La combrétastatine A-4 (CA-4) est une molécule naturelle qui perturbe sélectivement la vascularisation tumorale en se fixant sur la tubuline. Ce composé sous sa forme phosphate est actuellement en développement clinique de phase III et est indiqué dans le traitement du cancer de la thyroïde et de sarcomes aux Etats-Unis. Au sein de notre laboratoire, nous avons identifié et synthétisé un analogue structural simple de la CA-4 : l’isocombrétastine A-4 (isoCA-4) qui conserve l’activité biologique de la CA-4 et est dénuée de problème d’isomérisation lui conférant ainsi une stabilité accrue par rapport à la CA-4.L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’étudier le métabolisme de l’isoCA-4. L’identification et la synthèse des métabolites ont été réalisées avec succès en collaboration avec une équipe de chercheurs Italiens. La suite de ce travail a été tout d’abord dédiée à la synthèse d’analogues de l’isoCA-4 portant le motif N-méthylamine ou N-propylamine à la jonction des cycles A et B. Parmi les composés synthétisés, les diarylamines 3-15 et 3-20 présentent des activités biologiques in vitro similaires à celles de l’isoCA-4. Il nous paru aussi intéressant dans une troisième partie de remplacer le cycle A de l’isoCA-4 par un noyau hétérocyclique retrouvé dans de nombreuses molécules biologiquement actives. Les résultats préliminaires de cytotoxicité et d’inhibition de la polymérisation de la tubuline sont extrêmement prometteurs. / Combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) is a natural molecule that selectively disrupts tumor vasculature by binding to tubulin. Its phosphate prodrug is currently in clinical phase III and is indicated in the treatment of thyroid cancer and sarcomas in USA.In our laboratory, we have identified and synthesized a structural analogue of CA-4 named isocombretastatin A-4 (isoCA-4) that retains the biological activity of CA-4 and is devoid of isomerization problems that increased its stability.The aim of this thesis was first to study the isoCA-4 metabolism. Identification and synthesis of metabolites were successfully achieved in collaboration with an Italian team. Then, in a second part, we synthesized a novel series of analogues isoCA-4 having a N-methylamine or N-propylamine link between the A- and B-rings. Among these compounds, diarylamines 3-15 and 3-20 display in vitro biological activities comparable to those of isoCA-4. Iin a third party, we have replaced the A-ring of isoCA by an heterocyclic ring which was found in many bioactive molecules. Preliminary results including cytotoxicity and inhibition of tubulin polymerization are extremely promising.

This thesis is focused on the role of host cytoskeleton, primarily microtubules and microfilaments, during tick-borne encephalitis virus infection in human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH and tick cell line IRE/CTVM19. The importance of cytoskeletal integrity and dynamics to the viral replication cycle were examined using specific chemical inhibitors showing the virus utilizes studied structures in both cell lines. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed structural changes in the actin cytoskeleton during late infection in SK-N-SH cells. Moreover, differences in expression of cytoskeleton-associated genes in both cell lines were compared. Several genes with up-regulated expression in SK-N-SH cells were identified during late infection.

Algumas das estratégias utilizadas para entender a biologia de células tronco embrionária (CTE) são baseadas na identificação de cascatas de sinalização que induzem a diferenciação e auto-renovação das CTE através da interferência seletiva de processos específicos. A família das proteínas quinase C (PKC) é conhecida por participar dos processos de auto-renovação e diferenciação celular em CTE, entretanto, o papel específico das diferentes isoenzimas das PKCs ainda precisa ser elucidado. Desta forma investigamos. o papel das PKCs atípicas (aPKCs) em CTE indiferenciadas utilizando um inibidor específico para estas serina/ treonina quinases, o peptídeo pseudossubstrato das aPKCs, e fosfoproteômica. A maioria das proteinas identificadas cuja fosforilação reduziu após o tratamento com o inibidor das aPKC, são proteínas envolvidas com o metabolismo principalmente com a via glicolítica. Além disso, a inibição das aPKCs levou a redução do consumo de glicose, secreção de lactato, acompanhada da redução da atividade da lactato desidrogenase, e aumento da fosforilação oxidativa, sendo analisada através do consumo de oxigênio após o tratamento com oligomicina e FCCP. Verificamos também que as aPKCs são capazes de fosforilar diretamente a piruvato quinase. A glicólise aeróbica parece ser fundamental para a manutenção da indiferenciação das CTE, e demonstramos que as aPKCs participam deste processo auxiliando na auto-renovação das CTE indiferenciadas. Também observamos que as aPKCs assim como a PKCβI modulam a fosforilação da α-tubulina, porém ao passo que as aPKCs interagem com a α-tubulina durante a interfase, a PKCβI interage com a mesma apenas durate a mitose. Estes resultados motivaram a segunda parte da tese, na qual o papel da fosforilação da α-tubulina pela PKCβI foi investigado. O resíduo de treonina 253, conservado em diversas espécies de vertebrados e localizado na interface de polimerização entre a α- e a β-tubulina foi identificado, como um novo sítio de fosforilação da α-tubulina pela PKCβI. Este sítio não está em um consenso linear para a PKC, entretanto é um consenso formado estruturalmente, onde aminoácidos básicos distantes na sequência linear se tornam justapostos na estrutura terciária da proteína. Estudos de simulação por dinâmica molecular demonstraram que a interação entre a α e β-tubulina aumenta após esta fosforilação, uma vez que T253 fosforilada passa a interagir com K105, um residuo conservado na β-tubulina. A fosforilação in vitro de α-tubulina aumenta a taxa de polimerização da tubulina e a inibição da PKCβI em células reduziu a taxa de repolimerização do microtubulo após o tratamento com nocodazol. Além disso, a importância da fosforilação deste sítio foi demonstrada pelo fato de que um mutante fosfomimético GFP-α-tubulina, T253E ser mais incorporado no fuso mitótico ao passo que T253A foi menos incorporado do que a proteína selvagem. Nossos dados suportam a hipótese que os consensos estruturais formados podem ser importantes sítios de reconhecimento pelas quinases e que a fosforilação de T253 da α-tubulina afeta a estabilidade do polímero. Em conclusão, utilizando métodos de fosfoproteômica e interferência seletiva de vias de sinalização, combinados a validações experimentais dos alvos identificados podemos propor a importância funcional das aPKCs e PKCβI em CTE indiferenciadas. / Some of the strategies used to understand stem cell biology are based on the identification of signalling cascades that lead to differentiation and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESC) by selective interference of specific signalling processes. The protein kinase C (PKC) family is known to participate in ESC self-renewal and differentiation, however, the specific role of the different PKC isoenzymes in these cells remains to be determined. Therefore, we investigated the role of atypical PKCs (aPKC) in undifferntiated ESC using a specific inhibitor for these serine/ threonine kinases, pseudo-substrate peptide of aPKCs, and phosphoproteomics. The majority of proteins whose phosphorylation decreased upon aPKC inhibition, are proteins involved in metabolism in particular with the glycolytic pathway. Besides that, inhibiton of aPKCs led to a decrease in glucose uptake and lactate secretion, followed by a decrease in lactate dehydrogenase activity, and an increase in mitochondrial activity as measured by oxygen consumption after treatment with olygomycin and a chemical uncoupler. We also verified that aPKCs are able to directly phosphorylated pyruvate kinase. Aerobic glicolysis seems to be fundamental for the maintainance of undifferentiated ESC, and we demonstrated that aPKCs participte in these processes helping to maintain self-renewal of undifferentiated ESC. We also observed that aPKCs as PKCβI modulate the phosphorylation of α-tubulin, however, while aPKCs interact with α-tubulin during interfase PKCβI interacts with α-tubulin only during mitosis. These results lead to the second part of this thesis. We investigated the role of α-tubulina phosphorylation by PKCβI. Indentifying threonine 253, a conserved residue in several vertebrate species, of localized at the polymerization interface between α- and β-tubulin, as a phosphorylation site of α-tubulin by PKCβI. This site is not in a linear consensus for PKC, however, it is in a structuraly formed consensus, where basic aminoacids distant in the linear sequence are juxtaposed in the three dimentional protein structure. Simulation studies by molecular dynamics show that the interaction between α and β-tubulin increases upon this phosphorylation, once, phosphorylated T253 interacts with com K105, a conserved residue in β-tubulin. The in vitro phosphorylation of α-tubulin increased tubulin polymerization rate and inhibiton of PKCβI in cells reduced repolimeration rate of microtubles upon treatment with nocodazole. Besides that, the importance of this phosphorylation site were demonstrated by the fact that a phosphomimetic mutant GFP-α-tubulina, T253E is more incorporated in mitotic fuses while T253A is less than wild type. Our data support the hypothesis that structural consensus may be important sites recognized and that T253 phosphorylation of α-tubulin afects the polymer stability. In conclusion, using phosphoproteomics methods and selective interference of signal transduction pathways combined with experimental validation studies of the identified targets we can propose roles for aPKCs and PKCβI in undifferentiated ESC.

Tubulin, microtubules and associated proteins were studied theoretically, computationally and experimentally in vitro and in vivo in order to elucidate the possible role these play in cellular information processing and storage. Use of the electric dipole moment of tubulin as the basis for binary switches (biobits) in nanofabricated circuits was explored with surface plasmon resonance, refractometry and dielectric spectroscopy. The effects of burdening the microtubular cytoskeleton of olfactory associative memory neurons with excess microtubule associated protein TAU in Drosophila fruitflies were determined. To investigate whether tubulin may be used as the substrate for quantum computation as a bioqubit, suggestions for experimental detection of quantum coherence and entanglement among tubulin electric dipole moment states were developed.

La mise en conformation de l'α et β tubulines en hétérodimeres polymérisables nécessite l'intervention de cinq protéines " Tubulin Binding Cofactors " (TBCA a TBCE) dont TBCC qui joue un rôle indispensable. Dans des cellules humaines d'adénocarcinome mammaire, nous avons modifié le niveau d'expression de TBCC et nous avons montre que ceci avait un impact sur le contenu des fractions de tubuline, la dynamique des microtubules ainsi que sur le phénotype et chimiosensibilité des cellules. La distribution en cycle cellulaire et les durées de la mitose et de la phase S ont été altérées. La modification de TBCC avait un faible effet sur la vitesse de prolifération in vitro par contre les cellules présentaient des différences significatives de croissance tumorale in vivo. Les réponses aux agents antimicrotubulaires et à la gemcitabine ont montrées une chimiosensibilité dépendante de la distribution en cycle cellulaire. Tous ces résultats montrent l'importance de la régulation du contenu en tubulines et l'impact de ceci sur le comportement de la cellule en général et vis-à-vis des traitements.

La mise en conformation de l'α et β tubulines en hétérodimeres polymérisables nécessite l'intervention de cinq protéines " Tubulin Binding Cofactors " (TBCA a TBCE) dont TBCC qui joue un rôle indispensable. Dans des cellules humaines d'adénocarcinome mammaire, nous avons modifié le niveau d'expression de TBCC et nous avons montre que ceci avait un impact sur le contenu des fractions de tubuline, la dynamique des microtubules ainsi que sur le phénotype et chimiosensibilité des cellules. La distribution en cycle cellulaire et les durées de la mitose et de la phase S ont été altérées. La modification de TBCC avait un faible effet sur la vitesse de prolifération in vitro par contre les cellules présentaient des différences significatives de croissance tumorale in vivo. Les réponses aux agents antimicrotubulaires et à la gemcitabine ont montrées une chimiosensibilité dépendante de la distribution en cycle cellulaire. Tous ces résultats montrent l'importance de la régulation du contenu en tubulines et l'impact de ceci sur le comportement de la cellule en général et vis-à-vis des traitements.

Tubulin, microtubules and associated proteins were studied theoretically, computationally and experimentally in vitro and in vivo in order to elucidate the possible role these play in cellular information processing and storage. Use of the electric dipole moment of tubulin as the basis for binary switches (biobits) in nanofabricated circuits was explored with surface plasmon resonance, refractometry and dielectric spectroscopy. The effects of burdening the microtubular cytoskeleton of olfactory associative memory neurons with excess microtubule associated protein TAU in Drosophila fruitflies were determined. To investigate whether tubulin may be used as the substrate for quantum computation as a bioqubit, suggestions for experimental detection of quantum coherence and entanglement among tubulin electric dipole moment states were developed.

Οι υπερίτες του αζώτου (nitrogen mustards) συνιστούν μία αποτελεσματική ομάδα φαρμάκων που χρησιμοποιούνται στη χημειοθεραπεία του καρκίνου. Πρόσφατα ευρήματα της ερευνητικής μας ομάδας έδειξαν ότι οι υπερίτες του αζώτου μελφαλάνη (MEL), χλωραμπουκίλη (CAB) και ο δραστικός της μεταβολίτης, το PHE, επιδεικνύουν ισχυρή θραυσματογόνο δράση, αλλά επιπρόσθετα, εμφανίζουν ανευπλοειδογόνο δράση, διαταράσσοντας το χρωμοσωματικό αποχωρισμό μέσω τροποποιήσεων της δομής και λειτουργίας της μιτωτικής συσκευής. Στην παρούσα διατριβή, διερευνήθηκε περαιτέρω ο μηχανισμός της ανευπλοειδογόνου δράσης των παραπάνω δραστικών ενώσεων και πραγματοποιήθηκε σύγκριση της γενετικής δράσης δύο νέων στεροειδών αναλόγων του PHE, τα ανάλογα ΕΑ-92 και ΕΑ-97 με αυτήν των MEL, CAB και PHE. Τα στεροειδή ανάλογα σχεδιάστηκαν με στόχο την αύξηση της εκλεκτικότητας της αντινεοπλασματικής δράσης. Η ικανότητα των MEL, CAB και PHE να προκαλούν φαινόμενα χρωμοσωματικής καθυστέρησης μελετήθηκε σε σύγκριση με τα στεροειδή ανάλογα ΕΑ-92 και ΕΑ-97. Η μελέτη πραγματοποιήθηκε σε ανθρώπινα λεμφοκύτταρα in vitro με τη μέθοδο αναστολής της κυτταροκίνησης (CBMN) σε συνδυασμό με τη μέθοδο FISH και τη χρήση πανκεντρομερικού ανιχνευτή. Επιβεβαιώθηκε η θραυσματογόνος και ανευπλοειδογόνος δράση των ενώσεων MEL, CAB και PHE, ενώ φάνηκε ότι τα στεροειδή ανάλογα ΕΑ-92 και ΕΑ-97 προκαλούν αποκλειστικά χρωμοσωματική θραύση. Το φαινόμενο της χρωμοσωματικής καθυστέρησης μελετήθηκε επίσης με τη μέθοδο CREST στην κυτταρική σειρά ποντικού C2C12. Με τη μέθοδο αυτή, επιβεβαιώθηκε η διπλή γενετική δράση των ενώσεων MEL, CAB και PHE. Τα στεροειδή ανάλογα ΕΑ-92 και ΕΑ-97 εμφανίστηκαν ως οι ηπιότεροι επαγωγείς ΜΝ και προκαλούν κυρίως χρωμοσωματική θραύση, ενώ ήπια ανευπλοειδογόνο δράση παρουσίασε μόνο το ανάλογο ΕΑ-92. Ακολούθως, εξετάσθηκε η ικανότητα των υπό εξέταση χημικών ενώσεων ΕΑ-92 και ΕΑ-97, να επηρεάζουν τη δομή και λειτουργία της μιτωτικής συσκευής σε σχέση με αυτήν των ενώσεων MEL, CAB, PHE, με διπλό ανοσοφθορισμό για τη β- και γ-τουμπουλίνη. Παρατηρήθηκε ότι όλες οι ενώσεις, εκτός από το στεροειδές ΕΑ-97 προκαλούν τη δημιουργία πολυπολικών μεταφάσεων, ενώ όλες οι ενώσεις επάγουν το σχηματισμό μεσοφασικών κυττάρων με ανώμαλο αριθμό κεντροσωμάτων. Όλες οι υπό εξέταση χημικές ενώσεις εμφανίζουν κυτταροτοξικότητα και καθυστέρηση του κυτταρικού κύκλου σε καλλιέργειες ανθρώπινων λεμφοκυττάρων και στα κύτταρα ποντικού C2C12. Στη συνέχεια διερευνήθηκε η ικανότητα των υπό εξέταση ενώσεων να επάγουν την απόπτωση και μελετήθηκε ο ρόλος της απόπτωσης στην εκδήλωση της γενετικής δράσης των ενώσεων MEL, CAB και PHE. Η μελέτη αυτή πραγματοποιήθηκε στα κύτταρα C2C12 με τη μέθοδο της διπλής χρώσης Αννεξίνης V/Ιωδιούχου προπιδίου και το διπλό ανοσοφθορισμό β- και γ-τουμπουλίνης, ανεξάρτητα, σε κύτταρα ποντικού C2C12, παρουσία του γενικού αναστολέα της δράσης των κασπασών, Z-VAD-FMK, αλλά και αναστολέων της δράσης συγκεκριμένων κασπασών. Όλες οι υπό εξέταση ενώσεις επάγουν χαμηλά ποσοστά απόπτωσης. Οι κασπάσες-3, -6 και -8 συμμετέχουν στην επαγόμενη από τη MEL απόπτωση αλλά δεν συμμετέχουν στην απομάκρυνση των κυττάρων με μικροπυρήνες που επάγονται από τη δράση της ίδιας ένωσης. Η απόπτωση αποτελεί μηχανισμό απομάκρυνσης των κυττάρων με μικροπυρήνες και κανονικό κεντροσωματικό αριθμό που επάγονται από τις ενώσεις MEL, CAB και PHE. Αντίθετα, τα κύτταρα με υπεράριθμα κεντροσώματα, που προκύπτουν από τη δράση των παραπάνω ενώσεων δεν απομακρύνονται μέσω απόπτωσης. Για την περαιτέρω διερεύνηση του μηχανισμού με τον οποίο οι δραστικές ενώσεις MEL και CAB εκφράζουν τις ανευπλοειδογόνες ιδιότητες τους, μελετήθηκε η επίδραση τους στην έκφραση των πρωτεϊνών Aurora-B, survivin, Aurora-A και γ-τουμπουλίνη σε κύτταρα ποντικού C2C12, με τη μέθοδο της ανοσοαποτύπωσης των πρωτεϊνών. Παράλληλα μελετήθηκε η ένωση ΕΑ-97, η οποία σύμφωνα με τα ευρήματα μας, εμφάνισε αποκλειστικά θραυσματογόνο δράση. Οι ενώσεις MEL και CAB, εκδηλώνουν τις ανευπλοειδογόνες ιδιότητες τους προκαλώντας μείωση της έκφρασης των πρωτεϊνών Aurora-B και survivin και επάγοντας την αύξηση της έκφρασης της πρωτεΐνης Aurora-A. Επιπρόσθετα, η ένωση MEL, προκαλεί αύξηση της έκφρασης της γ-τουμπουλίνης. Τα ευρήματα αυτά υποδεικνύουν τη συμμετοχή των παραπάνω πρωτεϊνών στην εκδήλωση της ανευπλοειδογόνου δράσης των ενώσεων που μελετήθηκαν. Αντίθετα το στεροειδές ανάλογο ΕΑ-97 που εμφανίζει αποκλειστικά θραυσματογόνο δράση, δεν μεταβάλλει την έκφραση των παραπάνω πρωτεϊνών. / Nitrogen mustards represent an effective class of drugs that are used in chemotherapy. Recent findings of our group have shown that nitrogen mustard analogues, melphalan (MEL), chlorambucil (CAB) and PHE, in addition to their clastogenic activity, they exert their aneugenic potential by affecting chromosome segregation due to modifications of mitotic apparatus. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which the above compounds display their aneugenicity in comparison with two new steroidal analogues of PHE, EA-92 and EA-97, which were designed aiming at most effective antineoplasmatic activity. The ability of MEL, CAB and PHE to induce chromosome delay events was studied in comparison with the steroidal analogues EA-92 and EA-97. The mechanism of micronucleation was determined by Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus assay (CBMN assay) in combination with Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) using pancentromeric DNA probe. It was confirmed that MEL, CAB and PHE generated MNi by two mechanisms, chromosome breakage and chromosome delay, while EA-92 and EA-97 induced the formation of MN originated exclusively from chromosome breakage events. The ability of the tested compounds to induce chromosome delay was also investigated in C2C12 mouse cells by CREST analysis. The dual genetic activity of MEL, CAB, and PHE was confirmed in a different biological system. The analogues EA-92 and EA-97 appeared as weaker MN inducers and they induced mainly chromosome breakage, while a weak aneugenic activity was observed for EA-92. The ability of the nitrogen mustard analogues to affect the organization of mitotic apparatus was investigated in comparison with MEL, CAB and PHE by double immunofluorescence of β- and γ-tubulin in C2C12 mouse cells. It was observed that all compounds, except EA-97, induced mutlipolar metaphases, and also generated interphase cells with abnormal centrosome number. All compounds displayed increased cytotoxicity and they caused cell cycle delay in human lymphocyte cultures and in C2C12 mouse cells. The ability of the tested compounds to induce apoptosis was studied by Annexin V/PI assay. It was revealed that all compounds induced apoptosis. The effect of apoptosis on the genetic activity of MEL, CAB and PHE was investigated by inhibition of apoptosis in the presence of the inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK and the use of specific inhibitors for caspase -3, -6, -8 and -1. For this reason Annexin V/PI assay and double immunofluorescence of β- and γ-tubulin were performed, independently in C2C12 mouse cells. Caspases -3, -6 and -8 are involved in melphalan-induced apoptosis, but they are not involved in the elimination of cells in the presence of melphalan. Apoptosis is the responsible mechanism for the exclusion of cells with MNi and normal centrosome number that are induced by MEL, CAB and PHE. On the contrary, cells exerting supernumerary centrosomes are not eliminated by apoptosis in the presence of the above compounds. To further elucidate the mechanisms by which MEL and CAB exert their aneugenic potential, we examined the ability of the compounds to alter the expression of proteins having important role in chromosome segregation, such as the proteins Aurora-B, survivin, Aurora-A and γ-tubulin. The analysis was performed by Western blot method in C2C12 mouse cells. We also studied the steroid analogue EA-97, which according to our findings acts as a pure clastogen and do not exert aneugenic potential as opposed to MEL and CAB. MEL and CAB exert their aneugenic potential by the reduction of Aurora-B and survivin expression and by enhancing the expression of Aurora-A. γ-tubulin was upregulated in the presence of MEL. These findings show the implication of these proteins in chromosome delay events induced by MEL and CAB. On the other hand, the analogue EA-97 did not affect the expression of the above proteins.

En 2015, on estime le nombre de nouveaux cas de cancer à plus de 385000 et le nombre de décès à 149500. Ces chiffres, plus élevés chez l'homme que chez la femme, connaissent ces dernières années une nette recrudescence chez les patients de sexe féminin. Globalement, la principale difficulté pour lutter contre les cancers se situe dans la capacité à les détecter avant qu'ils ne métastasent et dans les nombreux phénomènes de résistance aux traitements chimiothérapeutiques.De par son implication dans la croissance des cellules cancéreuses, le réseau vasculaire tumorale représente une cible intéressante ainsi qu'une alternative prometteuse aux traitements actuels. Ainsi, la classe de composés qualifiés de VDAs (pour « Vascular Disrupting Agents ») visent les cellules endothéliales ainsi que les péricytes, provoquant ainsi des phénomènes d'ischémie et de nécrose cellulaire. Un exemple de ce type de composés n'est autre que la Combrétastatine A-4 (ou CA-4), qui est un composé naturel extrait d'un arbuste sud-africain, le Combretum caffrum. Cette molécule a été pour la première fois étudiée par G.R. Pettit en 1989 qui a alors démontré qu'elle pouvait inhiber très efficacement la polymérisation des dimères α et β de tubuline en microtubules, résultant alors en la non-formation du cytosquelette, et l'apoptose de la cellule. Le développement de nouveaux analogues de la CA-4 s'avère crucial car ce composé dispose non seulement d'une solubilité réduite mais peut aussi être instable lorsqu'il est administré. Le travail effectué lors de cette thèse a donc consisté dans un premier temps en la synthèse de nouveaux dérivés de la CA-4 en remplaçant le noyau B par différents hétérocycles et en effectuant plusieurs pharmacomodulations ; ces derniers étant alors évalués pour leurs propriétés inhibitrices de la polymérisation de la tubuline et antiprolifératives. Avec plus de 24 millions de personnes touchées dans le monde, les pathologies neurodégénératives représentent un problème majeur de santé publique. Il est également très important de considérer l'incidence future de ces pathologies, et on estime à plus de 42 millions le nombre de personnes qui seraient atteintes par ce fléau d'ici à 2020. La famille des protéines kinases DYRK a fait l'objet ces dernières années d'une attention toute particulière de par son implication dans de nombreux phénomènes physiologiques et notamment au niveau des phases primaires du développement du système nerveux central. Plus spécifiquement, les kinases DYRK1A et DYRK1B ont été étudiées de par leurs implications dans de nombreux cancers (notamment le glioblastome) et certaines pathologies neurocérébrales. Le dérèglement de l'expression de ces protéines pourrait être la cause de retards mentaux, du développement de la maladie d'Alzheimer, de la trisomie 21, ainsi que de phénomènes de résistance. Nous avons identifié au sein de notre laboratoire une molécule inhibant ces 2 kinases. Initialement développé dans le but d'inhiber la protéine kinase CK2 (caséine kinase 2), notre composé a montré une activité inhibitrice et une sélectivité sur DYRK1A et DYRK1B. De par son activité, cette molécule est aujourd'hui notre composé « hit » et nous visons, à travers les travaux de cette thèse, la synthèse de multiples analogues dans le but d'améliorer l'activité initiale mais aussi sa spécificité sur DYRK1A ou sur DYRKB. Dans cette optique, nous avons réalisé différentes pharmacomodulations de nos composés dits « indénobenzo[b]thiophènes » et étudier les effets de tels composés sur DYRK1A, DYRK1B, DYRK2 mais aussi sur CK2. Ceci nous a permis d'affiner nos connaissances vis-à-vis des kinases de type DYRK et de sélectionner les molécules les plus prometteuses afin de (i) réaliser une étude autour de leurs caractéristiques physico-chimiques (Log P, solubilités dans différents solvants), (ii) d'analyser leurs comportements au niveau de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) et (iii) de réaliser des nano-encapsulations / Up to now, cancer is the second deadliest pathology in the World and is still considered as one of the most challenging public health issue. Globally, it has been assessed to be the main pathologic cause of death by the World Health Organization. This bad prognosis is partly due to the ability of cancer cells to give metastases but also to resistances phenomenon impeding drastically the effect of chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic treatments. As a consequence, there is currently a critical lack of effective treatments which would completely eradicate tumor cells, with minimal side effects. In spite of some difficulties in this competitive research area, the discovery of cancer therapeutics remains stimulating and we aim to achieve the synthesis of novel anticancer agents.Given its pivotal role in tumor growth and survival, the tumor vasculature represents an attractive target for anticancer therapy. Apart from angiogenesis inhibitors that compromise the formation of new blood vessels, the class of vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) targets endothelial cells and pericytes of the already established tumor vasculature, resulting in tumor ischemia and necrosis. A striking example of VDA is the combretastatin A-4, also known as CA-4, which was originally isolated from the bark of the South African willow tree Combretum caffrum by the American scientist G.R. Pettit in 1989. These products demonstrated to be efficient against a wide array of cancers such as breast, colon, lung or ovarian cell lines. New CA-4 analogs containing different heterocycles instead of the hydroxymethoxy substituted pharmacomodulable B ring were prepared and evaluated for their in cellulo tubulin polymerization inhibition and antiproliferative activities. In the other hand, tumor cell survival is a complex process which remains poorly understood. As part of the survival machinery, chemoresistances and DNA repairs are central elements regulated by a prosurvival/proapoptotic signal balance. Protein kinases are known to be directly involved in this signal transmission through molecular interactions. As such, DYRK kinases and most specifically DYRK1A/1B, were part of numerous recent studies due to their involvement in cancer and other pathologies. DYRK1B (also called Mirk kinase) is an ubiquitous kinase which was proved to be over-expressed in many cancers such as pancreatic, ovarian or colon. Its involvement as a regulator of DNA repair and tumor cell survival was assessed, phosphorylating specifically serine, threonine and tyrosine residues. Also, another closely related isoform known as DYRK1A, was mapped in the Down syndrome critical region located itself on chromosome 21. Interestingly, this kinase was not only uncovered to play a fundamental role in glioblastomas survival but was also associated with abnormal brain development in early stages and mental retardations. Particularly, DYRK1A was found to hyperphosphorylate microtubule-associated tau protein, resulting into genesis of neurofibrillary tangles. As a consequence, DYRK1A has become one of the most targeted proteins in order to improve cognitive impairment of patients suffering from Down syndrome or Alzheimer’s disease. Initially designed to target protein kinase CK2, one of our molecules was also tested on DYRK kinases. This compound exhibited a strong activity against DYRK1A/DYRK1B whilst being inactive on other protein kinases. Consequently, it was considered as our hit compound and (i) we synthetized derivatives as dual or single inhibitors of DYRK1A/DYRK1B, (ii) evaluated their biological activities (with emphasis on the blood brain barrier), and (iii) finally synthesized nanoparticles loaded with our inhibitors

Les modifications post-traductionnelles de la tubuline sont des cibles attrayantes pour la thérapie du cancer. TTLL12 est impliqué dans la détyrosination de la tubuline, la triméthylation de l’histone H4K20 et le cancer de la prostate. La thèse porte sur les effets de la surexpression de TTLL12 sur ces modifications à différents stades du cycle cellulaire et sur la sensibilité à des agents ciblant les microtubules. Les résultats montrent que TTLL12 affecte ces modifications indépendant du cycle cellulaire et réduit la sensibilité des cellules à paclitaxel. XRP44X est un nouvel inhibiteur de la signalisation Ras-ERK-Elk3. Ses propriétés antitumorigène ont été montré in vitro et dans certaines études in vivo. Le projet de thèse était une continuation des études pré-cliniques sur XRP44X dans des modèles de cancer de la prostate de souris. Les résultats montrent que XRP44X est un inhibiteur efficace de la tumorigenèse et des métastases, ce qui peut être dû à son effet sur Elk3. / Tubulin posttranslational modifications are an attractive target for cancer therapy. TTLL12 isinvolved in tubulin detyrosination, histone H4K20 trimethylation and prostate cancer. The thesis addresses the effects of TTLL12 overexpression on these tubulin and histone modifications at different stages of the cell cycle and on sensitivity to microtubule-targeting agents. The results show that TTLL12 over expression affects tubulin detyrosination and H4K20 trimethylation independently of cell cycle phase and reduces cell sensitivity totaxanes.XRP44X is a novel inhibitor of Ras-ERK1/2-Elk3 signalling and tubulin-binding agent. Itsantitumorigenic properties had been shown in vitro and in initial in vivo studies. The thesis project was a continuation of pre-clinical studies on XRP44X in mouse prostate cancer models. The results show that XRP44X is an effective inhibitor of tumorigenesis and metastasis in prostate cancer, which may be due to its effect on Elk3.