Cette thèse porte sur les effets des croyances dans la production des faux souvenirs, phénomène qui présente une importance toute particulière dans le contexte judiciaire. Nous avons trouvé avec le CNES (Centre National d’Études Spatiales) un terrain d’étude particulièrement fonctionnel pour comprendre les mécanismes de la production des faux souvenirs. En effet, le CNES a créé un service, le GEIPAN (Groupe d’Études et d’Informations sur les Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non Identifiés), chargé de recueillir les témoignages à propos de PAN (Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non identifiés) sur le territoire français. Le GEIPAN reçoit un volume conséquent de témoignages (en moyenne deux par jour) qui présentent bien souvent une grande homogénéité. Cette collaboration avec le CNES a permis de réaliser des études de terrain qui, articulées avec des études expérimentales de laboratoire, ont permis de mettre en évidence les conditions de production des faux souvenirs. Nous observons que les faux souvenirs sont dus à l’impact des croyances (ici à propos des OVNI) dès lors qu’un délai a permis une confusion entre différentes sources du souvenir. Dans une dernière partie de la thèse, nous montrons que l’adaptation d’une technique d’entretien judiciaire (l’entretien cognitif sur internet) à la problématique de ces témoignages permet de résoudre en partie la production des faux souvenirs. Nous évoquons dans la discussion les pistes d’utilisation des travaux de cette thèse dans le contexte des enquêtes judiciaires. / This doctoral dissertation focuses on the impact of beliefs on the development of false memories. Such memories have been reported to be important as far as the judicial system is concerned. The CNES (Centre National d’ Études Spatiales) has been an ideal study site for a depth understanding of the development of false memories. Indeed, the CNES has developed the GEPAN (Groupe d’Études et d’Informations sur les Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non Identifiés), a service aiming to collect French testimonies regarding PAN (Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non identifiés). The GEIPAN receive plenty of testimonies (2 testimonies per day). This collaboration with the GEIPAN allowed to conduct both field researches and experimental studies aiming to highlight processes leading to false memories. False memories were related to beliefs about UFOs as long as a period led to a confusion between the several sources memories. In a last part of this doctoral dissertation, the adaptation of judicial interview (cognitive interview on the Internet) for these testimonies will be presented as well as its utility to for solving a part of false memories. These findings and their utility in criminal investigation will be discussed in the discussion section.

Esta dissertação traz uma abordagem crítica e objetiva da viabilidade da implantação, por meio da edição de um Decreto Estadual regulamentador, do Programa de Proteção a Vítimas e Testemunhas ameaçadas no Estado do Tocantins (PROVITA-TO), tendo em vista a confecção da Lei Estadual nº 1.379/2003, bem como a Lei Federal nº 9.807/1999, sendo que esta última que designou regras para a organização e a manutenção de programas especiais de proteção a vítimas e testemunhas ameaçadas, criou o Programa Federal de Assistência a Vítimas e Testemunhas Ameaçadas e dispôs sobre a proteção de acusados ou condenados que tenham, voluntariamente, prestado uma efetiva colaboração à investigação policial e ao processo criminal. As leis em estudo nasceram para satisfazer uma antiga pendência social, qual seja, o de efetivar uma possível garantia de proteção do Estado às vítimas e testemunhas que, de alguma forma, venham a fornecer dados fundamentais para a solução de crimes graves e, consequentemente, à penalização de seus autores. Mais ainda, oportunizou ao Estado que este pudesse transacionar com os réus colaboradores (em determinados casos), tendo sempre em mente a desarticulação ou o desmantelamento de facções criminosas, o resgate de eventuais quantias monetárias roubadas e, principalmente, a conservação da integridade física e psíquica, bem como a vida das vítimas. Deste modo, reforçou-se o enfrentamento às facções criminosas, sobretudo pelos dispositivos estipulados para a defesa e proteção das testemunhas e vítimas, cuja implementação no território brasileiro, em especial no Estado do Tocantins, depende, exclusivamente, da boa vontade do Poder Executivo Estadual, que ainda não baixou o Decreto que regulamentará esta importante política pública de direitos humanos e segurança pública. O presente tema é perturbador e importante, especialmente pelo crescimento dos índices de violência em nosso país, com o nascimento de intrincadas facções criminosas nacionais e transnacionais (muitas com ramificações nas diversas esferas de poder), bem como pela deficiência das políticas públicas como um todo, cuja paralisia transpassa os limites do aceitável e alcança um temeroso quadro de insegurança pública. / Establish a critical and objective review of the feasibility of the implementation, through the publication of a State Regulatory Decree, of the Program for the Protection of Victims and Witnesses of Airplanes in the State of Tocantins (PROVITA-TO), with a view to the preparation of State Law No. 1,379 / 2003, as well as Federal Law No. 9,807 / 1999, which establishes rules for the organization and maintenance of special protection programs for victims and witnesses of threats, created the Federal Assistance Program for Victims and Witnesses Endangered and on the protection of accused or convicted persons who have voluntarily provided effective collaboration in police investigation and criminal prosecution. As laws under study were born to satisfy an old social pendency, quality, operational effectiveness of protection of the State to the victims and witnesses that, in some way, come to data fundamental for the solution of serious crimes and, consequently, the penalization of its authors. At all times, we offer the State that it could transact with the collaborating defendants (in certain cases), always having in mind a dismantling or the dismantling of criminal factions, the rescue of eventual monetary amounts stolen and, mainly, a conservation of the integrity physical and psychic, as well as a life of the victims. In this way, the confrontation with the criminal factions was strengthened, above all by the provisions stipulated for a defense and protection of witnesses and victims, whose implementation is not Brazilian territory, especially in the State of Tocantins, depends exclusively on the goodwill of the Executive Branch State, which has not yet lowered the Decree regulating this important public policy on human rights and public safety. The present has an important problem, especially the control of rates of violence in our country, with the birth of intricate criminal and transnational factions, as well as the deficiency of public policies as a whole paralysis transcends the limits of the acceptable and reaches a fearful framework of public insecurity.

Attorneys must obtain evidence for purporting their position on a court case. Many factors are considered when working with witness testimony such as age, development, narrative recall, and retraumatization. Research has detailed the hardship of obtaining evidence during witness testimony and the importance of support systems to help with the process. Existing research illustrates the stressors caused by the court processes, witness fear, and difficulty for attorneys to ascertain testimony. Therapeutic animals have been well researched and shown to have an important support role in many professions and situations. Additionally, much has been written regarding the use of varying types of court approved support systems. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding how attorneys perceive the use of facility dogs as support systems in the courtroom. The case study sought to understand how defense and prosecuting attorneys perceive the use of facility dogs in the courtroom, and how that experience has influenced their belief system. Data collection was completed through a 7 question phone interview process. The data collected via phone interviews were coded and analyzed through the use of NVivo software and Survey Monkey database. The analysis revealed the participants high level of acceptance on the use of facility dogs in the courtroom as support systems. Attorneys were open and receptive to learning more about dogs as a support system, even when hesitant about the outcome. The revelations from this study may be used to provide additional support to witnesses. Data collected within this study will propel future studies and education in many different animal advocate groups and legal entities.

The purpose of this study was to explore how interpersonal relationship can be affected by groing up in a New Religoius Movement such as Jehovah’s Withnesses and how it has affected them both in their youth and today. The aim was also to explore if there were people in the respondents' environment that was significant to them during their childhood and which support our respondents have received if they were in need of it.We have not found any previous research on children's social relationships within the Jehovah's Witnesses. We therefore believe that this study is of high relevance to both society and also for all the professionals who come into contact with these children. To discover a child in need, knowledge about how their social environment looks like is crucial. We chose to conduct qualitative interviews with six former Jehovah's Witnesses. The main theories we have assumed is the theory of social interactionism and cognitive dissonance. The vast majority of our respondents have grown up in a strong relationship with their faithful family and assembly. They believe that they have had a large social network but still felt alone in their concerns and thoughts. Several of the interviewees have experienced dissonance when their beliefs collided with societal values and norms. Some of our interviewees have only had contact with other witnesses (aside from the inevitable contact through school) because they have been taught that "worldly people", or non-Witnesses, are evil and their enemies. Others have had several relationships with people outside the organization and have never experienced this as wrong or strange. The genuine cohesion they experienced during childhood has had a sharp end in connection with the respondents' exclusions, when virtually all the faithful witnesses chosen to turn their back on them. Following the exclusion, several interviewees sought professional help in the form of therapy and they all allege that their upbringing has had negative consequences for them in adulthood.

Thesis (M.J.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-218). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Univ., Diss.--Würzburg, 2003. / Literaturverz. S. 307 - 321.

This study was conducted with the aim to research guidelines for uniformed members, detectives, and public witnesses, for use in testifying in court. The researcher reviewed relevant literature, both national and international, in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the research problem. The researcher conducted the research on the basis of an empirical design, be-cause it involved going out into the field and ascertaining the personal experiences and knowledge of the participants. The explicit design was considered the most suitable for this research, because the researcher put everything in the open by checking the weak points and the strong points regarding testifying in court. This means that everything was made open, even police testimony. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

This study focused on the impact of the revelations at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) hearings on 30 female victims of all races. An explanatory model, the TRC Revelation Aftermath Model was designed to direct the research and to interpret the data. Researcher made use of a non-probability sampling strategy. Five respondents were selected by purposive sampling and 25 were selected by means of the snowball sampling. The sample of this study consisted of three components, namely ten Commissioners of the TRC, ten Coordinators who worked in the TRC offices, as well as 30 female victims of all races. The Commissioners were interviewed to validate the data obtained from the victims while the Coordinators were consulted merely to obtain general information on the criteria which was used to process the applications submitted by the victims in order to receive the reparations. The analysis of the data revealed that the respondents accepted three assumptions, namely, they were invulnerable with regard to trauma such as that caused by the revelations of the TRC. In addition to this they viewed life as meaningful and that they also had a positive attitude towards it before the political conflict of the apartheid era in South Africa impacted on them. These assumptions were interpreted in terms of Janoff-Bulman and Frieze's theory. The research findings indicated that the assumptions were not only affected by the revelations but that they also influenced the way in which these women experienced the TRC process. It was found that the victim respondents, whose family members had disappeared and were never confirmed dead, had suffered exacerbated emotions which were characterised by denial. This was the result of repressed memories associated with the grief. Of importance too, was the finding that a few of the victims were successful in deriving meaning from their suffering, while others, who could not achieve this, could not reconcile with their perpetrators and this was determined by their age. As the former were willing to forgive their perpetrators they had thus found inner peace. During the interviews, the victims mentioned that although the TRC had appeared to be necessary before they made their submissions, however, after it had disappointed them by not granting them reparations, this exacerbated their suffering as they felt that they had been discriminated against in favour of the perpetrators who were granted amnesty irrespective of not having made full disclosures. According to Parsons General Action System all the respondents experienced their trauma as biological entities, and thus suffered symptoms related to psychosomatic illnesses such as, inter alia, headaches, insomnia, and ulcers. These were accompanied by personality characteristics such as anger, aggression, as well as hatred. As the victims could not function in isolation, they also endured ostracisation related to cultural stereotypes and in this way, their suffering was perceived as secondary to that of males. Furthermore, within the social system, the victims who perceived the TRC as biased, believed that it had caused the country embarrassment by bringing up the conflict of the apartheid era. However, others verbalised that the Commission was a good initiative for South Africa so that peace as well as reconciliation could be facilitated for the sake of unity. It is crucial to stress the finding that some of the respondents, although few, who had been granted reparations, were satisfied with the TRC and perceived it as fair and thus could reconcile with their perpetrators. The research report concludes with a number of recommendations for the establishment of support services for the traumatised victims as well as integrative mechanisms, which could encourage co-operation between the citizens of South Africa so that the reconciliation which the TRC facilitated can be sustained. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission, amnesty, violence, human rights, reconciliation, apartheid, trauma, grief, bereavement. / Thesis (DPhil (Criminology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Tant lors de procès en droit criminel que lors de procès en droit administratif, civil ou familial, le mensonge peut contribuer à la mise en place de trames narratives qui embrouillent les faits que les juges devraient connaitre afin d’appliquer adéquatement le droit. De plus, si les juges ne sont pas capables de distinguer le vrai du faux lors des témoignages, la confiance du public indispensable au bon fonctionnement du système de justice pourrait être compromise. Par ailleurs, même si des chercheurs s’intéressent, depuis les années 1960, à la détection du mensonge, en particulier lors d’interrogatoires policiers reproduits en laboratoires, ces expérimentations ignorent plusieurs attributs des systèmes de justice accusatoires (p. ex., les procédures judiciaires, les éléments de preuve incriminante, les déclarations assermentées, les interrogatoires, les contre-interrogatoires et les plaidoiries). Par conséquent, puisque la détection des témoignages mensongers par les juges lors de procès est rarement explorée, les juges des tribunaux municipaux, provinciaux et fédéraux sont pratiquement laissés à eux-mêmes. Dans le cadre de ma thèse, je présente un travail de type descriptif, analytique et explicatif pour observer et mieux comprendre le raisonnement ou, du moins, une partie du raisonnement par lequel des juges, en contexte naturel, en sont venus à déterminer, selon leur point de vue, que des témoins ont menti alors qu’ils témoignaient. Cette recherche vise, entre autres, à bonifier la validité écologique des expérimentations en laboratoire et à s’attaquer plus adéquatement à la problématique des mensonges lors de procès. D’une part, afin d’étudier la détection du mensonge dans le contexte concret où elle a lieu plutôt que dans le cadre d’une représentation expérimentale de cette activité, j’ai fait le choix de me tourner vers des jugements écrits de tribunaux canadiens comme données de recherche, plus spécifiquement, quatre jugements canadiens portant sur une accusation criminelle de parjure résultant d’une déclaration incriminante où les accusés ont été déclarés coupables. D’autre part, afin de décrire, analyser et expliquer de façon minutieuse et approfondie les mécanismes communicationnels sous-jacents aux déclarations de culpabilité pour parjure, j’ai fait le choix de mobiliser une approche contemporaine d’analyse du discours s’inscrivant dans les travaux de l’École de Montréal—l’approche ventriloque de la communication (Cooren, 2013)—dans la mesure où celle-ci permet d’identifier les éléments qui apparaissent comme faisant la différence dans la constitution d’un jugement. Hormis la rareté alarmante des jugements rendus à la suite de procès sur une accusation criminelle de parjure résultant d’un témoignage, les résultats de mes analyses permettent d’observer le rôle substantiel des idées reçues et l’apport considérable des précédents dans le processus décisionnel des juges lors de procès. Comme je le montre dans ma thèse, ces idées reçues peuvent exposer des croyances sur le comportement humain véhiculées ou exprimées, explicitement ou non, par les juges dans leur jugement. Quant aux précédents, ils peuvent avoir l’effet de voiler le rôle substantiel de ces mêmes idées reçues dans le processus décisionnel des juges. De plus, les résultats de mes analyses suggèrent que la détection des témoignages mensongers par les juges lors de procès dépend, entre autres, de nombreux éléments du contexte tels que mis en scène dans le raisonnement des juges et n’a pas grand-chose à voir avec le scénario expérimental typique mis en place pour étudier la détection du mensonge. Finalement, bien qu’ils n’offrent pas de « nouvelle technique » pour distinguer l’honnête justiciable du menteur, les résultats de mes analyses s’inscrivent en continuité avec d’autres travaux de recherche qui démontrent l’utilité a priori limitée des indicateurs comportementaux de mensonge et qui suggèrent que les praticiens du droit, en particulier les juges, devraient être systématiquement formés sur la nature faillible du processus décisionnel lors de procès. / Both in criminal law trials and in administrative, civil or family law trials, deception can lead to the development of narrative patterns that obscure facts that judges should know in order to properly apply the law. In addition, if judges are unable to distinguish truth from falsehood in testimonies, the public trust essential to the proper functioning of the justice system may be compromised. Furthermore, even if researchers have, since the 1960s, been interested in detecting deception, especially during police interrogations conducted in laboratories, these experiments ignore several attributes of adversarial justice systems (e.g., court proceedings, incriminating evidences, sworn statements, examinations, cross-examinations and pleadings). As a result, since the detection of deceptive testimony by judges during trials is hardly ever addressed, judges in municipal, provincial and federal courts are practically left on their own. In my thesis, I present a descriptive, analytical and explanatory work to observe and better understand the reasoning, or at least part of the reasoning, by which judges, in a natural setting, have come to determine, from their perspective, that witnesses have lied while testifying. This research aims, among other things, to improve the ecological validity of laboratory experiments and to address more adequately the problem of deception during trials. On the one hand, in order to study the detection of deception in the actual context in which it takes place rather than in the context of an experimental representation of this activity, I have chosen to turn to written judgments of Canadian courts as research data, more specifically, four Canadian judgments pertaining to a criminal charge of perjury resulting from an incriminating statement in which the accused was found guilty. On the other hand, in order to describe, analyze and explain in a thorough and in-depth manner the underlying communicative mechanisms of perjury convictions, I have chosen to use a contemporary approach to discourse analysis that is part of the work of the Montreal School—the ventriloquist approach to communication (Cooren, 2013)—to the extent that this approach allows to identify the elements that appear to make a difference in the constitution of a judgment. Aside from the alarming scarcity of judgments rendered following trials on a criminal charge of perjury resulting from a testimony, the results of my analyses make it possible to observe the substantial role of popular beliefs and the considerable contribution of precedents in the judges’ decision-making process during trials. As demonstrated in my thesis, these popular beliefs may expose assumptions about human behaviour conveyed or expressed, explicitly or not, by judges in their judgments. As for precedents, they may have the effect of veiling the substantial role of these very beliefs in the judges’ decision-making process. Furthermore, the results of my analyses suggest that the detection of deceptive testimony by judges during trials depends, among other things, on several contextual elements as staged in the judges’ reasoning and has little to do with the typical experimental design set up for studying deception detection. Finally, although they do not offer a “new technique” for distinguishing the honest litigant from the liar, the results of my analyses are consistent with other research that demonstrates the a priori limited usefulness of behavioural indicators of deception and suggests that legal practitioners, particularly judges, should be systematically trained on the fallible nature of the decision-making process during trials.

Depuis leur fondation en 1870, les Témoins de Jéhovah ont connu une croissance spectaculaire jusqu’en 1995, dans les pays dont la religion dominante est le christianisme. Puis, un ralentissement progressif de leur croissance a été constaté au milieu des années 1990, en particulier dans les pays industrialisés. Par ailleurs, leur croissance a connu un succès inégal d’un pays à l’autre. Ainsi, en 2017, il y avait un Témoin de Jéhovah pour 50 habitants en Guadeloupe, un Témoin pour 112 habitants à la Barbade et un Témoin pour 263 habitants aux Etats-Unis. La présente recherche doctorale a étudié plusieurs facteurs de croissance, en empruntant les concepts des sociologues états-uniens Ryan Cragun et Ronald Lawson ainsi Rodney Stark et Lawrence Iannacone liant la croissance d’un groupe religieux à l’interaction entre l’offre religieuse qui est la sienne et la demande religieuse du pays où il s’est implanté. Une recherche documentaire a été effectuée passant en revue l’histoire et l’évolution de ce mouvement religieux. Puis, une méthode qualitative a été adoptée, à travers des entretiens menés auprès de dizaines de Témoins au cours de plusieurs années ainsi qu’une observation participante, afin de mieux connaître le mouvement, ses doctrines mais aussi la motivation des fidèles. Ensuite, une méthode quantitative a été appliquée à travers une enquête menée auprès de centaines de Témoins de Jéhovah à la Barbade en Guadeloupe et aux États-Unis d’Amérique. Les spécificités de ces trois pays expliquent en partie la différence de croissance constatées au sein du groupe religieux étudié. / Since their founding in 1870, Jehovah's Witnesses have experienced spectacular growth until 1995, in the country where Christianity predominates. A gradual slowdown in growth was then observed, particularly in the industrialized countries in the mid-1990s. Moreover, their growth has been successfully imbalanced from one country to another. Thus, in 2017, there was a Jehovah's Witness for 50 people in Guadeloupe, one for 112 people in Barbados and one for 263 in the United States.This PhD thesis examines several growth factors, borrowing from the concepts of American sociologists Ryan Cragun and Ronald Lawson as well as Rodney Stark and Lawrence Iannacone, linking the growth of a religious group to the interaction between religious offerings and religious demand. in the country where the religious group settled. A literature search was conducted to examine the history and evolution of this religious movement. In addition to that, a qualitative method was adopted in interviews with dozens of Witnesses over several years and with participant observation, in order to better understand the movement, its doctrines, but also the motivations of the members. Then, a quantitative method was applied to a survey of hundreds of Jehovah's Witnesses in Barbados, in Guadeloupe and the United States of America. The specificities of these three countries partly explain the differences in growth observed in the religious group studied. / Depi fondasyon yo nan lane 1870, Temwen Jewova yo te gen yon kwasans espektakilè jiska 1995, nan peyi kote dominasyon relijyon se krisyanis la. Lè sa a, yon ralentissement gradyèl nan kwasans yo te obsève patikilyèman nan peyi yo endistriyalize nan mitan ane 1990 yo. Anplis, li te kwasans yo te dezekilibre siksè soti nan yon peyi a yon lòt. Kidonk, nan 2017, te gen yon Temwen Jewova pou 50 moun nan Gwadloup, yon Temwen pou 112 moun nan Barbad ak yon Temwen pou 263 moun nan Etazini yo.Rechèch doktora prezan an etidye plizyè faktè kwasans, prete konsèp sosyolojis ameriken Ryan Cragun ak Ronald Lawson ak Rodney Stark ak Lawrence Iannacone ki lye kwasans yon gwoup relijye nan entèraksyon ant òf relijye ki se li ak demann relijye nan peyi kote li te etabli tèt li. Yon rechèch literati te fèt revize istwa a ak evolisyon sa a mouvman relijye yo. Answit, yo te adopte yon metòd kalitatif, nan entèvyou ak plizyè douzèn Temwen sou plizyè ane ak yon obsèvasyon patisipan, pou pi byen konprann mouvman an, doktrin li yo, men tou motivasyon fidèl yo. Lè sa a, yon metòd quantitative te aplike nan yon sondaj sou dè santèn de Temwen Jewova nan Barbad nan Gwadloup ak nan Etazini. Espesifikite yo nan twa peyi sa yo eksplike an pati diferans nan kwasans obsève nan gwoup relijye etidye.