Phytoplankton samples were collected in 2016 during the dry and rainy seasons at nine sampling sites in Vinh Long province, Vietnam. Some basic environment parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate and phosphate were measured and a total of 209 phytoplankton species (six phyla, 96 genera) were identified. The phylum that had the greatest number of species was Bacillariophyta (82 species), followed by Chlorophyta (61 species), Cyanophyta (39 species), Euglenophyta (21 species), Chrysophyta (three species) and Dinophyta (three3 species). The phytoplankton density ranged from 4,128 to 123,029 cells/liter. The dominant algae recorded in the study area include Microcystis aeruginosa, Merismopedia glauca, Oscillatoria perornata, Jaaginema sp., Planktothrix agardhii, Coscinodiscus subtilis, Melosira granulata. In particular, Microcystis aeruginosa was the most density dominant species in the total number of sampling sites during the dry season survey, and this species was classified as a group producing toxins harmful to the environment. Surface water quality, according to QCVN 08: 2015/BTNMT was classified into Column A1 for pH, nitrate and Column B1 for dissolved oxygen, and Column B2 for phosphate. Phytoplankton community structure and environmental factors changed substantially between dry and rainy seasons. A Pearson (r) correlation coefficient was used for the relative analysis. The results indicated that the number of phytoplankton species were a significantly positive correlation with pH, dissolved oxygen and nitrate in the rainy season. The phytoplankton abundance was uncorrelated with environmental factors in both seasons. / Các mẫu thực vật phù du được thu thập trong năm 2016 (mùa khô và mùa mưa) tại 9 vị trí ở tỉnh Vĩnh Long, Việt Nam. Một số thông số môi trường như nhiệt độ, pH, oxy hòa tan, nitrat và phốt phát được đo ngay tại hiện trường. Tổng cộng 209 loài thực vật phù du được ghi nhận (6 ngành, 96 chi). Số lượng loài cao nhất là tảo Silic (82 loài), kế đến là tảo Lục (61 loài), tảo Lam (39 loài), tảo Mắt (21 loài), tảo Vàng ánh (3 loài) và tảo Giáp (3 loài). Mật độ thực vật phù du dao động từ 4.128 đến 123.029 tế bào/ lít. Các loài ưu thế ghi nhận được ở khu vực nghiên cứu gồm có: Microcystis aeruginosa, Merismopedia glauca, Oscillatoria perornata, Jaaginema sp., Planktothrix agardhii; Coscinodiscus subtilis, Melosira granulata. Trong đó, loài Microcystis aeruginosa chiếm ưu thế nhiều nhất trên tổng số điểm thu mẫu trong đợt khảo sát mùa khô, đồng thời loài này được xếp vào nhóm sản sinh độc tố gây hại cho môi trường. Chất lượng nước mặt theo QCVN 08:2015/BTNMT được xếp vào loại A1 đối với thông số pH, nitrat và loại B1 đối với thông số oxy hòa tan, và loại B2 đối với phốt phát. Cấu trúc quần xã thực vât nổi và các yếu tố môi trường thay đổi đáng kể giữa mùa mưa và mừa khô. Hệ số tương quan Pearson (r) được dùng để phân tích. Kết quả cho thấy số lượng thực vật phù du có tương quan thuận với pH, oxy hòa tan và nitrat trong mùa mưa và có ý nghĩa về mặt thống kê. Mật độ của thực vật phù du không tương quan với các yếu tố môi trường trong cả hai mùa.

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une étude systématique des propriétés physico-chimiques de polyphosphates à l’argent permettant d’avancer sur de nouvelles voies pour les dispositifs tels que l’éclairage, les lasers accordables dans le visible, la radiophotoluminescence. L'objectif de ce travail vise la compréhension des mécanismes de luminescence de l’ion Ag+ dans les composés Na1-xAgxLn(PO3)4 (Ln = La et Y) dont la structure a été parfaitement déterminée. La luminescence des monocristaux provient des ions Ag+, dans des sites isolés et proches de lacunes positives (Ag2+) résultant de la photosensibilité aux UV pour les cristaux au lanthane. La luminescence des verres Na1-xAgxLa(PO3)4 (seuls vitrifiables) a été élucidée grâce à une étude après irradiation et à celle des verres Na2-xAgxZnP2O7. Elle est due aussi aux ions Ag+ dans des sites isolés. / This work focuses on keeping with the general pattern of investigations of physical-chemical properties of silver-polyphosphates to find new ways for devices such as lighting, visible range laser applications and radiophotoluminescence. The goal of this study aims at understanding the processes of Ag+ luminescence in Na1-xAgxLn(PO3)4 (Ln = La et Y) compounds which structure has been completely determinated. The luminescence of the single crystals is induced by Ag+ ions in isolated sites and close to hole centers (Ag2+) resulting in UV photosensitivity for the lanthanum crystals. The photoluminescence of the Na1-xAgxLa(PO3)4 glasses (glass-forming only) has been resolved owing to UV irradiation investigations and comparison with the luminescence of Na2-xAgxZnP2O7 glass. Both are also due to Ag+ ions in isolated sites.

O consumidor está cada vez mais consciente da relação entre dieta e doença, que tem impulsionado as pesquisas sobre alimentos funcionais e seus efeitos sobre o corpo. O papel dos óleos e gorduras na nutrição humana tem sido intensamente estudado e discutido por décadas. Tem sido enfatizada a importância da ingestão de ômega-3, ômega-6 e ômega-9 ácidos graxos redução de ácidos graxos saturados e, mais recentemente, controle da ingestão de ácidos graxos trans. Através da mistura e interesterificação química e enzimática de óleos e gorduras, gorduras trans-livre pode ser produzido. Mistura de gordura, foram formuladas por misturas ternárias de estearina de palma, uma gordura láurica (óleo de coco ou óleo de palmiste) e um óleo poliinsaturado (óleo de canola ou azeite de oliva) em diferentes proporções que foram interesterificadas. Neste trabalho, foram produzidos lipídios estruturados por interesterificação química e enzimática. A interesterificação química foi realizada nas seguintes condições: a 88 °C, 60 minutos de reação, 0,4% de catalisador metóxido de sódio, sob agitação e vácuo. A interesterificação enzimática, sendo realizada com duas lipases comerciais Thermomyces lanuginosa e Rhizomucor miehei, com seletividade sn-1,3. A interesterificação enzimática por batelada foi realizado seguindo um planejamento matriz central compósito rotativo em função da temperatura e da composição do meio, estearina de palma, óleo de palmiste e azeite de oliva e catalisado pelas lipases comerciais. O decréscimo do conteúdo de gordura sólida foi observado a 10 e 35 °C após a interesterificação. O biorreator contínuo foi operado nas seguintes condições: mistura de estearina de palma, óleo de palmiste, azeite de oliva (45:30:25), 10 gr de biocatalisador, 65 °C, com tempo de residência de 7 min e por 226 h para Thermomyces lanuginosa e 188 h para Rhizomucor miehei. A atividade do biocatalisador foi avaliada em termos da diminuição do conteúdo de gordura sólida a 35 °C, o qual é um parâmetro chave na produção de margarinas. O perfil de inativação do biocatalisador pode ser bem descrita pelo modelo de desativação de primeira ordem: meia-vida de 88 e 60 h foram estimados quando Thermomyces lanuginosa e Rhizomucor miehei, respectivamente, foram utilizados. Os óleos puros, as misturas originais e interesterificadas foram avaliados quanto à composição de ácidos graxos e triacilgliceróis, distribuição regioespecífica dos ácidos graxos nos triacilgliceróis, ponto de fusão e amolecimento, consistência, conteúdo de gordura sólida, comportamento de fusão e cristalização, estabilidade oxidativa, estrutura cristalina e polimorfismo. A interesterificação química e enzimática promoveram diminuição de triacilgliceróis trissaturados e triinsaturados e aumento dos monossaturados-diinsaturados e dissaturados-monoinsaturados, o que resultou no respectivo decréscimo dos pontos de fusão e amolecimento, consistência e conteúdo de gordura sólida, aumentando a plasticidade das gorduras. As curvas de fusão e cristalização das misturas foram modificadas pela alteração da composição dos triacilgliceróis pela interesterificação química e enzimática. Estabilidade térmica e a temperatura de oxidação da estearina de palma, óleo de coco e óleo de canola e suas misturas foram dependente da composição de ácidos graxos e independente da interesterificação química. Os resultados mostram que a interesterificação química e enzimática oferecem uma ferramenta útil para a concepção de gorduras com sintonizáveis propriedades físico-químicas, melhorando em relação a esse das gorduras de partida. / The consumer is becoming more aware of the relationship between diet and disease, which has driven the research on functional foods and their effects on the body. The role of fats and oils in human nutrition has been intensively studied and discussed for decades. It has been emphasized the importance of intake of omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids, reduction of saturated fatty acids and, more recently, control of intake of trans fatty acids. Through the blend and interesterification of oils and fats, trans-free fats can be produced. Fat blends, formulated by ternary blends of palm stearin, lauric fat (coconut oil and palm kernel oil) and polyunsaturated oils (canola oil and olive oil) were done in different ratios. In this work, were produced by chemical and enzymatic interesterification. Chemical interesterification was performed under the following conditions: at 88°C, 60 minutes reaction times, 0.4% sodium methoxide, under agitation and vacuum. For enzymatic interesterification being carried out with two commercial lipases Thermomyces lanuginosa e Rhizomucor miehei, with selectivity sn-1,3. Batch enzymatic interesterification were performed, following central composite rotatable designs (CCRDs) as a function temperature and media of palm stearin, palm kernel oil and olive oil formulation and catalyzed by a commercial immobilized lipase. A decrease in all SFC values of the blends at 10 °C and 35°C was observed upon interesterification. The bioreactor operated continuously: mixture of palm stearin, palm kernel oil and olive oil (45:30:25, wt %), at 65 °C, at a residence time of 7 min and for 226 h to Thermomyces lanuginosa and 188 h to Rhizomucor miehei.. Biocatalyst activity was evaluated in terms of the decrease of the solid fat content at 35 °C of the blends, which is a key parameter in margarine manufacture. The inactivation profile of the biocatalyst could be well described by the first-order deactivation model: Half-lives of 88 and 60 h were estimated when Thermomyces lanuginose and Rhizomucor miehei, respectively, were used. Pure oil, the original and interesterified blends were examined for fatty acids and triacylglycerols composition, regiospecific distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols, melting and softening points, consistency, solid fat content, thermal behavior, oxidation stability, crystalline microstructure and polymorphism. Chemical and enzymatic interesterification caused reduction of trisaturated and triunsaturated and increase in monosaturated-diunsaturated and disaturated-monounsaturated, lowering the initial melting and softening points, consistency and solid fat content, increasing plasticity of fats. Melting and crystallization curves were significantly modified by changing the composition of triacylglycerols by chemical and enzymatic interesterification. The thermal stability and oxidation temperature of palm stearin, coconut oil and canola oil and their blends were dependent on fatty acid composition and independent on chemical interesterification. The results show that the chemical and enzymatic interesterification provides a useful tool to design fats with tunable physicochemical properties, improved compared to that of the starting fats.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver e validar métodos analíticos para o fármaco besilato de anlodipino (ABC) em comprimidos. O método espectrofotométrico no ultra violeta e o método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) desenvolvidos foram considerados simples, exatos e precisos. Foram analisadas amostras contendo 5 mg,10 mg e uma amostra formulada de 5mg de ABC/comprimido. Para o método espectrofotométrico, a primeira diluição das amostras foi feita em metanol e as subseqüentes em água. A leitura foi efetuada a 364,4 nm. A linearidade para ABC foi estabelecida na faixa de 41,0-61,0 mg/mL e o coeficiente de correlação foi R= 0,9996. O limite de detecção e o de quantificação foram respectivamente 0,54 e 1,8 mcg/mL. A exatidão e a precisão foram 98,99% e 0,37%, respectivamente. Nas análises por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), foram utilizadas as seguintes condições: coluna LiChrospher ® 100 RP-18 Merck ® (250 mm x 4,6 mm, 5µm), fase móvel constituída por metanol: água: (35:65) com 1% de TEA e pH ajustado para 5.0 com ácido fosfórico; fluxo de 1,0 mL/min; detecção UV a 238 nm e temperatura de 22 ±1°C.Tempo de retenção (RT) ABC foi de 3,7 min. Foi obtida linearidade no intervalo de 50 a 350 mcg/mL e coeficiente de correlação = 0,9999. O limite de detecção e o de quantificação foram respectivamente de 2,26 mcg/mL e 7,52 mcg/mL. A exatidão foi de 100,18% e a precisão foi de 0,37% para a CLAE. Ambos os métodos podem ser usados na rotina de análise para o controle de qualidade de comprimidos contendo ABC. / The objective of this research was to develop and validate analytical methods for the amlodipine besylate (ABC) determination in tablets. Simple, accurate and precise spectrophotometric and HPLC methods were validate for ABC determination in samples containing 5.0 and 10.0 mg of ABC / tablet. For the spectrophotometric method, the first dilutions of samples were made in methanol and the consecutive in distilled water. Determination was made at 364.4 nm. Linearity was in the range of 41.0-61.0 µg/mL and r= 0.9996. The detection and quantitation limits were respectively, 0.54 µg/mL and 1.80 µg/mL. Accuracy and precision were respectively, 98.99% and 0.37%. For HPLC analysis, the following conditions were used: a LiChrospher ® 100 RP-18 Merck® (250 mm x 4,6 mm, 5µm) column; methanol: water with 1% of triethylamine adjusted to pH 5.0 with phosphoric acid (35:65), as mobile phase; a flow rate of 1.0 mL /min; UV detection at 238 nm and temperature of 22 ±1 °C . Retention time was 3.7 min. Linearity was in the range of 50.0 - 350.0 µg/mL and r = 0.9999. The detection and quantitation limits were respectively, 2.26 µg/mL and 7.52 µg/mL. Accuracy and precision were respectively, 100.18% and 0.37%. Both methods can be used in routine analysis for quality control of tablets containing ABC.

O consumidor está cada vez mais consciente da relação entre dieta e doença, que tem impulsionado as pesquisas sobre alimentos funcionais e seus efeitos sobre o corpo. O papel dos óleos e gorduras na nutrição humana tem sido intensamente estudado e discutido por décadas. Tem sido enfatizada a importância da ingestão de ômega-3, ômega-6 e ômega-9 ácidos graxos redução de ácidos graxos saturados e, mais recentemente, controle da ingestão de ácidos graxos trans. Através da mistura e interesterificação química e enzimática de óleos e gorduras, gorduras trans-livre pode ser produzido. Mistura de gordura, foram formuladas por misturas ternárias de estearina de palma, uma gordura láurica (óleo de coco ou óleo de palmiste) e um óleo poliinsaturado (óleo de canola ou azeite de oliva) em diferentes proporções que foram interesterificadas. Neste trabalho, foram produzidos lipídios estruturados por interesterificação química e enzimática. A interesterificação química foi realizada nas seguintes condições: a 88 °C, 60 minutos de reação, 0,4% de catalisador metóxido de sódio, sob agitação e vácuo. A interesterificação enzimática, sendo realizada com duas lipases comerciais Thermomyces lanuginosa e Rhizomucor miehei, com seletividade sn-1,3. A interesterificação enzimática por batelada foi realizado seguindo um planejamento matriz central compósito rotativo em função da temperatura e da composição do meio, estearina de palma, óleo de palmiste e azeite de oliva e catalisado pelas lipases comerciais. O decréscimo do conteúdo de gordura sólida foi observado a 10 e 35 °C após a interesterificação. O biorreator contínuo foi operado nas seguintes condições: mistura de estearina de palma, óleo de palmiste, azeite de oliva (45:30:25), 10 gr de biocatalisador, 65 °C, com tempo de residência de 7 min e por 226 h para Thermomyces lanuginosa e 188 h para Rhizomucor miehei. A atividade do biocatalisador foi avaliada em termos da diminuição do conteúdo de gordura sólida a 35 °C, o qual é um parâmetro chave na produção de margarinas. O perfil de inativação do biocatalisador pode ser bem descrita pelo modelo de desativação de primeira ordem: meia-vida de 88 e 60 h foram estimados quando Thermomyces lanuginosa e Rhizomucor miehei, respectivamente, foram utilizados. Os óleos puros, as misturas originais e interesterificadas foram avaliados quanto à composição de ácidos graxos e triacilgliceróis, distribuição regioespecífica dos ácidos graxos nos triacilgliceróis, ponto de fusão e amolecimento, consistência, conteúdo de gordura sólida, comportamento de fusão e cristalização, estabilidade oxidativa, estrutura cristalina e polimorfismo. A interesterificação química e enzimática promoveram diminuição de triacilgliceróis trissaturados e triinsaturados e aumento dos monossaturados-diinsaturados e dissaturados-monoinsaturados, o que resultou no respectivo decréscimo dos pontos de fusão e amolecimento, consistência e conteúdo de gordura sólida, aumentando a plasticidade das gorduras. As curvas de fusão e cristalização das misturas foram modificadas pela alteração da composição dos triacilgliceróis pela interesterificação química e enzimática. Estabilidade térmica e a temperatura de oxidação da estearina de palma, óleo de coco e óleo de canola e suas misturas foram dependente da composição de ácidos graxos e independente da interesterificação química. Os resultados mostram que a interesterificação química e enzimática oferecem uma ferramenta útil para a concepção de gorduras com sintonizáveis propriedades físico-químicas, melhorando em relação a esse das gorduras de partida. / The consumer is becoming more aware of the relationship between diet and disease, which has driven the research on functional foods and their effects on the body. The role of fats and oils in human nutrition has been intensively studied and discussed for decades. It has been emphasized the importance of intake of omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids, reduction of saturated fatty acids and, more recently, control of intake of trans fatty acids. Through the blend and interesterification of oils and fats, trans-free fats can be produced. Fat blends, formulated by ternary blends of palm stearin, lauric fat (coconut oil and palm kernel oil) and polyunsaturated oils (canola oil and olive oil) were done in different ratios. In this work, were produced by chemical and enzymatic interesterification. Chemical interesterification was performed under the following conditions: at 88°C, 60 minutes reaction times, 0.4% sodium methoxide, under agitation and vacuum. For enzymatic interesterification being carried out with two commercial lipases Thermomyces lanuginosa e Rhizomucor miehei, with selectivity sn-1,3. Batch enzymatic interesterification were performed, following central composite rotatable designs (CCRDs) as a function temperature and media of palm stearin, palm kernel oil and olive oil formulation and catalyzed by a commercial immobilized lipase. A decrease in all SFC values of the blends at 10 °C and 35°C was observed upon interesterification. The bioreactor operated continuously: mixture of palm stearin, palm kernel oil and olive oil (45:30:25, wt %), at 65 °C, at a residence time of 7 min and for 226 h to Thermomyces lanuginosa and 188 h to Rhizomucor miehei.. Biocatalyst activity was evaluated in terms of the decrease of the solid fat content at 35 °C of the blends, which is a key parameter in margarine manufacture. The inactivation profile of the biocatalyst could be well described by the first-order deactivation model: Half-lives of 88 and 60 h were estimated when Thermomyces lanuginose and Rhizomucor miehei, respectively, were used. Pure oil, the original and interesterified blends were examined for fatty acids and triacylglycerols composition, regiospecific distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols, melting and softening points, consistency, solid fat content, thermal behavior, oxidation stability, crystalline microstructure and polymorphism. Chemical and enzymatic interesterification caused reduction of trisaturated and triunsaturated and increase in monosaturated-diunsaturated and disaturated-monounsaturated, lowering the initial melting and softening points, consistency and solid fat content, increasing plasticity of fats. Melting and crystallization curves were significantly modified by changing the composition of triacylglycerols by chemical and enzymatic interesterification. The thermal stability and oxidation temperature of palm stearin, coconut oil and canola oil and their blends were dependent on fatty acid composition and independent on chemical interesterification. The results show that the chemical and enzymatic interesterification provides a useful tool to design fats with tunable physicochemical properties, improved compared to that of the starting fats.

O mel é um alimento de uso milenar, açucarado de fácil digestão, que constitui uma importante fonte de energia, contribuindo para o equilíbrio do processo biológico do corpo humano, sendo elaborado a partir da desidratação e transformação do néctar das flores nativas pelas abelhas produtoras. Para que o mel seja comercializado para o consumo humano, ele precisa atender aos requisitos mínimos de identidade e qualidade exigidos pela Legislação Brasileira. No Brasil a criação de abelhas é dividida em duas práticas distintas, a Apicultura tradicional, que utiliza as abelhas Apis mellifera e a Meliponicultura que utiliza as abelhas sem ferrão como a Jataí (Tetragonisca angustula). Os méis de abelhas sem ferrão tem maior valor comercial comparado ao mel tradicional, entretanto são comercializados sem uma legislação própria. Na literatura existem poucos trabalhos que tratam da composição destes tipos de méis que são popularmente conhecidos por suas propriedades benéficas à saúde. Em vista do exposto acima, o objetivo deste presente trabalho foi o de comparar a composição e a qualidade de méis de Apis mellifera com os de abelhas sem ferrão da espécie Tetragonisca angustula, popularmente conhecida como Jataí. Para tanto as amostras de méis foram obtidas de colméias de Apis mellifera e de Tetragonisca angustula de uma mesma região botânica, o que foi possível constatar que os méis de abelha Jataí apresentaram maior diversidade botânica em relação aos méis de Apis. Neste trabalho foram utilizados os métodos de avaliação estabelecidos pela Legislação Brasileira para qualidade de mel de Apis mellifera e os valores sugeridos para méis de mellponíneos do Brasil pe10s pesquisadores VILLAS - BOAS e MALASPINA (2005). A maioria das amostras de Apis apresentaram-se dentro da legislação vigente, enquanto méis Jataí apresentaram os parâmetros: umidade (23,40 -25,60%), acidez (21,65 - 63,85 mE/Kg) e açúcares redutores (44,78 - 67,54%) e sacarose aparente (0,43 - 1,60%) fora dos padrões estabelecido pela legislação vigente para os méis de Apis mellifera. No entanto, encontram-se dentro dos valores sugeridos para méís de meliponíneos brasileiros, pelos pesquisadores acima mencionados. Além das análises físico-químicas tradicionais e a análise polínica também foi determinada a composição nutricional, sendo que o mel de Apis apresentou maior de valor energético (43,58- 66,32 Kcal) em relação aos méis de Jataí (36,83 - 60,52 Kcal) (p<0,05). Também foram determinados os açúcares por CLAE, condutividade elétrica (uS/cm-1) e a análise de cor (mmPfund). As amostras de Apis mellifera apresentaram maior o teor glicose (%), frutose (%) e condutividade elétrica (uS/cm-1) em relação aos méis de Jataí Em relação as análises de cor notou-se maior predominância da coloração âmbar-claro, mas amostras analisadas. / Honey is considered as a food that provides energy, being elaborated from the dehydration and transformation of the nectar of the flowers by the bees. For the human consumption, honey needs to attend the minimum requirements of identity and quality demanded by the regulation. In Brazil beekeepers can be divided in two practical distinct ones: the traditional ones, which use Apis mellifera bees and the Meliponiculture which uses stingless bees such as Jataí bee (Tetragonisca angustula). There are no identity and quality parameters or regulation for this type of honey. Honey from of stingless bees are more expensive compared with the traditional honey, however their are commercialized without a proper regulation. In literature few works were found regarding the composition of these types of honey which are popularly known by its beneficiaI properties to human health. The objective of the present work is to compare the composition and quality of honey from Apis mellifera and from stingless bees (Tetragonisca angustula), popularly known as Jataí bee. Samples of honey were obtained from Apis mellifera and Tetragonisca angustula bees in the same botanical region. In this work the methods used were based on the Brazilian Regulation for quality control of honey from Apis mellifera and the values suggested for honeys of meliponíneos of Brazil for researchers VILLAS-BOAS and MALASPINA (2005). The majority of the samples of Apis had presented in accordance with the regulation while the Jataí honeys had presented: humidity (23,40 - 25.60%), acidity (21,65 - 63,85 mE/Kg) and reducing sugars (44,78 - 67.54%) are out of the standards for honeys of Apis mellifera. However, they are in accordance with the values suggested for honeys of Brazilian meliponíneos. The physicochemical, polinic and nutritional analysis were determined, and the honey of Apis bee presented greater amount of energy value (43,58 - 66,32 Kcal) in relation to the honeys of Jataí bee (36,83 - 60,52 Kcal) (p<O,05). The sugars for HPLC, electric conductivity (uS/cm-1) and analysis of color (mmPfund) were determined. Samples of Apis mellifera had presented greater values for glucose (%), frutose (%) and electric conductivity (uS/cm-1) in relation to the honeys from Jataí (p<0,05). Regarding the color analyses, it was predominance of the coloration clear -amber.

L'eau des fleuves, des rivières, des lacs et des réservoirs ne représente que 0,26 % des 2,5 % (35 millions de km3) d'eau douce disponibles à l’état liquide sur Terre, or sa qualité et quantité ont fortement diminué ces dernières années. Sa dégradation a des conséquences sur l'agriculture, la santé, l'environnement et l'économie des territoires et est aujourd'hui au centre des préoccupations sociétales. Les objectifs de la présente thèse sont pour trois fleuves localisés dans le Bouclier des Guyanes, au nord de l'Amérique du Sud (le Maroni, l'Oyapock, l'Orénoque): (i) d'utiliser et d'adapter des outils novateurs de télédétection pour suivre et quantifier, sur du long terme, leurs charges sédimentaires en suspension, (ii) d'évaluer l'existence de tendances spatio-temporelles, ainsi que de ruptures dans les chroniques de données, (iii) de quantifier la part organique et minérale de ces charges, (iv) d'apprécier le rôle des facteurs naturels (débits et précipitations) et anthropiques (surfaces urbaines, agricoles et minières) sur les tendances observées et enfin, (v) de discuter de seuils de charges pour le suivi de la qualité de l'eau. Les résultats ont montré qu'il est possible de suivre les concentrations de matières en suspension, pour les fleuves Orénoque et Maroni avec une erreur relative de 32 et 25% respectivement. Sur la période 2000-2016, des tendances spatio-temporelles régulières ont été observées pour l'Orénoque, alors qu'elles sont en augmentation pour le Maroni avec une rupture en 2009 et en diminution pour l'Oyapock depuis 2008 (données in situ). Un lien fort avec l'augmentation de la déforestation pour les surfaces minières et les précipitations est observé pour le Maroni alors que pour l'Oyapock les tendances sont liées aux débits.Pour les deux années d'études (2014-2016), les charges minérales ont représenté la plus forte fraction des particules transportées dans les eaux du Maroni au Saut Hermina (en moyenne 93 %) et de l'Oyapock au Saut Maripa (en moyenne 82 %) avec une grande variabilité selon les mois de la teneur en carbone dans les matières transportées et pour les deux fleuves. Enfin, les rapports C/N et C/Chl-a ont dévoilé des matières organiques d'origine principalement endogène avec une forte biomasse chlorophyllienne surtout durant les basses eaux. / The water of rivers, lakes and reservoirs represents only 0.26 % of the 2.5 % (35 million of km3) of fresh water available on the liquid state on Earth, but its quality and quantity strongly decreased these last years. Her degradation has consequences on the farming, the health, the environment and the economy of territories and is now in the center of the societal concerns. The objectives of the present thesis are for three rivers located in the Guiana Shield, in the North of South America (the Maroni, the Oyapock, the Orinoco): i) to use and to adapt innovative tools of remote detection to follow and quantify, on the long term, their sedimentary loads, ii) to estimate the existence of spatiotemporal trends, as well as breaks in the chronicles of data, iii) to quantify the organic and mineral part of these loads, iv) to appreciate the role of the natural (discharge and precipitation) and the anthropological factors (urban, agricultural and mining surfaces) on the observed trends and finally, v) to discuss thresholds of concentrations for the quality monitoring of the river water.The results showed that it is possible to follow the concentrations of suspension materials, for rivers Maroni and Orinoco with a relative error of 25 and 32 % respectively. Over the period 2000-2016, regular spatiotemporal trends were observed for the Orinoco, while they are increasing for Maroni with a break in 2009 and in decrease for the Oyapock since 2008 (in situ data). A strong link with the increase of the deforestation for the mining surfaces and the precipitation is observed for the Maroni catchment while for the Oyapock the trend is explained by the specific water discharge.For two years of studies (2014-2016), the mineral loads represented the strongest fraction of particles transported in the Maroni River at Saut Hermina (on average 93 %) and in the Oyapock River at Saut Maripa (on average 82 %) with a high variability according to the months of the content in carbon in the transported materials and for both rivers. Finally, report C/N and C/Chl-a revealed organic matters of mainly endogenous origin with a strong chlorophyll biomass and especially during the low water period.

Résumé Les rejets des Usines à Zinc de Kolwezi contiennent majoritairement du zinc sous forme réfractaire (ferrite) au traitement hydrométallurgique conventionnel. Ils contiennent d’autres métaux « lourds » qui les rendent dangereux vis-à-vis de l’environnement dans lequel ils sont actuellement entreposés. Ces métaux, dont la plupart peuvent être valorisés, font de ces rejets un véritable gisement secondaire. Il est donc impératif de mettre au point un procédé adéquat de valorisation ; d’où le thème de la présente thèse : « Etude de valorisation des rejets des Usines à Zinc de Kolwezi, RDC ». A l’aide des techniques modernes de caractérisation (physico–chimique, minéralogique et morphologique), nous sommes arrivés à cibler, à adapter et à justifier l’utilisation d’une technique de valorisation des matières minérales existantes. Les minéraux utiles contenus dans les rejets UZK ont été sulfatés par digestion et sélectivement mis en solution après un grillage. La sulfatation s’est avérée l’étape déterminante du procédé et un intérêt particulier a été focalisé sur cette étape en réalisant une étude cinétique approfondie. Les données et informations récoltées tout le long de cette recherche nous ont permis de réaliser une simulation du procédé par le logiciel ASPEN PLUS. Ce qui a permis de faire une ébauche d’un schéma de traitement industriel. Ce dernier s’est avéré souple vis-à-vis de l’utilisation d’autres matières comme les calcines des concentrés sulfurés cuivre-zinc. Residues from the Kolwezi Zinc Plant (Usines à Zinc de Kolwezi UZK) essentially contain zinc in a refractory (ferrite) form, which is difficult to recover by conventional hydrometallurgical methods. « Heavy» metals are also present that make them hazardous towards the environment in which they are currently stored. Most of these metals are valuable; thus, the UZK residues are a real secondary deposit. It is therefore imperative to develop an appropriate method of treatment, hence the theme of the present thesis: « Recovery study of values metals from Kolwezi Zinc Plant residues, DRC ». Using modern techniques of characterization (physical and chemical, mineralogical and morphological), we focused, adapted and justified the use of a technique for efficient recovery of the existing valuable minerals. The minerals contained in UZK residues have been sulphated by digestion and thereafter selectively dissolved after roasting. Sulphatation proved to be the decisive step of the process and a particular attention has been given to this step by performing a detailed kinetic study. The data and information collected throughout this research allowed a simulation of the developed method by using the « Aspen Plus » software. This allowed us to propose a draft scheme of industrial processing. The latter proved flexible towards the use of other materials such as calcines of copper-zinc sulphide concentrates.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή εστιάστηκε στη μελέτη των σημαντικότερων οικολογικών και βιολογικών παραμέτρων του ζωοπλαγκτού των λιμνών Αμβρακίας, Λυσιμαχείας και Οζερός. Στόχος της μελέτης αυτής είναι η καλύτερη κατανόηση του οικολογικού ρόλου που διαδραματίζουν οι ζωοπλαγκτικές βιοκοινωνίες στα λιμναία οικοσυστήματα στην περιοχή της Δυτικής Ελλάδας, καθώς και η αποτύπωση της σημερινής κατάστασης στην οποία βρίσκονται. Πραγματοποιήθηκαν μηνιαίες δειγματοληψίες κατά την περίοδο Σεπτέμβριος 2006-Αύγουστος 2008 στη λίμνη Αμβρακία και αντίστοιχα κατά την περίοδο Ιούνιος 2009-Μάιος 2010 στις λίμνες Λυσιμαχεία και Οζερός. Σε κάθε λίμνη γινόταν συλλογή δειγμάτων ζωοπλαγκτού, in situ καταγραφή των βασικών φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων των υδάτων και συλλογή δειγμάτων νερού για τον προσδιορισμό της συγκέντρωσης των κυριότερων θρεπτικών στοιχείων και της χλωροφύλλης-α. Η Αμβρακία είναι μια θειικού τύπου λίμνη με υψηλή αγωγιμότητα. Χαρακτηρίζεται ως θερμή μονομικτική και κατά την περίοδο της θερμοστρωμάτωσης στο υπολίμνιο παρατηρείται ανάπτυξη υποξικών/ανοξικών συνθηκών. Οι λίμνες Λυσιμαχεία και Οζερός δεν εμφάνισαν φαινόμενα θερμοστρωμάτωσης, διατηρούν ικανοποιητικά επίπεδα οξυγόνωσης στην υδάτινη στήλη τους και παρουσιάζουν αρκετά χαμηλές τιμές διαφάνειας. Σύμφωνα με τις τιμές του δείκτη τροφικότητας του Carlson, η λίμνη Αμβρακία χαρακτηρίζεται ως μεσότροφη, η λίμνη Οζερός ως μεσο-εύτροφη και η λίμνη Λυσιμαχεία ως εύτροφη. Στη λίμνη Αμβρακία αναγνωρίστηκαν συνολικά 33 ζωοπλαγκτικά taxa, στη λίμνη Λυσιμαχεία 36 και στη λίμνη Οζερός 25. Λαμβάνοντας υπ’ όψιν τις μέσες τιμές αφθονίας του ζωοπλαγκτού στις τρεις λίμνες, η Αμβρακία (83,6-442,7 ind/l) προσεγγίζει καλύτερα τα χαρακτηριστικά ζωοπλαγκτικών βιοκοινωνιών που συναντώνται σε μεσότροφα οικοσυστήματα, ενώ ο Οζερός (59,4-818 ind/l) και ιδιαίτερα η Λυσιμαχεία (147,9-4449,3 ind/l) σε εύτροφα. Η εποχική διακύμανση της συνολικής αφθονίας του ζωοπλαγκτού των λιμνών, χαρακτηρίζεται από τη χαμηλή αφθονία των ειδών κατά τη χειμερινή περίοδο και τη σταδιακή αύξησή τους κατά την εαρινή. Στη βαθιά λίμνη Αμβρακία, η συντριπτική πλειοψηφία του ζωοπλαγκτού βρέθηκε συγκεντρωμένη στο στρώμα των 0-20 m. Το θερμοκλινές φάνηκε να ασκεί σημαντική επίδραση στον κατακόρυφο διαχωρισμό ειδών και οντογενετικών σταδίων. Η διερεύνηση της επίδρασης των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων στην αφθονία και διακύμανση του ζωοπλαγκτού των τριών λιμνών έδειξε πως ο κύριος παράγοντας που φαίνεται να επηρεάζει τα περισσότερα ζωοπλαγκτικά είδη είναι η θερμοκρασία. / The present PhD thesis focused on the study of the main ecological and biological aspects of the zooplankton community in lakes Amvrakia, Lysimachia and Ozeros. The aim of this study is the better understanding of zooplankton’s ecological role in lake ecosystems of Western Greece. For the investigation of the zooplankton community in lakes, zooplankton samples were collected on a monthly basis in Lake Amvrakia during the period September 2006-August 2008 and in lakes Lysimachia and Ozeros during the period June 2009-May 2010. Additionally, for the assessment of water quality in lakes, water samplings were conducted at the same period in order to estimate the concentration of nutrients and chlorophyll-a, while the water’s basic physicochemical parameters were recorded in situ. Lake Amvrakia, which belongs to the sulphate type, exhibits high conductivity values. The lake is characterized as a warm monomictic lake. The main characteristic in the vertical axis was the depletion of oxygen in the deeper hypolimnion, where anoxic conditions prevail, especially at the end of the stratification period. Lakes Lysimachia and Ozeros maintained satisfactory levels of oxygenation in their water column and no thermal stratification was observed. Both lakes exhibited low transparency values. According to Carlson's Trophic State Index (TSI), Lake Amvrakia is characterized as mesotrophic, Lake Ozeros as meso-eutrophic and Lake Lysimachia as eutrophic. The zooplankton sampling in Lake Amvrakia revealed 33 zooplankton taxa, in Lake Lysimachia 36 and in Lake Ozeros 25. Considering the mean integrated abundance of the total zooplankton in the three lakes, Amvrakia (83.6-442.7 ind/l) exhibited the main characteristics of a mesotrophic ecosystem, while Ozeros (59.4-818 ind/l) and especially Lysimachia (147.9-4449.3 ind/l) of eutrophic lakes. The seasonal variation of the total abundance of zooplankton of lakes characterized by low species abundance in winter and a gradually increase during the spring period. The investigation of the zooplankton vertical distribution in the deep lake Amvrakia showed that the vast majority of species was concentrated in the layer of 0-20 m. The development of the thermocline layer had a significant effect on the vertical separation between species, as well as between ontogenetic stages. The water temperature seemed to have the most important influence on the temporal variation of most of the zooplankton taxa in lakes Amvrakia, Lysimachia and Ozeros.

The olive oil extraction industry represents a substantial share of the economies of Mediterranean countries but leads to serious environmental problems by producing huge amounts of wastes (by-products) within a short production period. The production rate of olive oil is about 1.4-1.8 million tonnes per year in the Mediterranean, resulting in 30 million m3 of by-products and 20 million tonnes of olive pomace. A small portion of these wastes can be used as raw materials in different industries as they contain valuable natural resources. Greece has about 2300 small-scale, rural, agro-industrial units that extract olive oil. These are generally three-phase systems and their by-products include olive mill residual solids (olive pomace and leaves) and olive mill waste water. Olive mills produce significant quantities of solid wastes with outputs of 0.35 tonnes of olive pomace and 0.05 tonnes of leaves per tonne of olives. The huge quantities of olive pomace and olive leaves produced within the short oil extraction season cause serious management problems in terms of volume and space. The solid wastes (olive pomace and olive leaves) that are produced contain almost 95% organic matter and although they could be highly beneficial to agricultural soils, it has been shown that they also contain toxic compounds and lipid which increase soil hydrophobicity and decrease water retention and infiltration rate. The soils of most Mediterranean countries have low organic matter contents (<1%) which has negative impacts on agriculture. Frequent application of composted organic residues increases soil fertility, mainly by improving aggregate stability and decreasing soil bulk density. Organic amendments play a positive role in climate change abatement by soil carbon sequestration. Recurrent use of composted materials enhances soil organic nitrogen content by up to 90%. To replenish soil organic matter content and promote eco-friendly crop production, the application of olive pomace compost could be a good solution. To examine olive mill solid waste composting, four pilot-scale experiments were carried out to produce good quality compost using three phase olive mill solid waste (olive pomace, OP) and different bulking agents such as rice husk (RH), olive leaves (OL) sawdust (SD), wood shavings (WS), and chromium treated reed plants (RP). A series of parallel experiments was carried out to examine the effect final compost quality of: (a) initial moisture content, (b) water addition during the composting process, and (c) material ratios, and to also determine the toxicity level in plants and human blood lymphocytes (genotoxicity and cytotoxicity). For each experiment, six trapezoidal bins were used with dimensions 1.26 m long, 0.68 m wide and 0.73 m deep, and a total volume of 0.62 m3. The study was carried out in the facilities of the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, in a closed area to maintain controlled temperature conditions. To monitor the composting process and evaluate compost quality, physicochemical parameters (temperature, moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, volatile solids, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and water soluble phenols) were measured at different phases. The respirometric test (O2 uptake) was performed to determine compost stability. Experimental results showed that even after short composting periods, the quality of the final product remained high. The final product had excellent physicochemical characteristics (C/N: 12.1–17.5, germination index (GI): 88.32–164.43%, Cr: 8–10 mg/kg dry mass, that fulfill1 EU requirements and can be used as a fertilizer in organic farming. To achieve higher quality of the final product, Olive pomace should be used in higher ratios than the other materials (OL, RH, WS, SD and RP). The amount (volume of humidifying agents) and time (frequency) of moisture addition also played an important role during composting. Based on the experimental results, olive mill wastes can produce a high quality soil amendment which has no phytotoxic, genotoxic or cytotoxic effects. Nevertheless, composting duration and bulking agents and their ratios are crucial factors that determine the quality of the final product. Finally, the revision of EU regulations is proposed to include genotoxic and cytotoxic evaluation of composts that enter the human food chain. A full-scale compost unit was designed based on the experimental results. For a typical small-sized olive mill, processing 30 tonnes of olives per day for a 100-day operation period, a total area of about 850 m2 is needed to compost the mill’s entire annual waste production. / Η βιομηχανία παραγωγής ελαιόλαδου αποτελεί ένα σημαντικό κομμάτι της οικονομίας στις χώρες της Μεσογείου, προκαλώντας ταυτόχρονα σημαντικά περιβαλλοντικά προβλήματα, λόγω της παραγωγής μεγάλων ποσοτήτων αποβλήτων κατά τη σύντομη περίοδο λειτουργίας των ελαιοτριβείων. Η μέση ετήσια παραγωγή ελαιολάδου στην Μεσόγειο κυμαίνεται στους 1.4-1.8 χιλιάδες τόνους, ενώ παράγονται επίσης περίπου 30 χιλιάδες m3 παραπροϊόντων και 20 χιλιάδες τόνους ελαιοπυρήνα. Μόνο ένα μικρό μέρος αυτών των παραπροϊόντων μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί ως πρώτη ύλη σε διάφορες βιομηχανίες. Η Ελλάδα έχει περίπου 2300 ελαιοτριβεία μικρής κλίμακας διασπαρμένα στην ύπαιθρο. Τα ελαιοτριβεία αυτά είναι κυρίως τριφασικά και τα παραπροϊόντα τους συμπεριλαμβάνουν στερεά υπολείμματα (ελαιουρήνας και φύλλα) και υγρά απόβλητα ελαιοτριβείου. Τα ελαιοτριβεία παράγουν σημαντικές ποσότητες στερεών υπολειμμάτων παρέχοντας περίπου 0.35 τόνους ελαιοπυρήνα και 0.05 τόνους φύλλων ανά τόνο ελαιοκάρπου, παρακαλώντας σημαντικά προβλήματα στη διαχείρισης τους. Τα στερεά υπολείμματα (ελαιοπυρήνας και φύλλα) περιέχουν 95% οργανική ύλη, καθιστώντας τα δυνητικά κατάλληλα ως εδαφοβελτιωτικά, καθώς τα εδάφη των περισσότερων Μεσογειακών χωρών έχουν χαμηλή περιεκτικότητα σε οργανική ύλη (<1%) επηρεάζοντας αρνητικά την γεωργία. Τα υπολλείματα αυτά περιέχουν ωστόσο τοξικές ουσίες και έλαια, τα οποία αυξάνουν την υδροφοβικότητα του εδάφους και μειώνουν την κατακράτηση του νερού και την ρυθμό διήθησης. Έχει αποδειχθεί ότι συχνές εφαρμογές κομποστοποιημένων οργανικών υπολειμμάτων αυξάνουν την γονιμότητα του εδάφους, αυξάνοντας κυρίως τη συνολική σταθερότητα και την πυκνότητα του εδάφους. Η συχνή χρήση κομποστοποιημένων υλικών βελτιώνει την περιεκτικότητα των εδαφών σε οργανικό άζωτο του εδάφους έως και 90%. Η κομποστοποίηση ελαιοπυρήνα θα μπορούσε να αποτελέσει μια πιθανή λύση για την αναπλήρωση του περιεχομένου σε οργανική υλη των εδαφών και για την προώθηση μιας οίκοφιλικής αγροτικής παραγωγής. Για να εξεταστεί η κομποστοποιήση στερεών υπολειμμάτων ελαιοτριβείων, διεξήχθησαν 4 πειράματα πιλοτικής κλίμακας για την παραγωγή κομποστ, χρησιμοποιώντας στερεά υπολείμματα τριφασικών ελαιοτριβείων (ελαιοπυρήνας) και διαφόρους διογκωτικούς παράγοντες, όπως φλοιό ρυζιού, φύλλα ελιάς, πριονίδια, ροκανίδια, και καλάμια με υψηλή περιεκτικότητα σε χρώμιο. Σκοπός των παράλληλων πειραμάτων ήταν η εξέταση της επίδρασης στην ποιότητα του τελικού κομπόστ των: (α) αρχικού περιεχόμενου υγρασίας, (β) της προσθήκης νερού κατά την διάρκεια της κομποστοποιήσης, (γ) των ποσοστών ανάμιξης των υλικών, καθώς επίσης και ο προσδιορισμός της φυτοτοξικότητας και της γενοτοξικότητας των τελικών κομπόστ. Σε κάθε πείραμα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν 6 τραπεζοειδή πλαστικά δοχεία διαστάσεων 1.26 m σε μήκος, 0.68 m σε πλάτος και 0.73 m σε ύψος, με ολικό όγκο 0.62 m3. Οι πιλοτικές μονάδες ήταν τοποθετημένες σε κλειστό χώρο του Τμήματος Διαχείρισης Περιβάλλοντος και Φυσικών Πόρων του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών στο Αγρίνιο, ώστε να επικρατούν σταθερές συνθήκες θερμοκρασίας. Η παρακολούθηση της κομποστοποίησης και η εκτίμηση της ποιότητας του κομπόστ, έγινε μέσω του προσδιορισμού διαφόρων φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων (θερμοκρασία, περιεχόμενο υγρασίας, pH, ηλεκτρική αγωγιμότητα, περιεχόμενη οργανική ύλη, πτητικά στέρεα, ολικός οργανικός άνθρακας, ολικό άζωτο, ολικό φώσφορος, κάλιο, νάτριο, και ολικές φαινόλες). Για την εκτίμηση της ποιότητας του κομποστ πραγματοποιήθηκαν επίσης ρεσπιρομετρικά τεστ (κατανάλωση O2). Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα απέδειξαν ότι ακόμα και μετά από σύντομες περιόδους κομποστοποιήσης η ποιότητα του τελικού κομπόστ παρέμενε υψηλή. Το τελικό προϊόν είχε εξαιρετικά φυσικοχημικά χαρακτηριστικά (C/N: 12.1–17.5, δείκτης βλαστικότητας (GI): 88.32–164.43%, Cr: 8–10 mg/kg ξηρής μάζας), τα οποία είναι εντός των νομοθετικών ορίων της ΕΕ για την χρήση λιπασμάτων σε βιολογικές καλλιέργειες. Για την παραγωγή υψηλής ποιότητας κομπόστ ο ελαιοπυρήνας πρέπει να χρησιμοποιείτε σε μεγαλύτερη αναλόγια σε σχέση με τα υπόλοιπα υλικά. Η ποσότητα και η συχνότητα προσθήκης νερού παίζει επίσης σημαντικό ρόλο κατά τη κομοστοποιήση. Με βάση τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα αποδείχθηκε ότι τα στερεά υπολείμματα ελαιοτριβείων μπορούν να παράξουν ένα υψηλής ποιότητας εδαφοβελτιωτικό, το οποίο δεν εμφανίζει φυτοτοξικότητα, γενοτοξικότητα και κυτταροτοξικότητα. Παρόλο αυτά η διάρκεια της κομποστοποίησης, οι διογκωτικοί παράγοντες και τα ποσοστά ανάμιξης των υλικών είναι κρίσιμοι παράγοντες, που επηρεάζουν την ποιότητα του τελικού προϊόντος. Επίσης αναφέρουμε ότι η νομοθεσία της ΕΕ θα πρέπει να αναθεωρηθεί συμπεριλαμβάνοντας τόσο τη γενοτοξική και την κυτταρτοξική εκτίμηση του κομπόστ πριν χρησιμοποιηθεί για βρώσιμες καλλιέργειες. Τέλος με βάση τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα διαστασιολοήθηκε μια μονάδα πλήρους κλίμακας για την κομποστοποίηση στερεών υπολειμμάτων ελαιοτριβείου. Έτσι για ένα τυπικό μικρής κλίμακας ελαιοτριβείο, που επεξεργάζεται ημερησίως 30 τόνους ελιών και για περίοδο κομποστοποίησης 100 ημερών, χρειάζεται μια συνολική έκταση περίπου 850 m2 για τη κομπστοποίηση όλης της ετησίας ποσότητας του ελαιοπυρήνα.