Cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) is a structural and regulatory component of cardiac thick filaments. It is observed in electron micrographs as seven to nine transverse stripes in the central portion of each half of the A band. Its C-terminus binds tightly to the myosin rod and contributes to thick filament structure, while the N-terminus can bind both myosin S2 and actin, influencing their structure and function. Mutations in the MYBPC3 gene (encoding cMyBP-C) are commonly associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In cardiac cells there exists a population of myosin heads in the super-relaxed (SRX) state, which are bound to the thick filament core with a highly inhibited ATPase activity. This report examines the role cMyBP-C plays in regulating the population of the SRX state of cardiac myosin by using an assay that measures single ATP turnover of myosin. We report a significant decrease in the proportion of myosin heads in the SRX state in homozygous cMyBP-C knockout mice, however heterozygous cMyBP-C knockout mice do not significantly differ from the wild type. A smaller, non-significant decrease is observed when thoracic aortic constriction is used to induce cardiac hypertrophy in mutation negative mice. These results support the proposal that cMyBP-C stabilises the thick filament and that the loss of cMyBP-C results in an untethering of myosin heads. This results in an increased myosin ATP turnover, further consolidating the relationship between thick filament structure and the myosin ATPase. Crown Copyright (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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CopA, a thermophilic membrane ATPase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus, drives the outward movement of Cu+ across cellular membranes. CopA contains at least two metal binding domains, a regulatory N-terminal Metal Binding Domain (N-MBD) and an occlusion/coordinating metal binding site in the 6th, 7th and 8th transmembrane segments. Previous studies showed that the presence of millimolar concentration of Cys is essential for CopA activity. The high affinity of CopA for metal in the presence of millimolar concentration of Cys suggests a multifaceted interaction of the enzyme with Cys. To elucidate the role of Cys, we studied its effect on the partial reactions of the catalytic cycle of CopA. We observed that 2-50 mM Cys accelerates enzyme turnover with little effect on the Cu+ affinity of CopA. Cys accelerates enzyme phosphorylation, but has no effect on the dephosphorylation rates. Thus, Cys increases steady state phosphoenzyme levels. Besides, Cys has no significant effect on E1¡ÃƒÂªE2 equilibrium. Similar results were observed in truncated CopA lacking the N-MBD suggesting that enzyme activation by Cys is independent of the regulatory metal binding sites. These results and the kinetic analysis of activation curves suggest that while Cu+ is delivered to the transport site as a Cu-Cys complex, Cys in the mM range stimulates the ATPase acting as a non-essential activator.

Pre-mRNA (precursor messenger RNA) splicing is a fundamental process in eukaryotic gene expression. In order to catalyse the excision of the intervening intronic sequence between two exons, the spliceosome is assembled stepwise on the pre-mRNA substrate. This ribonucleoprotein machine is extremely dynamic: both its activation and the progression through the catalytic stages require extensive compositional and structural remodelling. The first part of this thesis aims at understanding how the spliceosome is activated after assembly. When this work was started, the GTPase Snu114 was thought to activate the helicase Brr2 to unwind the U4/U6 snRNA duplex, which ultimately leads to the formation of the spliceosome active site. To explore the role of Snu114, a complex built from Snu114 and a part of Prp8 was expressed and analysed in its natural context, bound to U5 snRNA. However, before I was able to obtain highly diffracting crystals, the structure of Snu114 was determined in the context of a larger spliceosomal complex by electron cryo-microscopy by competitors. Regardless, the role of Snu114 in spliceosome activation remains elusive. In a short section of this thesis, genetic and biochemical analysis suggest Snu114 to be a pseudo-GTPase, precluding a role for Snu114-catalyzed GTP hydrolysis in activation. The second and larger part of the thesis describes the development of a novel, biochemical method to analyse spliceosome remodelling events that are caused by the eight spliceosomal helicases. Purified spliceosomes assembled on a defined RNA substrate are analysed by UV crosslinking and next-generation sequencing, which allows for the determination of the RNA helicase binding profile at nucleotide resolution. In vitro spliceosome iCLIP (individual-nucleotide resolution UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation) was initially developed targeting the helicase Prp16 bound to spliceosomal complex C. The obtained binding profile shows that Prp16 contacts the intron, about 15 nucleotides downstream of the branch in the intron-lariat intermediate. Our finding supports the model of Prp16 acting at a distance to remodel the RNA and protein interactions in the catalytic core and thereby it promotes the transition towards a conformation of the spliceosome competent for second step catalysis. Control experiments, which locate SmB protein binding to known Sm sites in the spliceosomal snRNAs, validated the method. Preliminary results show that in vitro spliceosome iCLIP can be adapted to analyse additional spliceosomal helicases such as Prp22. Finally, I performed initial experiments that give promising directions towards time-resolved translocation profiles of helicases Brr2 and Prp16.

Uliginosina B é um derivado acilfloroglucinol natural, isolado de espécies de Hypericum nativas da América do Sul. Estudos prévios demonstraram que a uliginosina B apresenta efeitos do tipo antidepressivo e antinociceptivo em baixas doses (até 15 mg/kg, i.p. ou v.o.) e, em doses elevadas (90 mg/kg, i.p.), prejudica a coordenação motora. A atividade antidepressiva depende da ativação da neurotransmissão monoaminérgica e envolve a regulação da homeostase através do balanço de Na+. A atividade antinociceptiva é mediada por receptores opioides e dopaminérgicos da família D2. O efeito atáxico depende da ativação de receptores opioides e dopaminérgicos. Os efeitos parecem ser decorrentes da sua capacidade de inibir a recaptação de monoaminas (especialmente dopamina) com consequente ativação de receptores opioides e monoaminérgicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o mecanismo de ação antinociceptiva de uliginosina B, investigando o envolvimento da neurotransmissão monoaminérgica, glutamatérgica e purinérgica. O tratamento com uliginosina B aumentou a disponibilidade intersticial de dopamina e seu metabólito, ácido homovanílico (HVA), no estriado de ratos; dados que reforçam o papel da neurotransmissão dopaminérgica nos efeitos da uliginosina B. O papel das outras monoaminas e da neurotransmissão glutamatérgica foi investigado nos efeitos antinociceptivo e atáxico induzidos por uliginosina B. A ataxia (90 mg/kg, i.p.) foi completamente prevenida pelo tratamento prévio com pCPA (inibidor da síntese de serotonina) e MK-801 (antagonista do receptor glutamatérgico NMDA), mas não foi afetada pelo prétratamento com prazosina ou ioimbina (antagonistas de receptores adrenérgicos α1 e α2, respectivamente). A atividade antinociceptiva (15 e 90 mg/kg, i.p.) foi reduzida significativamente pelo pré-tratamento com pCPA e MK-801 e aumentada pelo prétratamento com prazosina e ioimbina, apenas na dose mais elevada (90 mg/kg, i.p.). A importância da neurotransmissão monoaminérgica para o efeito antinociceptivo da uliginosina B foi confirmada através da análise isobolar. A associação de uliginosina B com amitriptilina (inibidor da recaptação de monoaminas) ou clonidina (agonista adrenérgico α2) apresentou interação aditiva – dados sugestivos de substâncias com mecanismos de ação mediados pelas mesmas vias – enquanto a associação com morfina (agonista opioide) apresentou interação sinérgica – dados indicativos de um possível uso clínico, como adjuvante opioide na farmacoterapia da dor. O efeito antinociceptivo de uliginosina B (15 mg/kg, i.p.) também foi prevenido pelo tratamento prévio com DPCPX e ZM-241385 (antagonistas de receptores adenosinérgicos A1 e A2A, respectivamente). Este efeito esta relacionado, pelo menos em parte, com a capacidade da uliginosina B aumentar a hidrólise de AMP na medula espinhal e de ATP no córtex cerebral. A uliginosina B também inibiu in vitro a atividade da enzima Na+,K+-ATPase (isoformas α1 e α3). O conjunto de dados apresentados nesta tese evidencia a uliginosina B como um padrão estrutural multirreceptor promissor no desenvolvimento de fármacos com ação analgésica. Em suma, os efeitos antinociceptivo e atáxico induzidos pelo tratamento com uliginosina B são mediados pela ativação da neurotransmissão monoaminérgica, glutamatérgica, purinérgica e opióide, requisitadas com diferente grau de importância; e ainda envolvem o balaço iônico da Na+,K+-ATPase. / Uliginosin B is a natural acylphloroglucinol derivative obtained from Hypericum species native to South America. Previous studies have shown that uliginosin B presents antidepressant-like and antinociceptive effects at low doses (up to 15 mg/kg, i.p. or p.o.), and at high doses (90 mg/kg, i.p.) it impairs the motor coordination. The antidepressant-like activity seems to depend on the activation of monoaminergic neurotransmission and ionic balance of Na+. The antinociceptive effect is mediated by opioid and D2 dopamine receptors. The ataxic effect involves opioid and dopaminergic receptors activation. The uliginosin B effects appear to be a consequence of their ability to inhibit reuptake of monoamines (especially dopamine) with subsequent activation of opioid and monoaminergic receptors. The aim of this study was to deepen our knowledge about the mechanism of antinociceptive action of uliginosin B, investigating the involvement of monoaminergic, glutamatergic and purinergic neurotransmissions. Treatment with uliginosin B increased the interstitial availability of dopamine and its metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), in the striatum of rats; these data underscore the role of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the effects of uliginosin B. The role of other monoamines as well as the glutamatergic neurotransmission, were investigated in the antinociceptive and ataxic effects induced by uliginosin B. The ataxic effect (90 mg/kg, i.p.) was completely prevented by pre-treatment with pCPA (a serotonin synthesis inhibitor) and MK-801 (a NMDA glutamatergic receptor antagonist), but was not affected by pretreatment with prazosin or yohimbine (α1 and α2 adrenoceptor antagonists, respectively). The antinociceptive activity (15 and 90 mg/kg, i.p.) was significantly reduced by pretreatment with pCPA and MK-801 and increased by pretreatment with yohimbine and prazosin only at the highest dose (90 mg/kg, i.p.). The importance of monoaminergic neurotransmission for the uliginosin B antinociceptive effect was confirmed by isobolar analysis. The association between uliginosin B with amitriptyline (monoamine reuptake inhibitor) or clonidine (α2 adrenergic agonist) showed additive interaction - findings suggestive of substances with mechanisms of action mediated by the same pathways - while the association with morphine (opioid agonist) showed synergistic interaction - indicative of a possible clinical use as adjuvant to opioid pharmacotherapy of pain relief. The antinociceptive effect of uliginosin B (15 mg/kg, i.p.) was also prevented by pretreatment with DPCPX and ZM-241385 (A1 and A2A adenosinergic receptor antagonists, respectively). This effect is related, at least in part, to its ability of increases the AMP and ATP hydrolysis in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex synaptosomes, respectively. Moreover, uliginosin B inhibited the Na+,K+-ATPase activity (α1 and α3 isoforms) in vitro. The data set presented in this thesis pointed uliginosin B as a promising multirreceptor molecular pattern in the analgesic drug development. In summary, the antinociceptive and ataxic effects induced by uliginosin B were mediated by the activation of monoaminergic, glutamatergic, purinérgico and opioid neurotransmission and involves the ionic balance, required with different degree of importance.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive form of cancer with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Since many patients present with metastatic disease and are thus ineligible for surgical resection, PDAC is almost ubiquitously fatal; new treatment options are therefore needed to combat this disease. A key hallmark of many cancers, including PDAC, is metabolic reprogramming and a shift towards a high glycolytic rate, known as the Warburg effect. This allows cancer cells to generate ATP in the face of hypoxia and to meet the increased metabolic requirements associated with rapid proliferation. We hypothesised that this shift towards glycolytic metabolism has important implications for the regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in PDAC, since the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA), which is critical for maintaining low [Ca2+]i and thus cell survival, is dependent on ATP to extrude cytosolic Ca2+. The relative contributions of mitochondrial vs glycolytic ATP in fuelling the PMCA in human PDAC cell lines (PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2) were therefore assessed. Moreover, the effects of numerous mechanistically distinct metabolic inhibitors on key readouts of cell death, [Ca2+]i and ATP were investigated. Treatment with glycolytic inhibitors induced significant ATP depletion, PMCA inhibition, [Ca2+]i overload and cell death in both PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells, while mitochondrial inhibitors had no effect. Subsequently, these experiments were repeated on PDAC cells cultured in media formulated to "switch" their highly glycolytic phenotype back to one more reliant on mitochondrial metabolism. Culture in nominal glucose-free media supplemented with either galactose (10 mM) or alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC, 2 mM) resulted in a switch in metabolism in MIA PaCa-2 cells, where proliferation rate and glycolysis were significantly decreased, and in the case of cells cultured in KIC, oxidative phosphorylation rate was preserved (assessed using Seahorse XF technology). Following culture of MIA PaCa-2 cells in either galactose or KIC, glycolytic inhibition failed to recapitulate the profound ATP depletion, PMCA inhibition and [Ca2+]i overload observed in glucose-cultured MIA PaCa-2 cells. These data demonstrate that in PDAC cells exhibiting a high rate of glycolysis, glycolytically-derived ATP is important for fuelling [Ca2+]i homeostasis and thus is critical for survival. Finally, using a cell surface biotinylation assay, the keyglycolytic enzymes LDHA, PFKP, GAPDH, PFKFB3 and PKM2 were all found to associate with the plasma membrane in MIA PaCa-2 cells, possibly in a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent manner. To investigate whether the dynamic membrane-association of glycolytic enzymes provides a privileged supply of ATP to the PMCA in PDAC, the effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors was assessed on PMCA activity. However, while these inhibited PMCA activity, this occurred without accompanying global ATP depletion. These data indicate that glycolytic ATP is critical for the regulation of [Ca2+]i by the PMCA in PDAC, and that the glycolytic regulation of the PMCA may be an important therapeutic locus. However, further research is required to determine whether membrane-bound glycolytic enzymes regulate its activity.

Muitas evidências indicam que exposições a eventos adversos no início da vida, tais como abuso e negligência, aumentam a vulnerabilidade a psicopatologias na vida adulta. Tem sido relatado que psicopatologias podem levar a não apenas prejuízos cognitivos, emocionais e sociais, mas também a uma variedade de alterações neuroquímicas. Separações maternas periódicas no período neonatal têm sido usadas como um modelo animal de eventos adversos no início da vida, avaliando-se seus efeitos sobre aspectos comportamentais e fisiológicos observados na vida adulta. As primeiras duas semanas de vida representam um período crítico para o desenvolvimento neural em ratos. Sabe-se que períodos prolongados de separação materna (SM) podem modificar parâmetros neurobiológicos e comportamentais. Logo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar os efeitos duradouros de SM repetida em diferentes parâmetros, incluindo comportamentos de medo, sociais, cognitivos e alimentar, assim como uma série de análises neuroquímicas. Ratos Wistar machos e fêmeas foram sujeitos a SM repetidas (incubadora a 32°C, 3h/dia) nos dia 1 ao 10 de vida. Na primeira parte deste trabalho, os animais foram expostos à tarefa de Medo Condicionado ao Contexto aos 60 dias de idade. Uma semana após, as atividades da Na+, K+-ATPase e de enzimas antioxidantes foram medidas na amígdala. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, os animais foram expostos ao teste de Interação Social por 15 min aos 70 dias de idade. Foram observadas as frequências e durações dos seguintes comportamentos: cheirar; ataque lateral; ataque frontal; boxing; e tempo gasto sem demonstrar comportamentos sociais. A ocitocina foi medida no líquor. Na terceira parte deste trabalho, ratos adultos foram expostos a tarefas de memória (Reconhecimento de Objetos e ao Labirinto Aquático de Morris). O Comportamento Alimentar também foi analisado. Dano celular, quebras do ADN, citocinas inflamatórias e fator neurotrófico derivado do encéfalo (BDNF) foram medidos no hipocampo. A SM aumentou o Medo Condicionado ao Contexto e a atividade da Na+, K+-ATPase na amígdala. Foi encontrado um efeito significativo da SM sobre a catalase apenas em fêmeas, aumentando sua atividade. A SM reduziu os comportamentos sociais (duração de cheirar; frequências de ataques lateral e frontal; frequência e duração de boxing). Houve uma tendência dos animais SM apresentarem redução na ocitocina no líquor. Animais SM apresentaram desempenho prejudicado nos testes de Reconhecimento de Objetos e Labirinto aquático de Morris. Não houve efeito sobre o Comportamento Alimentar. Os seguintes resultados foram encontrados nas avaliações neuroquímicas: SM aumentou as quebras de ADN no hipocampo, apresentou uma tendência a diminuir o TNF-α hipocampal em ratos machos e aumentou significativamente o TNF-α hipocampal em fêmeas. Nossos resultados sugerem um papel do ambiente precoce na programação das respostas de medo, sociais e cognitivas na vida adulta, assim como em suas neuroquímicas subjacentes. Observamos que um evento aversivo no início da vida, tal como a SM, pode levar a prejuízos em parâmetros comportamentais e neuroquímicos. Encontramos uma atividade aumentada na amígdala (indicada pela Na+, K+-ATPase) causada pela SM, afetando comportamentos relacionados ao medo, com melhor desempenho na tarefa de medo condicionado em adultos, e esse efeito pode ser tarefa-específico (os efeitos sobre a memória espacial e de reconhecimento de objetos são opostos). Ademais, a SM reduziu comportamentos agressivos e sociais. Esse resultado pode ser relacionado à tendência da SM reduzir os níveis de ocitocina no líquor, a qual é um hormônio envolvido em comportamentos afiliativos e sociais. As diferenças de sexo nos comportamentos sociais estão de acordo com estudos anteriores. Os prejuízos de memória em animais SM podem ser relacionados às mudanças neuroquímicas encontradas no hipocampo, tais como índices aumentados de quebras de ADN. Ademais, nosso trabalho encontrou diferenças de sexo nas atividades neuroquímicas, tais como atividade da CAT na amígdala em fêmeas SM e um efeito contrário entre machos e fêmeas SM nos níveis de TNF-α. Esses achados demonstram que um estresse no início da vida pode levar a efeitos neuroquímicos sexo-específicos. / A large body of evidences indicates that exposure to early adverse life events such as childhood neglect and abuse can increase vulnerability to psychopathology in adult life. It has been reported that psychopathologies may lead not only to cognitive, emotional and social impairments, but also to a variety of neurochemical alterations. Periodic neonatal maternal separation (MS) in the rat has been used as a rodent model of the effects of early adverse life events on adult physiology and behavior. The first two weeks of life are a critical period for neural development in rats. The purpose of the present study was to verify the long-term effects of repeated MS in different parameters, including conditioned fear, social, cognitive and feeding behaviors, as well as a series of neurochemical analysis. Female and male Wistar rats were subjected to repeated MS (incubator at 32°C, 3h/day, during postnatal days 1-10). In the first part of this work, the subjects were exposed to a Contextual Fear Conditioning task at 60 days of age, and Na+, K+ -ATPase and antioxidant enzymes activitieswere evaluated in the amygdala. In the second part of this work, the animals were exposed to 15-min Social Interaction test at 70 days of age in order to analyze social behaviors (frequencies and durations of sniffing; lateral attack; frontal attack; boxing; and time spent in non-social behavior). Oxytocin was measured in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). In the third part of the present work, adult rats were exposed to Object Recognition and Morris Water Maze memory tasks. Feeding behavior was analyzed as well. Cell damage, mitochondrial viability, DNA breaks, inflammatory cytokines, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured in the hippocampus. MS effects were observed, with increased Contextual Fear Conditioning and increased Na+, K+-ATPase in amygdala, without differences groups on the antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, GPx, CAT) in male rats. Nevertheless, we found a significant MS effect in females, with an increase of CAT activity. MS decreased social behaviors (sniffing duration; frequencies of lateral and frontal attacks; frequency and duration of boxing). Two way ANOVA indicated a tendency of MS animals towards decreased CSF oxytocin levels. MS animals also shoed impairments on performances of object recognition and Morris water maze tasks, and no differences on feeding behavior. The following results were found on neurochemical assessments: MS increased DNA breaks in hippocampus; additionally, a tendency for MS decreasing hippocampal TNF-α in male rats was observed, while MS significantly increased hippocampal TNF-α in females. Our results suggest a role of early rearing environment in programming fear, social and cognitive responses in adulthood, as well as their underlying neurochemistry. We found that an aversive early-life event, such as MS, may lead to impairments in behavioral and neurochemical parameters. We found that MS increased activity in the amygdala (as indicated by the increased activity of Na+, K+-ATPase), affecting behaviors related to fear in adulthood, and this effect could be task-specific. Moreover, MS decreased aggressive and social behaviors. This result may be related to the marginally reduced CSF oxytocin levels in MS subjects, which is a hormone involved in affiliative and social behaviors. Sex differences on social behaviors are in accordance to previous studies. MS also impaired short- and long-term memories as observed on Object Recognition and Morris Water Maze tasks. These memory impairments on MS animals may be associated to neurochemical changes found in hippocampus, such as increased DNA breaks. Moreover, our work found sex differences on neurochemical activities, such as amygdalar CAT activity in MS females and an opposing effect of hippocampal TNF-α in MS females compared to males. These findings reveal that early stress may lead to sex-specific neurochemical effects.

The inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli ATPase activity by two venom peptides, lasioglossin II and mastoparan B. Membrane bound F1FO ATP synthase was isolated from E. coli strain pBWU13.4/DK8 and treated with varied concentrations of lasioglossin II and mastoparan B. Lasioglossin II caused very low inhibition of ATPase activity, but the inhibition profile of mastoparan B was suggestive of an interesting biological effect. A relatively shorter total length, a smaller net positive charge, and a reduced amphipathic character of both peptides, as compared to previously tested antimicrobial peptides, may account for the limited degree of inhibition observed in the present study.

ATP is the main cellular energy generated by the enzyme ATP synthase in almost all organisms from bacteria to vertebrates. While malfunction of the ATP synthase complex is responsible for several disease conditions, the enzyme itself can be used as a potent molecular drug target to combat many diseases including microbial infections, cancer, tuberculosis, and obesity. Recent widespread escalation of antibiotic resistant microbes in general and E. coli in particular demands novel alternative approaches to combat microbial infections. Inhibition of ATP synthase by inhibitors such as peptides is known to deprive microbes of required energy, resulting in microbial cell death. Therefore, we have examined the venom peptide induced inhibition of E. coli ATP synthase. It was found that venom peptides completely inhibited E. coli ATP synthase and the process of inhibition was found to be fully reversible. This study also links the antimicrobial properties of peptides in part to the inhibition of ATP synthase. Thus, selective use of ATP synthase as a molecular drug may have an important impact on biology and medicine.

This thesis focussed on the effects of a range of trace metals on various stages of Haliotis rubra development. The trace metals assessed in this thesis were the essential metals Cu, Zn and Fe; and, the non-essential metals Hg, Cd and Pb. Copper and Hg proved to be the two most toxic metals to the life stages of H. rubra studied. The concentrations affecting normal development of the fertilised egg exposed for 48h showed a decreasing order of toxicity with 48hEC50 recorded at 7µg Cu/L, 20µg Hg/L, 42µg Zn/L, 4,102µg Fe/L, 4,515µg Cd/L, and 5,111µg Pb/L. Settlement and metamorphosis occur in normal larvae when aged 5 days, and exposure of the 5 day old larvae to the metals for 48h resulted in impaired crawling success at 128µg/L Cu and Hg, and 1250µg Cd/L. Settlement was inhibited after exposure to 128µg Cu/L, 32µg Hg/L, and 1250 Cd/L. Metamorphosis of larvae 96h after exposure was inhibited by 32µg Cu/L, 512µg Zn/L, 32µg Hg/L and 625µg Cd/L. The rate of meta morphosis was enhanced after exposure to Cu and Hg at 0.5µg/L and 64 - 256µg Zn/L. Exposure to Zn at concentrations 64, 128 and 256 µg Zn/L caused an increased rate of settlement and metamorphosis. Juvenile H. rubra exposed to the six metals for 96h were most sensitive to Cu, which produced a 96hLC50 of 87µg Cu/L compared to Hg with a 96hLC50 of 173µg Hg/L. Juvenile H. rubra were relatively insensitive to Zn and Cd with the 96h LC50 of 1730µg Zn/L and 3700µg Cd/L, respectively. Exposure to individual solutions of Cu, Zn, and Cd for 28 days resulted in juvenile H. rubra bioaccumulating significant concentrations of metals in the visceramantleedible foot muscle. Accumulation of Hg was greater in the mantle-viscera-edible foot muscle. Following exposure, depuration in clean seawater for 28 days produced varying decreases in metal concentrations for each tissue compartment. Sodium-potassium activated ATPase (Na+,K+-ATPase) activity in the gills of juvenile H. rubra was significantly affected following expos ure to the trace metals for 28 days, with a decreasing order of effect on enzyme activity of Hg-Cu-Cd-Zn. Depuration of H. rubra in clean seawater for 28 days resulted in the recovery of Na+,K+-ATPase activity to varying degrees. The recovery of ATPase activity was more efficient following exposure to Cd-Zn-Cu-Hg. The overall results of this thesis provide initial baseline information to evaluate the sensitivity of H. rubra to trace metal toxicants, and these results may be utilised by regulators for establishing marine water quality guidelines to protect H. rubra and other abalone species in their natural habitats.