Submitted by Ramon Frigi Rigoni (ramon.rigoni@fgvmail.br) on 2015-06-24T23:30:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Final_posdefesa.pdf: 561087 bytes, checksum: c691979c21b91a8050acfbbf11b4b56c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2015-06-30T20:13:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Final_posdefesa.pdf: 561087 bytes, checksum: c691979c21b91a8050acfbbf11b4b56c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-07-03T16:58:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Final_posdefesa.pdf: 561087 bytes, checksum: c691979c21b91a8050acfbbf11b4b56c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-03T16:59:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Final_posdefesa.pdf: 561087 bytes, checksum: c691979c21b91a8050acfbbf11b4b56c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29 / The present study has a twofold objective: (i) evaluate determinants of the franchising option as a company´s strategy growth model and, (ii) analyze how franchising contract terms are affected by risk sharing, incentive problems related to moral hazard and financial constraints problems. The discussion is based on the empirical approach proposed by Lafontaine (1992). The models are estimated using a database containing information on 350 Brazilian franchisors. The results suggest that moral hazard problems from franchisee side as well as risk sharing are relevant to the definition of royalty rate value. Particularly, in business where the franchisee effort has significant influence on the input quality of the services provided, the royalty rate tends to decrease. Our results fails to identify a negative tradeoff between risk and incentives. CConcerning the expansion strategy option, as expected by the theory, results indicate that firms tend to expand through franchising when agent effort is relevant. However, opposed to the capital constraint hypothesis, our findings suggests that decisions to adopt franchising as a growth strtategy are not related to capital restrictions. / O presente estudo tem um duplo objetivo: (i) analisar os determinantes da escolha das firmas por um modelo de franchising na estratégia de expansão de seus negócios, e (ii) analisar como os termos de um contrato de franchising podem potencialmente ser influenciados por questões relativas a compartilhamento de risco, problemas de incentivo relacionados ao risco moral (moral hazard) e restrições de recursos financeiros. Essa discussão se dará seguindo a abordagem empírica proposta por Lafontaine (1992). Os modelos são estimados a partir de dados para uma amostra de 350 redes de franquias brasileiras relativas ao ano de 2011. Os resultados sugerem que a definição do valor da taxa de royalties leva em conta os problemas decorrentes do risco moral por parte dos franqueados e do compartilhamento de risco. Em particular, nos negócios onde o esforço dos franqueados afeta significativamente a provisão dos serviços prestados, observa-se uma tendência de cobrança de menores taxas de royalties e uma relação positiva entre risco e incentivos, com a cobrança de menores taxas de royalties em setores de atividade com maior risco. Em relação ao percentual de unidades franqueadas, obteve-se resultados coerentes com a expectativa teórica para o problema de risco moral do franqueado, de modo que quanto mais importante o trabalho do agente, maior o índice. Entretanto, para a restrição de capital, contrário a expectativa teórica, quanto maior a disponibilidade de recursos maior o número de franquias.

Little attention is paid to the civil remedies available when infringement of a trade mark or the right to goodwill occurs. Yet, for the owners of ~uch rights, these remedies are of much greater importance than theoretical considerations regarding the nature of the rights or what constitutes their infringement. This thesis analyses the civil remedies for trade mark infringement granted by the South African Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993. In the South African context, any consideration of civil remedies is rendered problematic by the attempted graft of English remedies onto a legal system with a different common-law background. It is, therefore, essential first to trace the English origin and application of these remedies, and then to determine whether each remedy is acceptable in terms of the South African common law. This is necessary, as our courts have previously rejected or adapted English remedies which were unknown to our common law but which Parliament introduced in legislation. The remedies of interdict (or injunction) in final and interlocutory form, compensatory damages, reasonable royalties, and delivery up are analysed from a substantive law and a procedural perspective. The procedural innovation of an inquiry as to damages is also considered. In respect of each remedy, (1) the English roots and development of the remedy are traced; (2) differences of approach in two other Commonwealth jurisdictions, Australia and Canada, are highlighted; (3) the development of the South African equivalent is detailed; and (4) suggestions for the future implementation of the remedy in South Africa are made. In the penultimate chapter, our common law and legislation (including the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 ) are measured against the requirements of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Recommendations for the effective utilization of each remedy in South Africa are then made. They include suggestions for legislative amendment in respect of delivery up and an inquiry as to damages, and the introduction of statutory damages as an further civil remedy. / Mercentile Law / LL. D. (Laws)

No description available.

This diploma thesis engages in the growing importance of the industrial property in the present world. The aim of my work is valuation of a trademark as an intangible property of a firm. This work is divided into two parts. The first part of thesis describes term of trademark and brand, partition of intangible property in czech legislation. Follows describtion procedure of the specific trademark valuation. The second part of thesis describes the procedure of the specific trademark valuation using cost-method, relief from royalty method and multi-period excess earnings method. In conclusion of the thesis there are evaluations of using methods and procedures.

The theses is dedicated to the methodology of patent infringement damages calculations in the American and Czech legal environment. The methodology is first defined in terms of the US legal framework. The main focus is devoted to the methods of determining the royalty rate, as the thesis describes the Goergia-Pacific factors analysis and also additional methods recommended by literature are taken into account. Based on the identification of the main differences between the American and Czech damages legislation, it analyzes an applicability of the American framework in the Czech Republic.

The dissertation examines the enforcement of monetary claims in cases of intellectual property rights infringement. It focuses on the Act n. 221/2006 Sb. on the enforcement of intellectual property and on the directive 2004/48/EC of the European parliament and of the Council. The main aim is to evaluate the extent of monetary claims especially with regard on possible overlap or mutual consumption of the claims.The second aim is the analysis of English terminology in relation to the nearest Czech equivalents. The dissertation uses methods of logic induction and abstraction and the international multilateral comparative method, where the use of language plays a crucial role. The exact method of modelling combined with mathematical game theory is used. The dissertation progressively explains terms and relevant enactments. It introduces existing ambiguities. It tries to clarify them by analysing the EU legislation, the implementations in different member states, the statutory and common law in the USA. Consecutively it focuses on unjust enrichment in English law, then in the USA and in the continental system, where this institute is set negatively -- as the unjustified enrichment. Within the whole thesis the analysis takes place in relation to intellectual property rights infringement. In the penultimate chapter, TRIPS and ACTA are compared with the directive 2004/48/EC to provide further explanations. The dissertation concludes that a parallel award of damages and infringer's profits theoretically is possible, when it is not a single flow of value which is concerned by the infringement. The dissertation negatively replies to the question if damages and infringer's profits may be awarded concurrently in two separate lump-sum amounts according to § 5 (2) or (3) of the Act n. 221/2006 Sb. The reason is that the rate of the royalty is applied to sales of the infringer. These sales relate to the unjust enrichment of the infringer. If damages were again calculated by applying the same rate to the same sales, that would be double recovery. But theoretically this possibility cannot be excluded. A real-world example is very hard to find, even in the non-lump-sum form. Collateral sales awarded with lost profit in US law may serve as one. From the EU documents it seems, that infringer's profits is equalled to unjust enrichment and that is translated as unjustified enrichment. But English theory distinguishes restitution of unjust enrichment and gain-based recovery for wrong, the latter encompassing the award of infringer's profits in the form of damages. The broader Czech notion of unjustified enrichment is not to be equalled to unjust enrichment in the pure English notion, because the former encompasses also intentional wrongs. With regard to the restitution of infringer's profits based on unjust enrichment, the intent plays a role. The broader notion of unjust enrichment relevant to intellectual property rights infringement is called interceptive unjust enrichment, where enrichment "from the property of the plaintiff" is at stake and it is also possible to claim profits gained by the infringement. Focus is on the enrichment "from the property", not on the wrong. The dissertation examines the terms "account of profits", apportionment of profits", "disgorgement" and impure negotiorum gestio with regard to intellectual property infringement. In several countries reasonable royalty is regarded as good measure of net gain from the infringement of intellectual property. When the infringement was not innocent or wilful, it's possible to claim not only the objective enrichment but also the subjective enrichment -- profits of the infringer. In Czech law, that is represented by the emoluments from the enrichment. The aim of the last chapter is to evaluate, in the context of the operation of other relevant elements of legal environment, the preventive function of the double royalty claim introduced by the Act n. 221/2006 Sb. By construing a game theory model and using simulation, the thesis concludes that in lower royalty intervals, where attorney's costs are a high burden, the effect of the double royalty is insignificant. Where "more significant infringements" are at stake, and the royalty passes a given frontier, the application of the double royalty heightens the preventive function of the Act. Those "more significant infringements" have two intervals -- with the highest effect of the double royalty and with the "stabilized effect of the double royalty". But overall, in cases of "more significant infringements", the application of the double represents a heightening of the preventive power by a third and fifth respectively, and this is true only in the case, where the prospective infringers would try to calculate the effect of their infringement before infringing.

This thesis discusses the funerary expression of social status in Macedonia during the 4th century BCE. Specifically, this thesis aims to examine the royal and the noble status and the way this is expressed in death, by making a distinction between royals and nobles. The major questions of this research concern their differences and their similarities, as well as any potential indicators of each one. As part of the material, the thesis has employed four tombs to study that come from three cemeterial areas. The two first tombs are examined as royal tombs and are located in the ancient area of Aegae, located in the modern area of Vergina, while the other two tombs which are examined as noble tombs are located in the modern area of Hagios Athanasios and Derveni. By focusing on the wider cemeterial area, as well as on their architec-ture, their decoration, the grave goods and the human remains, the thesis is treating the archaeological assemblage as a holistic reflection of the social status of the de-ceased, assuming that wealthy tombs should be in accordance with the social ranking of the deceased. However, this thesis also takes into consideration other factors that might affect that funeral assemblage, such as the deceased’s or the family choices. But even despite this choice for planning to have a death as somebody wanted to, the thesis considers that having a wealthy tomb and burial mean that it was affordable and again in this case the funerary assemblage is an aspect by which the social status of the deceased can be illustrated. Finally, the thesis concludes by discussing that straight interpretations of what is considered to be of royal nature appear to be com-plicated and factors such as whoever wanted could have a prominent burial, blur the line between royals and nobles at death. / Denna uppsats diskuterar uttryck av social status i Makedonska begravningar under 300-talet f.v.t. Uppsatsen syftar specifikt till att undersöka kungafamiljens och elitens status och hur detta uttrycks i döden, genom att göra en uppdelning mellan kunglig och elit. De viktigaste frågorna i denna studie rör deras skillnader och likheter, liksom potentiella indikatorer för vardera grupp. Materialet som har studerats är fyra gravar som kommer från tre separata begravningsområden. De två första gravarna undersöks som kungliga gravar och ligger i det antika området Aegae, beläget nära det moderna området Vergina, medan de övriga två gravarna som undersöks som elitgravar ligger i det moderna områdena Hagios Athanasios och Derveni. Genom att fokusera på begravningsområdenas kontext, de enskilda gravarnas arkitektur, deras utsmyckning, gravgåvor och de mänskliga kvarlevorna, behandlar uppsatsen den arkeologiska samlingen som en holistisk återspegling av den avlidnes sociala status, med antagandet att rika gravar bör reflektera den avlidnes sociala status. Men den här avhandlingen tar också hänsyn till andra faktorer som kan påverka begravningssammansättningen, såsom den avlidnes eller familjens personliga val. De begravda kunde ha planerat begravningens utformning, uppsatsen utgår ifrån att en rik grav och begravning betyder att personen hade tillräckliga resurser för begravningen men man behöver se på hela begravningskontexten för att undersöka den begravdas sociala status. Uppsatsen drar slutsatsen att tolkningen av vad som kan vara kungliga och elitgravar är komplicerad och faktorer som att den som hade råd kunde få en påkostad begravning suddar ut gränsen mellan kungliga och elit vid döden.

本論文主要是在探討延展性權利金(reach-through royalty)條款的競爭法規制。首先，本文對於研究工具專利及延展性權利金條款的意義及概念作一說明，接著簡介目前各國之競爭法制與專利法制的權衡概況，並探討一些與延展性權利金條款有關之授權條款，以了解目前競爭法對於延展性權利金條款所可能導致之相關效應的評價，作為後續分析該條款適法性的基礎，再來整理美國實務及學說對於延展性權利金條款的看法，最後綜合檢討相關論述，提出本文見解。經研究後，本文認為，延展性權利金條款有其促進競爭效應(如提供風險分攤機制、幫助起始公司解決現金壓力問題以及提供授權雙方較佳的協商估價基礎)亦有其限制競爭效應(如降低被授權人研發誘因而有限制研發的效果及權利金堆疊效應)，因此一概禁止或一概允許此種條款皆非適當，而應視個案情形依合理原則的標準加以權衡，以決定系爭行為的適法性。 / The present article discusses the antitrust regulation for reach-through royalty provisions which mainly used in biotechnology research tool patent licensing. First, this article introduces the meanings of research tool patent and reach-through royalties. Second, it illustrates antitrust regulations for patent licensing in foreign countries specifically in U.S., European Union, together with R.O.C. and, furthermore, it also discusses provisions similar or related to reach-through royalties. Third, this article introduces the discussions about reach-through royalty provisions in U.S., including the NIH Guideline, case law regulations and other related discussions by scholars. Finally, the present article analyzes the effects of reach-through royalties more deeply based on the mentioned discussions and makes a suggestion for the regulation of reach-through royalties. This article argues: since reach-through royalties have both anti-competitive and pro-competitive effects, a total ban or allowance is not appropriate and a “rule of reason” inspection should be applied to such provisions for better efficiencies.

本文旨在探討專利侵權損害賠償請求之範圍及賠償數額之計算方法，以我國法律規定及實務運作情形為主，並比較美國、中國大陸的規定及實務運作情形，尤其智慧財產法院自97年7月1日成立後，其在損害賠償方面之實務見解是否比過去數十年的實務運作有更創新之看法，茲為我國將來專利法修法之參考，並與實務運作相互印證。第一章緒論，說明研究背景與動機，研究目的、研究方法及流程。第二章說明專利權之定義、種類，專利侵害之類型，專利鑑定、步驟、原則及我國的專利損害賠償制度。第三章則專以損害賠償額計算之規定及實務判決研究為主，並兼論及非財產上損害，如信譽損害、律師及其他費用等。第四章比較TRIPS、中國大陸及美國之規定，尤其以美國法及判決為重點，討論我國是否應如美國一樣，增訂合理權利金之條款，又合理權利金之達成是否應在兩造自由意願下簽訂，而不能受到訴訟之威脅。第五章以過去一年來最新成立智慧財產法院判決分析比較，分析是否與之前的實務判決有不同之作法及是否已大幅改善之前實務的缺點，提出個人看法。最後一章則提出本文建議的解決方案或可供臺灣專利法修正草案之參考。 透過本文將可瞭解過去各地方法院關於專利侵權之判決、美國實務判決之立論基礎，並與智慧財產法院成立後之最新出爐判決相互比較，以資作為將來修正專利法之參考建議，並期許智慧財產法院將來在專利侵權訴訟更能保障專利權人之權利，使專利權人獲得應有之賠償，願意投入更多的資金及研發人員，創造有價值的專利，以促進科技發展，造福人類。 關鍵字：專利侵權、智慧財產、損害賠償、所失利益、合理權利金、智慧財產法院 / This study aims to explore the ambit of the patent infringement compensation and the method to calculate the damages award for the patent infringement. This thesis focuses on Taiwan’s patent law and judicial practice, compared to the regulations and practices of TRIPS , the United States, and the mainland China. Besides, with the establishment of the Intellectual Property Court since July 1, 2008 in Taiwan, did this new Taiwan Intellectual Property Court have made more innovative decisions than the past few decades ? Chapter I is the introduction of this study’s background and motivation, research purpose, research methodology and process. Chapter II refers to the definition of the patent right, types of the patent infringement, steps & principles of the patent infringement identification, and our country's patent infringement relief system. Chapter III is dedicated to the calculation of the damages award in the amount based on the provisions and court’s decision, and to deal with non-property damages, such as the reputation damages, legal fees and other costs. Chapter IV compares the regulations and practices of the TRIPS, the United States and the mainland China, in particular the United States court’s decisions.Whether our patent law should adopt the theory of reasonable royalty, as the law or judicial enforcement in the United States? Should a reasonable royalty be based on two parties under the free wills but not by the threat of litigations.Chapter V analyzes the outcomes of the Intellectual Property Court’s rulings in the past one year. Are their rulings different from the past practices? Whether they can greatly avoid the criticisms of the prior practice;Also, I will advance my personal view in this chapter. The final chapter of this thesis will put forward the proposals for the amendment to the Patent Law in Taiwan in the future.This thesis hopes to make you have a basic understanding of the past practices of the district court rulings in Taiwan, the comparisons of the practical theories in the United States, and the latest court rulings released by the Intellectual Property Court, for future reference of the amendment to the patent law.And hope that the Intellectual Property Court could even more protect the rights of patent holders in the future, so that the inventors may obtain adequate compensation, therefore they will be willing to invest more capital in R & D to create more valuable patents for the benefit of the people. Key words: patent infringement, intellectual property, compensatory damages, lost profits, reasonable royalty, Intellectual Property Court.

Les personnes publiques disposent de la liberté contractuelle. Elles peuvent choisir librement d'externaliser leur action en ayant recours aux contrats pour mobiliser les savoir-faire et les financements qui leur font défaut. Le contrat constitue ainsi un procédé de l'action publique et particulièrement un mode de gestion des services publics. Les personnes publiques vont apprécier l'opportunité des différents contrats publics en considération de leurs besoins et d'une optimisation de la dépense publique et seront contraintes par le respect des règles de passation et du régime juridique d'exécution du contrat qu'elles auront choisi de conclure. Le juge sera compétent pour contrôler la qualification juridique de ce contrat ainsi que le respect de l'application des règles de son régime juridique. Bien qu'étant une caractéristique fondamentale des contrats publics, l'objet de ces contrats n'est plus un critère excusif et propre à chaque contrat. Une qualification erronée des contrats avec une incidence contentieuse peut en résulter. Le recours au mode de rémunération du cocontractant va permettre de confirmer l'identification du contrat ou de le distinguer d'un autre. Au préalable, il s'agira de démontrer que la rémunération du cocontractant d'une personne publique est un critère financier opérationnel contribuant à la qualification des contrats publics / The public persons have the contractual freedom. They can choose freely tou outsource their action by resorting to contracts to mobilize the know-how and de financing which are lacking to them. The contract so constitutes a process of the public action and particularly a mode of gestion of the public utilities. The public persons are going to appreciate the opportunity of the various public contracts considering their needs and considering an optimization of the public spending and will be forced by the respect for the rules of signing and for the legal regime of execution of the contract which they will have chosen to conclude. The judge will be competent to control the legal qualification of this contract as well as the respect for the application of the rules of his legal regime. Although being a fundamental characteristic of the public contracts, the object of a contract is not any more a criterion exclusive and appropriate for every contract. An erroneous qualification of contracts with a contentious incidence can result from it. The appeal to the method of payment of the cocontracting party is going to allow to confirm the identification of the contract or to distinguish him it from the other one. Beforehand, it will be a question of demonstrating that the payment for the cocontracting party of a public person is an operational financial criterion contributing to the qualification of the public contracts