Grâce au partenariat Tradition and Transition among Labrador Inuit unissant le Gouvernement Nunatsiavut et l'Université Mémorial de Terre-Neuve, la fouille exhaustive du site Double Mer Point (GbBo-02) a pu être effectuée. Elle nous a permis d'étudier l'impact des interactions culturelles au Labrador sur la vie quotidienne des occupants de l'Habitation 1 durant la période de contact, soit entre XVIIe et le XIXe siècle; un sujet d'étude encore sous-exploité par l'archéologie. Des idées théoriques tirées des Cultural Contact Studies et de l'archéologie postcoloniale ont ainsi pu être appliquées au cadre contextuel du Labrador par la réalisation de ce mémoire. Notre réflexion théorique portant sur l'étude des assemblages de la période de contact nous a mené à développer une méthodologie de recherche combinant l'aspect culturel d'un objet et son mode de fabrication. L'Habitation 1, une maison semi-souterraine en tourbe datée entre la fin du XVIIIe siècle et le début du XIXe siècle, a pu être interprétée à partir des données (matérielles, zooarchéologiques, architecturales et environnementales) collectées lors des fouilles en 2015. La datation du site, les phases d'occupation et les aires d'activités ont été déterminées grâce à diverses analyses. L'Habitation 1 a dévoilé une occupation plus complexe que la plupart des maisons semi-souterraines de cette période. Elle a témoigné de plusieurs phases d'occupation dont la première serait dorsétienne, tandis que la dernière démontre l'intégration d'un Européen à une communauté inuite. L'application de la méthodologie développée a quant à elle permis d'identifier des transferts culturels directs, d'observer l'intensification de traits culturels intrinsèques, d'étudier l'influence d'une nouvelle matière sur le quotidien d'une communauté et d'évaluer l'impact de ces changements à long terme. Ce mémoire participe à la reconstitution de l'histoire culturelle du Labrador et espère encourager la réalisation de recherches portant sur les interactions culturelles et l'étude de la culture matérielle de la période de contact. / Through the Tradition and Transition among Labrador Inuit partnership between the Nunatsiavut Government and the Memorial University of Newfoundland, the extensive archaeological excavation undertaken at Double Mer Point (GbBo-02) allowed us to study the impact of cultural interactions in Labrador on the daily life of the inhabitants of House 1 during the contact period, between the 17th and 19th centuries, a subject still under-exploited by archeology. Theoretical ideas from cultural contact studies and postcolonial archeology have thus been applied to Labrador through this research. Our theoretical reflection about the study of material culture from the contact period led to the development of a methodology combining the cultural aspects of objects and their manufacture. House 1, a semi-subterranean sod house dated from the late 18th and early 19th century, was interpreted using data (material, zooarchaeological, architectural and environmental) collected directly in the field. The dating of the site, the occupation phases and activities areas were determined via various analyzes. House 1 revealed a more complex occupation than most of the semi-subterranean houses of this period. It suggests of several phases of occupation of which the first would be a prehistoric Dorset occupation while the last one demonstrates the integration of a European in an Inuit community. The application of our methodology allows us to identify direct cultural transfers, to observe the intensification of intrinsic cultural traits, to study the influence of new material in the daily life of a community and to assess the impact of these changes in Labrador. This thesis contributes to the reconstruction of the cultural history of Labrador and hopes to encourage research about cultural interactions and material culture of the contact period.

The aim of this PhD work is to elaborate using plasma spraying fine, dense, crack-free coatings of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) for SOFCs electrolyte. The experimental approach has been based on the increase velocities of particles in a molten state upon impact using three plasma spraying processes (Arc plasma spraying, vacuum plasma spraying and supersonic inductive plasma spraying) and powder with a fine granulometry (-25+5[micro]m). In-flight particles and lamellaes characterisations were carried out to study their influence onto deposit microstructure and the influence of the latter one on their porosity and ionic conductivity. Two kinds of microstructure function of spraying process were obtained thanks to the increase of particle velocities upon impact. Those specific microstructures lead to the increase of the number of good interlamellar contacts that allows benefiting ionic conductivity. So, in future, it will be possible to elaborate all the stack (anode-electrolyte-cathode) with the same plasma spraying process.

The current trends in papermaking involve, but are not limited to, maintaining the dry strength of paper material at a reduced cost. Since any small changes in the process affect several factors at once, it is difficult to relate the exact impact of these changes promptly. Hence, the detailed models of the network level of a dry sheet have to be studied extensively in order to attain the infinitesimal changes in the final product. In Paper A, we have investigated a relation between micromechanical processes and the stress–strain curve of a dry fiber network during tensile loading. The impact of “non-traditional” bonding parameters, such as compliance of bonding regions, work of separation and the actual number of effective bonds, is discussed. In Paper B, we studied the impact of the chemical composition of the fiber cell wall, as well as its geometrical properties, on the fiber mechanical properties using the three-dimensional model of a fiber with helical orientation of microfibrils at a range of different microfibril angles (MFA). In order to accurately characterize the fiber and bond properties inside the network, via statistical distributions, microtomography studies on the handsheets have been carried out. This work is divided into two parts: Paper C, which describes the methods of data acquisition and Paper D, where we discuss the extracted data. Here, all measurements were performed at a fiber level, providing data on the fiber width distribution, width-to-height ratio of isotropically oriented fibers and contact density. In the last paper, we utilize data thus obtained in conjunction with fiber morphology data from Papers C and D to update the network generation algorithm in order to produce more realistic fiber networks. We also successfully verified the models with the help of experimental results from dry sheets tested under uniaxial tensile tests. We carry out numerical simulations on these networks to ascertain the influence of fiber and bond parameters on the network strength properties. / <p>QC 20160613</p>

The objective of the research in this thesis is to develop manufacturable high-efficiency silicon solar cells at low-cost through advanced cell design and technological innovations using industrially feasible processes and equipment on commercial grade Czochralski (Cz) large-area (239 cm2) silicon wafers. This is accomplished by reducing both the electrical and optical losses in solar cells through fundamental understanding, applied research and demonstrating the success by fabricating large-area commercial ready cells with much higher efficiency than the traditional Si cells. By developing and integrating multiple efficiency enhancement features, namely low-cost high sheet resistance homogeneous emitter, optimized surface passivation, optimized rear reflector, back line contacts, and improved screen-printing with narrow grid lines, 20.8% efficient screen-printed PERC (passivated emitter and rear cell) solar cells were achieved on commercial grade 239 cm2 p-type Cz silicon wafers.

Cette thèse comporte trois parties. <br />Dans la première, nous présentons une méthode de simulation d'écoulements fluide/particules. Nous montrons que la pénalisation du tenseur des contraintes, associée à une discrétisation en temps par la méthode des caractéristiques, conduit à une formulation variationnelle de type Stokes généralisée. Des tests numériques sont effectués sous FreeFem++ afin d'étudier la convergence. Nous en présentons également trois exemples d'utilisation. <br />Dans la seconde partie nous proposons un modèle permettant de prendre en compte les forces de lubrification dans les simulations directes d'écoulements fluide/particules. Nous présentons d'abord un modèle de contact visqueux dans le cas particule/plan, obtenu comme limite, à viscosité nulle, du modèle de lubrification. Nous décrivons ensuite un algorithme reposant sur une étape de projection des vitesses, à chaque instant, sur un espace dit de vitesses admissibles. On montre alors la convergence du schéma et on généralise l'algorithme au cas multi-particules. Nous en présentons également un exemple de programmation orientée objet. <br />Dans la dernière partie, nous considérons un système discret de sphères (boulier en 1D) qui interagissent à travers la force de lubrification. Le modèle microscopique repose sur le développement de cette force à courte distance. Nous proposons une équation constitutive marcoscopique, de type Newtonien, reposant sur une viscosité linéique proportionnelle à l'inverse de la fraction locale de fluide. Nous établissons la convergence du modèle microscopique vers le modèle macroscopique proposé.

Downscaling of the contact length Lc of a side-contacted carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET) is challenging because of the rapidly increasing contact resistance as Lc falls below 20–50 nm. If in agreement with existing experimental results, theoretical work might answer the question, which metals yield the lowest CNT–metal contact resistance and what physical mechanisms govern the geometry dependence of the contact resistance. However, at the scale of 10 nm, parameter-free models of electron transport become computationally prohibitively expensive. In our work we used a dedicated combination of the Green function formalism and density functional theory to perform an overall ab initio simulation of extended CNT–metal contacts of an arbitrary length (including infinite), a previously not achievable level of simulations. We provide a systematic and comprehensive discussion of metal–CNT contact properties as a function of the metal type and the contact length. We have found and been able to explain very uncommon relations between chemical, physical and electrical properties observed in CNT–metal contacts. The calculated electrical characteristics are in reasonable quantitative agreement and exhibit similar trends as the latest experimental data in terms of: (i) contact resistance for Lc = ∞, (ii) scaling of contact resistance Rc(Lc); (iii) metal-defined polarity of a CNTFET. Our results can guide technology development and contact material selection for downscaling the length of side-contacts below 10 nm.

Les relations entre les policiers et les citoyens issus des communautés culturelles représentent un enjeu de taille pour le Service de Police de la Ville de Montréal (SPVM). En effet, les relations entre les policiers et les minorités ethniques sont au centre de débats et de consultations depuis plusieurs décennies. Force est de constater qu’encore aujourd’hui des tensions demeurent. Plusieurs recherches se sont penchées sur les perceptions des citoyens de leur service de police, mais peu se sont intéressées aux perceptions détaillées des jeunes hommes noirs. Il est pourtant démontré que ce groupe entretient les perceptions les moins favorables envers les policiers et que, par ailleurs, ils sont plus susceptibles d’avoir des contacts avec les policiers. Les perceptions pouvant avoir une réelle influence sur la réponse au contact policier, il appert qu'il est primordial de comprendre l’origine de ces perceptions. Ainsi, ce mémoire vise à identifier les éléments formateurs des perceptions de jeunes hommes noirs de la ville de Montréal âgés de 18 à 25 ans. Pour ce faire, l’approche qualitative a été retenue et des entretiens de type semi-directifs ont été effectués. L’analyse du discours des participants révèle principalement que les interactions personnelles avec les policiers forment les perceptions et/ou renforcent des perceptions déjà existantes. De plus, l’approche de l’agent de police lors de ce contact est mainte fois soulignée par les jeunes lors des entretiens réalisés démontrant que les premiers instants d’une interaction suffisent à l’instauration d’une perception positive ou négative. Il ressort aussi de l’étude que les expériences indirectes ont un impact certain dans la formation des perceptions surtout lorsque ces expériences ont été vécues par un proche. Ces expériences indirectes s’inscrivent d’ailleurs dans un contexte où l’appartenance culturelle du jeune et une certaine culture de quartier tendent à dicter ce que les jeunes se doivent de penser de l’organisation policière. De plus, une méconnaissance des enjeux sous-jacents aux perceptions de ces jeunes hommes par les corps policiers paraît être un obstacle à la mise en place d’interventions efficaces et significatives auprès de cette population. / Relations between the police and the citizens who are members of the cultural communities represent a challenge for the police department of the City of Montreal. Indeed, relations between the police and ethnic minorities have been at the center of debates and consultations for several decades. It is clear that even today tensions remain. Several studies have examined citizen perceptions of their police department, but few have studied in details perceptions of young Black men even though it has been shown that this group has the least favourable perceptions of the police and that they are more likely to have contact with the police. Perceptions can have a real influence on the response to police contact. Therefore, it appears important to understand the root of these perceptions. This paper aims to identify the formative elements of the perceptions of young black men living in Montreal between the ages of 18 to 25. To do this, the qualitative approach was used and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The analysis of the participant’s discourses reveals predominantly that personal interactions with the police build the perceptions and / or strengthen existing perceptions. In addition, during the interviews, the police officer’s approach is often mentioned by the young men showing that the first moments of the interaction are sufficient for the establishment of a positive or negative perception. It is also clear according to the collected data that indirect experiences have some impact in the development of perceptions especially when these were experienced by a relative or a friend. These indirect experiences are part of a context where the neighbourhood’s subculture and the young men’s cultural background tend to dictate what these young people need to think of the police organization. Therefore, the lack of understanding of the underlying issues that are building the perceptions of these young men by the police departments seems to be an obstacle to the establishment of effective and meaningful interventions for this population.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The thesis deals with the mutual correspondence (with its part from the years 16641667) of a Jesuit Bohuslav Balbín (16211688) and a Premonstratensian Johannes Alois Hackenschmidt (16261683), a canon of monastery of Teplá and a secretary of abbot Rajmund Wilfert (†1670). Preserved correspondence of that time consists of 41 Balbín's and 39 Hackenschmidt's letters. Hackenschmidt was sending information of the history of monasteries of Teplá and Chotěšov and transcripts and excerpts of charters found in archives of these monasteries; Balbín was informing Hackenschmidt about the past of the Lords of Guttenstein. The thesis brings information on the life of both correspondents, summarizes the content of their correspondence and comments on their relationship. Finally, eight Balbín's and six Hackenschmidt's letters, provided by a commentary, are edited in the final part of the work.

Thin film copper, indium, gallium, selenide (CIGS) solar cells are promising in the field of photovoltaic technology. To reduce material and fabrication cost, as well as increasing electrical properties of the cell, research is ongoing towards ultra-thin film solar cells (absorption layer thickness less than 500 nm). Ultra-thin CIGS solar cells has shown a decrease in interface recombination and improved optical properties when adding a rear contact passivation layer of aluminium oxide. In this work, the process of creating sub-micrometer features of a passivation layer using conventional optical lithography is investigated. To specify, the objective was to optimize the development conditions in the optical lithography process when fabricating equidistant line contacts in aluminium oxide with 800 nm feature size. It was found that line contacts with smaller feature sizes require longer development time, than line contacts with larger feature sizes. The experiments conducted showed that the pre-set development and exposure conditions used by the NOA group are not optimized for 800 nm or smaller line contacts. Further, for the optical lithography process, silicon substrates are not comparable with substrates of soda lime glass coated with molybdenum. Slight underdevelopment of a sample, showed line contacts smaller than the resolution of the laser used in the exposure – suggesting an alternative method of processing small line contacts with optical lithography.