente, expostos a novos DPs congruentes ou não aos apresentados anteriormente. Os resultados indicam que os bebês reagiram à diferença de padrões de DNA em função daqueles previamente apresentados, escutando por mais tempo padrões não familiarizados, sugerindo que a partir de uma curta exposição a uma língua pseudonatural – diferente do padrão do PB – bebês, aos 11 meses, são capazes de abstrair e generalizar o padrão dessa “língua”. Tais resultados sugerem que mecanismos de abstração e generalização podem ser recursos utilizados por crianças no processo inicial de aquisição lexical. / This study investigates the capacities of abstraction and generalization of linguistic patterns in the early stages of the acquisition of mother tongue, emphasizing the relationship of nonadjacent dependencies (DNA) and exploring the relationship between functional items and word markers of nouns. Unlike previous studies, which used artificial languages - whose phonological, morphological and prosodical properties were very simple - this research uses a pseudonatural language, preserving such properties. The conciliation between a psycholinguistic model aimed at the acquisition of language (Phonological Bootstrapping: Morgan & Demuth, 1996; Christophe et al., 1997) and a linguistic theory based on interface levels (Minimalist Program, Chomsky, 1995; 1999) allows us to understand the passage from one level of phonetic/phonological representation to a level of formal representation. Assuming also that statistical mechanisms of abstraction and generalization are resources available to infants and exploited early by them in the process of categorization of lexical (Marcus et al., 1999; Gómez, 2002; Newport & Aslin, 2004), the conciliation between the two theories aims to clarify how the child extracts from the sonorous continuum as well as distributional and prosodic clues, properties of the formal traces of the functional elements in which the Computational System acts resulting linguistic derivations. Babies at 11 months were exposed for a short period of time to a language other than their mother tongue and later exposed to new DPs congruent or not to those previously presented. The results indicate that babies reacted to different patterns of DNA according to those previously presented, listening longer to unfamiliar patterns, suggesting that from a short exposure to a pseudonatural language, babies at 11 months are able to abstract and generalize the pattern of this language. These results suggest that mechanisms of abstraction and generalization can be used by children in the initial process of language acquisition.

I den här undersökningen tittar jag närmare på hur ordet hen används i interaktioner på Twitter. Jag frågar mig i vilka sammanhang och om vem som hen kan användas i dessa konversationer. Vad tycks gynna eller begränsa användningen av hen? Här är jag, först och främst, intresserad av att se på hur olika typer av normer kring kön och sexualitet kan tänkas påverka användningen, och vilka sådana normer som är relevanta i konversationerna. För att göra detta använder jag mig av metoden Membership categorization analysis. Med hjälp av denna metod tittar jag närmare på vilka kategoriseringar som görs relevanta och kopplas till användningen av hen. Detta möjliggör att just komma åt vilka normer som blir aktualiserade, hur de konstrueras och potentiellt påverkar användningen av hen. Därtill vill jag också se vilka möjliga alternativa positioner som hen kan tänkas etablera i relation till normativaköns- och sexualitetsdiskurser. För att fördjupa analysen av normer, kön och sexualitet tar jag min teoretiska utgångspunkt från ett queerteoretiskt perspektiv. Särskilt använder jag mig av performativitet, och det normativa ramverket den heterosexuella matrisen, som viktiga begrepp i uppsatsen för att förståhur olika köns- och sexualitetsnormer skapas och återskapas i interaktion, samt hur dessa normer påverkar möjligheterna att använda hen i konversationerna. I analysen presenterar jag två huvudgrupper som representerar olika övergripande användningsområden för hen som jag identifierat utifrån mitt material. Den ena gruppen består av användningar där hen används för att inte göra kön relevant i konversationen, och den andra är användningar där hen kan användas för att utmana eller ifrågasätta normativa föreställningar om, och beskrivningar av, kön och sexualitet. I den första gruppen är också den normkritiska aspekten av hen mer begränsad, medan den i den andra gruppen är mer central och utmanarflera olika typer av könsrelaterade normer. Ett övergripande resultat är således att hen, beroende på samtalskontexten både kan begränsasav olika könsnormer, och innebära möjligheten att dessa normer utmanas. En ytterligare aspekt som tycks begränsa möjligheten att använda hen är huruvida den som omnämns med detta ord har en relationell närhet till personen som använder ordet. I de mer nära relationerna tenderar könande pronomen att användas och tvärtom kan i stället hen användas för att benämna de personer som inte framträder med samma närhet till personen som gör referensen.

Cette thèse porte sur les bouffons rituels (kɔrɔdugaw) de la région de Ségou au Mali, elle analyse d’une part leur place dans la société malienne, d’autre part les procédés qui leur permettent d’élaborer cette forme bouffonne reconnaissable quelle que soit l'aire culturelle considérée. Caractérisée par un type de comportement à première vue contraire aux conduites sociales ordinaires, la figure du bouffon captive l’attention par des intrusions à la fois ludiques et subversives dans la vie quotidienne comme dans les cérémonies. Qualifié au Mali de « sans honte », ce type de comportement bouffon soulève plusieurs questions concernant ses mécanismes, son efficacité, l’équilibre entre norme et transgression, ou encore le positionnement dans la structure sociale d’une catégorie qui transcende à première vue tous les cadres.Pour y répondre, la bouffonnerie est appréhendée ici à partir des acteurs et de la description minutieuse de leurs interventions, de manière à explorer la manière décalée dont ils investissent la société. Les activités des bouffons sont tout d’abord mises en regard avec celles d’autres intervenants cérémoniels, comme les griots, les chasseurs et les forgerons avec qui ils partagent certains attributs, producteurs de musiques et de danses, gens de savoir, contre-sorcier ou encore agents suscitant des dons. En second lieu, la focale est mise sur la forme bouffonne par l’étude des situations forgées, des procédés récurrents mobilisés, et de leurs usages dans des contextes cérémoniels particuliers. Enfin, la morphogenèse de la catégorie sociale kɔrɔdugaw est analysée de même que la manière dont elle se positionne dans la structure sociale. Il se dégage de l’analyse un mode de présence complexe et processuel à la frontière entre l’individu et la société, par lequel émerge un pouvoir-faire adapté aux différents rôles sociaux qui leurs sont attribués. / This research is about the ritual clowns (kɔrɔdugaw) of the region of Segou, in Mali. It analyses both their place in the Malian society and the processes that allow them to develop this recognizable clowning form observed in every cultural areas. The figure of the ritual clown is characterized by a type of behaviour that seems in opposition to the ordinary social conducts. Both playful and subversive, it’s intrusion in everyday life or in ceremonies captivates the attention of all participants. This behaviour, qualified in Mali as "shameless", raises several questions concerning its mechanisms, its efficiency, the balance between standards and transgressions, or the positioning in the social order of such a category which, at first sight, transcends all the frames. To explore the unconventional way ritual clowns invest the society, the analysis rely on the meticulous description of these social actor’s interventions. Firstly, the activities of the clowns are compared with those of other ceremonial participants, such as the griots, the hunters and the blacksmiths, people with whom they share certain attributes as producers of music and dance, people of knowledge, agents against witchcraft, agents generating ritual gifts. Secondly, the focus is put on the clowning form through the study of the situations they create, their recurring processes, and their uses within particular ceremonial contexts. Finally, the morphogenesis of the social category kɔrɔdugaw is analysed as well as the way it positions itself within the broader social structure. Ritual clowning appears from the analysis as a complex and processual mode of presence that is on the border between the individual and the community, by which emerges a capacity to act, adapted to the various social roles it endorses.

Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette étude s’interroge sur la construction de la référence dans le genre discursif récit de voyage. Ce genre se signale en effet par une posture énonciative commune : les énonciateurs voyageurs,placés dans un contexte d’asymétrie entre langue et culture, ont à rendre compte derealia (espèces naturelles, artefacts, pratiques sociales) qui ne sont pas systématiquement lexicalisés dans leur langue, ou pour lesquels ils ne possèdent pas de compétence dénominative.Aussi présentent-ils souvent l’opération de référence comme problématique. Pour rendre compte de la manière dont les énonciateurs s’y prennent en contexte pour référer « malgré tout », la thèse analyse les procédures de nomination et de catégorisation des realia exotiques dans un corpus de récits de voyageurs français en Afrique noire durant la période coloniale. Elle met en place une sémantique discursive articulant les trois ordres de la langue, de la textualité et du discours. Le travail bâtit tout d’abord une typologie des formats de nomination exploités dans le corpus, et montre ainsi que les pratiques discursives de nomination sont adossées au système de la langue. Cette première procédure référentielle est complétée par des opérations séquentielles de délimitation des catégories ; on met en lumière les contraintes textuelles qui pèsent sur cette seconde procédure. On analyse ensuite les effets discursifs produits par l’utilisation de ces ressources linguistiques, en les articulant avec la dimension générique, les positionnement sénonciatifs et idéologiques. Les outils d’analyse construits sont enfin appliqués pour caractériser des exploitations discursives particulières dans deux textes contrastés du corpus. / The present study explores how reference is constructed in the discursive genre specifiedas travel narrative. A hallmark of the genre is a common posture towards the production of thetext where enunciator-travellers are placed in an asymmetric context between language and cultureand have to give an account of realia (natural species, artefacts, social practices) which are not systematically lexicalized in their own languages or for which they do not have naming competence. They thus tend to present referencing as problematic. In order to describe how incontext enunciators manage to reference “against all odds”, the present dissertation analysesnaming and categorization procedures of exotic realia in a corpus of travel accounts by Frenchtravellers to Black Africa in the colonial period. A discursive semantics is set up based on thepatterning of the three orders, language, textuality and discourse. The present work first builds upa typology of naming patterns implemented in the corpus and is able to show that discursivepractices concerned with naming rest on the language as a system. This first referencing procedureis followed by sequential operations to delimit categories; textual constraints on this secondprocedure are shown up. There follows the analysis of the discursive effects that result from theuse of such linguistic resources and this is done through articulation with the generic dimensionand the enunciative and ideological stances. Finally the analytic tools that have been devised areapplied to the characterization of specific discursive processes in two contrasting texts from thecorpus.

Le lancement d'un nouveau produit sur le marché est une étape à risque pour l'entreprise qui peut se conclure par un échec. Une raison partielle de cet échec est que le produit ne correspond pas aux attentes des consommateurs. L'enjeu consiste donc à mieux comprendre et intégrer dans le design de produits les attentes des consommateurs. Les théories contemporaines en psychologie cognitive nous permettent d'améliorer les méthodologies actuelles de tests consommateurs et à concevoir les produits sur la base des connaissances des consommateurs. L'objectif de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre l'influence d'une adéquation entre les attentes des consommateurs et leurs perceptions sur leurs jugements affectifs dans le contexte de consommation alimentaire. Dans le champ de la cognition incarnée et située, nous avons utilisé la théorie du Perceptual Symbol System qui suppose une forte relation entre les concepts et les propriétés sensorielles. Trois études ont été menées sur des gammes de produits familiers et non familiers. Les résultats nous permettent de conclure que les attentes des consommateurs sont des catégories ad-hoc dépendantes d'une situation de consommation, c'est-à-dire une motivation à consommer le produit dans un contexte de consommation donné. Les propriétés de la catégorie définissent les attentes de type concepts et les propriétés sensorielles attendues du produit. Ainsi, nous avons mis en évidence que les concepts et les propriétés sensorielles sont associées à travers les catégories réactivées en mémoire. Les résultats de cette thèse ont aussi permis de proposer des améliorations aux méthodologies de tests consommateurs. Plus particulièrement, ces méthodologies permettent d'une part d'expliciter les attentes des consommateurs à travers une tâche de catégorisation et d'autre part de sélectionner les produits les plus adéquats aux attentes des consommateurs à travers l'évaluation de leurs jugements affectifs / One challenge when dealing with the launching of new products is to understand consumers’ expectations towards the product experience. Many innovations fail because they do not address the right expectations, for the right consumers, and for the right product.Theories in cognitive psychology allow us to improve current methodologies of consumer tests and to design food products based on the knowledge of consumers. The objective of this research is to better understand the influence of the discrepancy between consumers’ expectations and perceptions on the affective judgment in the context of food consumption. Within the framework of Grounded and Embodied cognition, we use theories developed on Perceptual Symbol System assuming a strong relationship between conceptual knowledge and sensory properties. Three studies were conducted on familiar and non-familiar product ranges. Results allow us to conclude that consumers’ expectations are defined as ad-hoc categories dependent on a situation of consumption, i.e. a motivation to consume the product in a determined context of consumption.Properties of the category define conceptual expectations and expected sensory properties of the product. Thus, we provide evidence that concepts and sensory properties are strongly related through retrieval of categories.The results of this thesis also provide methodological improvements to elicit consumers’ expectations through categorization tasks and to screen samples fitting the best with consumers’ expectations through affective judgment

Depuis quelques années, plusieurs facteurs comme la charge d’entraînement sont considérés comme liés aux problèmes d’adaptation des athlètes à l’entraînement. La fatigue est l’un de ces problèmes perçu par les athlètes. Physiologiquement, la fatigue peut se définir comme une diminution au cours du temps de la capacité d’un muscle à générer une force ou une puissance lors d’un exercice donné. Cependant, d’un point de vu social, la fatigue renvoie à une autre réalité qui varie en fonction des groupes sociaux. Cette représentation de la fatigue, propre à chaque groupe, doit être envisagée comme une forme de connaissance, socialement élaborée et partagée. Dans ce travail doctoral, nous nous intéressons à la représentation de la fatigue en France et en Syrie et plus précisément à la représentation sociale de l'athlète fatigué et de la personne non pratiquante fatiguée dans chacun des ces pays. La connaissance sociale de la fatigue est abordée par le biais des théories liées à la fatigue physiologique, à la catégorisation sociale et plus particulièrement à la théorie de l'identité sociale et à la théorie de la représentation sociale. À la suite de cette construction théorique, six études principales ont été réalisées afin de déterminer la représentation de la fatigue de chaque groupe dans les deux pays. Les deux premières études cherchent à mettre en évidence les éléments constitutifs de la représentation sociale de la fatigue issus du dictionnaire des synonymes en français et en arabe. Dans le domaine sportif, la fatigue et la forme restent à l'avantage des athlètes comparés au groupe non pratiquant le sport. C'est par le jeu de catégorisation les athlètes parviennent à établir une comparaison sociale favorable pour leur groupe. Les quartes études suivantes s'intéressent à la représentation de la fatigue à partir de deux groupes sociaux donnés dans les deux pays. À partir de l'utilisation de l'outil RepMut, nos résultats permettent de voir que la représentation de la fatigue est différente en fonction du groupe social interrogé (sportifs, non sportifs) et du pays d'origine de ses membres (France, Syrie). En France, il s'avère qu'au niveau catégoriel, seuls les athlètes sont en mesure de se positionner de façon satisfaisante face à la fatigue, alors qu'en Syrie les athlètes sont en mesure de se positionner favorablement aussi à une situation de fatigue que de pleine forme. / For a few years, many factors, such as the burden of training, are considered to be linked to the athletes’ difficulties to get used to training. The fatigue is one of the perceived problems by the athletes. Physiologically, the fatigue can be defined as “the decrease of a muscle’s capacity over time to exert force or power during a given exercise”. However, from the social point of view, the interpretation of fatigue is different and varies according to the social groups. This representation of the fatigue, specific to each group, should be considered as “a form of knowledge, socially developed and shared. In this doctoral thesis, we focus on the representation of fatigue in France and in Syria, more precisely on the social representation of being fatigued (worn out/tired/exhausted) among athletes and non-athletes in these two countries. The form of social knowledge of fatigue is approached via theories related to the physiological fatigue, the social categorization and in particular, via the theories of social identity and social representation. After the construction of the theoretical framework, six studies have been carried out in order to ascertain the representation of fatigue in each group of the two countries.The first two studies sought to highlight the elements of the social representation of fatigue in the French and Arabic dictionary. In the field of sports, low fatigue and better physical shape remain more to the athletes benefit then the non-practicing sport group. That why athletes seek to establish a favorable social position in their group by using social categorization. In the following research, four of the studies are interested in the representation of fatigue from two groups coming from two differents countries. Results using our ‘RepMut’ tool allow us to see that the representation of fatigue is different depending on the social group interviewed (sports, non-sport) and the country of origin of its members (France, Syria). In France, it appears that on a categorical level, only athletes are able to position themselves satisfactorily in the case of fatigue only, while in Syria the athletes are able to position themselves satisfactorily in the cases of fatigue and well being.

The ability to locate symbols on a visual display forms an integral part of the effective use of AAC systems. Characteristics of display design and perceptual features of symbols have been shown to influence rate and accuracy of symbol location (Thistle&Wilkinson, 2009; Wilkinson, Carlin,&Jagaroo, 2006). The current study endeavoured to compare the use of two colour-coded organisational strategies (alphabetical order and categorisation) for their effectiveness in symbol location and to investigate if some bottom-up features influenced the performance of the participants in these tasks. 114 learners in Grade 1 to 3 in a mainstream school were randomly divided into two groups. Both of the groups were exposed to two visual search tests in alternating order. The tests involved searching for 36 visual targets amongst 81 coloured Picture Communication Symbols on a computer screen in one of two colour-coded organizational methods, namely alphabetical order or categorisation. The data from the research task was collected through computer logging of all mouse selections. Findings showed that locating symbols on a computer screen with a categorisation strategy was significantly faster and more accurate than with an alphabetical strategy for the Grade 1 to 3 participants. The rate and accuracy of target symbol location in both the strategies decreased significantly as grade increased, as did the differences between rate and accuracy of target location when using the two strategies. It was also found that although the tests in this study placed heavy top-down processing demands on the participants, there was still evidence of bottom-up factors influencing their performance. Implications for display design in AAC clinical practice were discussed. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication / unrestricted