O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência da variação do teor de umidade no valor do índice de suporte CBR de uma brita estabilizada granulometricamente e de seis solos coletados em rodovias do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os seis solos estudados foram divididos em três pares, com curvas granulométricas próximas, mesma classificação HRB e USCS, sendo cada par formado por um solo de comportamento laterítico e um solo de comportamento não-laterítico. Os corpos-de-prova foram moldados na umidade ótima e massa específica seca máxima obtidos com os resultados do ensaio de Proctor normal. Os materiais foram analisados sob quatro condições de umidade: sem imersão, após alcançar metade da umidade de estabilização, após quatro e oito dias de imersão. Observou-se a distribuição da umidade interna dos corpos-de-prova para cada uma das situações. Foi analisada a influência do envelhecimento dos materiais solto e compactado por quatro dias e sem imersão, nos resultados dos ensaios de CBR. Com os resultados pôde-se correlacionar a influência da granulometria e da gênese dos materiais nos resultados dos ensaios de índice de suporte CBR nas diversas condições de umidade avaliadas. / The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the variation influence of the moisture content on the value of the CBR support index of a granulometrically stabilized crushed stone and six soils. The soils studied were divided into three pairs with similar particle size distribution curves and same HRB and USCS classification. Each pair is formed by a soil of lateritic and non-lateritic behaviors. The specimens were moulded in the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density obtained from the results of the standard Proctor tests. The materials were analysed under four moisture conditions: without immersion, after reaching half of the stabilization moisture, and after four and eight days of immersion. The internal moisture distribution of the specimens was observed for each situation. The internal distribution moisture was observed for each situation. The influence of the aging of the loose and compacted materials was analysed for four days without immersion in the test results of CBR. According to the results it was possible to correlate the influence of both granulometry and genesis of the materials on test results of CBR support index in the diverse moisture conditions evaluated.

O módulo de resiliência é um parâmetro de crucial importância nas análises mecanísticas que envolvem a estimativa das tensões e deformações na estrutura do pavimento e no seu subleito, quando da ação do tráfego. Embora ensaios de campo possam ser empregados para se determinar o MR, a grande maioria das pesquisas nesse sentido são desenvolvidas em laboratório, onde é possível um maior controle das condições da amostra, dos sistemas de aplicação de carregamento e de medida dos deslocamentos. Entretanto, os ensaios em laboratório que visam à determinação do MR ainda são considerados especiais e exigem equipamentos relativamente complexos, ensejando portanto, pesquisas com a finalidade de se obter expressões que estimem o MR a partir de parâmetros advindos de ensaios mais simples e rotineiros. Neste trabalho foram realizados ensaios triaxiais dinâmicos para a determinação do módulo de resiliência de três solos empregados em rodovias do nordeste brasileiro. Através dos resultados de laboratório, verificou-se o desempenho dos modelos mais comumente empregados para se representar a variação do módulo de resiliência em função do estado de tensão. Observou-se para os três solos desta pesquisa, que o MR foi mais influenciado, quanto ao estado de tensão, pela tensão de confinamento e pela tensão principal maior. Analisou-se, por fim, a existência de uma expressão matemática entre o módulo de resiliência obtido a partir dos ensaios triaxiais dinâmicos e o módulo tangente inicial proveniente de ensaios de compressão simples, sob diversos níveis de tensão. Os resultados mostram que este tipo de associação é promissora, mas exige-se que o universo de solos estudados seja ampliado para que se estabeleça uma inferência decisiva. / Resilient modulus is a crucial parameter in mechanistic analysis involving the estimation of stress and strains under the pavement structure subjected to traffic loading. While field tests can be used to determine the dynamic behavior of soils, most researches favor laboratory tests. Such preference is based on the fact that laboratory tests are less constrained because of their carefully controlled conditions. Unfortunately these tests are still unusual due to relative complex equipment, therefore researches involving the correlation of resilient modulus from repeated load triaxial tests with other test results is needed. In this work, repeated load triaxial tests were performed on three soils used in northeastern Brazilian roadways to estimate the resilient modulus. The performance of the models most commonly adopted to represent resilient modulus as a function of state of stress were verified. lt was observed for the three soils in this research, that confining stress and principal major stress influenced resilient moduli values. Predictive equations correlating the resilient modulus from repeated load triaxial tests and parameters from compressive strength tests, considering different states of stress were investigated. lt was shown that this type of empirical correlation presented satisfactory results, although incisive conclusions can\'t be drawn without a wider number and variety of soils.

O módulo de resiliência é um parâmetro de crucial importância nas análises mecanísticas que envolvem a estimativa das tensões e deformações na estrutura do pavimento e no seu subleito, quando da ação do tráfego. Embora ensaios de campo possam ser empregados para se determinar o MR, a grande maioria das pesquisas nesse sentido são desenvolvidas em laboratório, onde é possível um maior controle das condições da amostra, dos sistemas de aplicação de carregamento e de medida dos deslocamentos. Entretanto, os ensaios em laboratório que visam à determinação do MR ainda são considerados especiais e exigem equipamentos relativamente complexos, ensejando portanto, pesquisas com a finalidade de se obter expressões que estimem o MR a partir de parâmetros advindos de ensaios mais simples e rotineiros. Neste trabalho foram realizados ensaios triaxiais dinâmicos para a determinação do módulo de resiliência de três solos empregados em rodovias do nordeste brasileiro. Através dos resultados de laboratório, verificou-se o desempenho dos modelos mais comumente empregados para se representar a variação do módulo de resiliência em função do estado de tensão. Observou-se para os três solos desta pesquisa, que o MR foi mais influenciado, quanto ao estado de tensão, pela tensão de confinamento e pela tensão principal maior. Analisou-se, por fim, a existência de uma expressão matemática entre o módulo de resiliência obtido a partir dos ensaios triaxiais dinâmicos e o módulo tangente inicial proveniente de ensaios de compressão simples, sob diversos níveis de tensão. Os resultados mostram que este tipo de associação é promissora, mas exige-se que o universo de solos estudados seja ampliado para que se estabeleça uma inferência decisiva. / Resilient modulus is a crucial parameter in mechanistic analysis involving the estimation of stress and strains under the pavement structure subjected to traffic loading. While field tests can be used to determine the dynamic behavior of soils, most researches favor laboratory tests. Such preference is based on the fact that laboratory tests are less constrained because of their carefully controlled conditions. Unfortunately these tests are still unusual due to relative complex equipment, therefore researches involving the correlation of resilient modulus from repeated load triaxial tests with other test results is needed. In this work, repeated load triaxial tests were performed on three soils used in northeastern Brazilian roadways to estimate the resilient modulus. The performance of the models most commonly adopted to represent resilient modulus as a function of state of stress were verified. lt was observed for the three soils in this research, that confining stress and principal major stress influenced resilient moduli values. Predictive equations correlating the resilient modulus from repeated load triaxial tests and parameters from compressive strength tests, considering different states of stress were investigated. lt was shown that this type of empirical correlation presented satisfactory results, although incisive conclusions can\'t be drawn without a wider number and variety of soils.

With the growing need to maintain roadway systems for provision of safety and comfort for travelers, network level decision-making becomes more vital than ever. In order to keep pace with this fast evolving trend, highway authorities must maintain extremely effective databases to keep track of their highway maintenance needs. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), as a leader in transportation innovations in the U.S., maintains Pavement Condition Survey (PCS) database of cracking, rutting, and ride information that are updated annually. Crack rating is an important parameter used by FDOT for making maintenance decisions and budget appropriation. By establishing a crack rating threshold below which traveler comfort is not assured, authorities can screen the pavement sections which are in need of Maintenance and Rehabilitation (M&R). Hence, accurate and reliable prediction of crack thresholds is essential to optimize the rehabilitation budget and manpower. Transition Probability Matrices (TPM) can be utilized to accurately predict the deterioration of crack ratings leading to the threshold. Such TPMs are usually developed by historical data or expert or experienced maintenance engineers' opinion. When historical data are used to develop TPMs, deterioration trends have been used vii indiscriminately, i.e. with no discrimination made between pavements that degrade at different rates. However, a more discriminatory method is used in this thesis to develop TPMs based on classifying pavements first into two groups. They are pavements with relatively high traffic and, pavements with a history of excessive degradation due to delayed rehabilitation. The new approach uses a multiple non-linear regression process to separately optimize TPMs for the two groups selected by prior screening of the database. The developed TPMs are shown to have minimal prediction errors with respect to crack ratings in the database that were not used in the TPM formation. It is concluded that the above two groups are statistically different from each other with respect to the rate of cracking. The observed significant differences in the deterioration trends would provide a valuable tool for the authorities in making critical network-level decisions. The same methodology can be applied in other transportation agencies based on the corresponding databases.

A Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) wall is a vertical grade separation that uses earth reinforcement extending laterally from the wall to take advantage of earth pressure to reduce the required design strength of the wall. MSE wall systems are often prefabricated to reduce construction time, thus improving constructability when compared with conventionally cast-in-place reinforced wall systems. However, there is a lack of knowledge for predicting the service-life of MSE retaining wall systems when recycled backfill materials such as Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Crushed Concrete (CC) are used instead of Conventional Fill Material (CFM). The specific knowledge missing is how these recycled materials, when used as backfill in MSE wall systems, affects the corrosion rate of the reinforcing strips. This work addresses this knowledge gap by providing recommendations for MSE wall systems backfilled with CC or RAP, and provides a guide to predict the service-life based on corrosion rate test data obtained from embedding steel and galvanized-steel earth reinforcing strips embedded in MSE wall systems backfilled with CC, RAP, and CFM. Experimental data from samples emulating MSE wall systems with steel and galvanized-steel reinforcing strips embedded in CC and RAP were compared to samples with strips embedded in CFM. The results of the testing provide data and methodologies that may, depending on the environmental exposure conditions, justify the use of RAP and CC for the construction of MSE walls. If these backfill materials are obtained from the construction site, this could provide a significant cost savings during construction.

A new simple design approach will be described that utilizes test results from the Repeated Load Triaxial Apparatus to establish the risk level of permanent deformations in the unbound granular layers (UGL) in pavement constructions under consideration of the seasonal effects. From this data a serviceability limit line (plastic shakedown limit) stress boundary for the unbound granular materials (UGM) was defined for different moisture contents. Below this line the material will have stable behavior. The serviceability limit line was applied in a finite-element (FE)-program FENLAP to predict whether or not stable behavior occurs in the UGM. To calculate the stress in the UGL, a nonlinear elastic model (Dresden Model), which is described in the paper, was implemented into the FE-program. The effects of changing moisture content during Spring-thaw period and asphalt temperature on pavement structural response were investigated. Additionally, permanent deformation calculations for the UGL were performed taking the stress history into consideration. The results clearly demonstrate that, for pavement constructions with thick asphalt layers, there is no risk of rutting in the granular base, even at high number of load repetitions. The study showed that the proposed design approach is a very satisfactory simple method to assess the risk against rutting in the UGL, even without the calculation of the exact permanent deformation of the pavement construction.

Accurate characterization and evaluation of tire/pavement friction is critical in assuring runway and highway safety. Historically, Pavement Friction Measurement Devices (PFMDs) employing different measuring mechanisms have been used to evaluate tire/pavement friction. They yield significantly disparate friction coefficients under the same contact conditions. Currently, an empirically developed data harmonization method based on a reference device (Dynamic Friction Tester (DFT)) is used in an attempt to overcome the disparities between the measurements using various different PFMDs. However, this method, which has been standardized by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM E1960), has been criticized for its inconsistency by researchers and runway/highway operations personnel. The objective of this dissertation research was to develop a systematic and physically intuitive harmonization method for PFMDs that will improve the comparability of their data. As a foundation for such a harmonization, the LuGre tire model that employs physically meaningful parameters to represent the main attributes of tire/pavement friction was evaluated and validated. Measurements of tire/pavement friction by three widely used PFMDs; Locked Wheel Skid Trailer (LWST), Runway Friction Tester (RFT) and DFT, were accurately predicted using nonlinear optimization of LuGre model parameters. The LuGre model was found to be superior compared to the model used in the current ASTM E1960 standardization procedure for predicting PFMD measurements. A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the relative significance of the LuGre model parameters in characterizing tire/pavement friction, and to study the effects of variation of those parameters on predicted frictional behavior. A set of laboratory tire experiments was designed and performed to validate the physical significance of LuGre tire model parameters and to study how they behave under typical load, inflation pressure, excitation frequency, and amplitude conditions. An empirical method was developed to accommodate the effects of water film thickness on tire/pavement friction in the LuGre model. The results of the sensitivity analysis and the experiments to directly estimate the model parameters were used to identify and quantify appropriate modifications to the measurement mechanisms of PFMDs that can be introduced to improve the comparability of their results. Friction experiments performed after introducing such modifications to the LWST showed an average reduction of 20% in the deviations between the results of LWST and RFT measurements. The research carried out in this dissertation is significant because it: (i) identified the deficiencies in the current method for harmonizing PFMD measurements and the underlying reasons for these deficiencies, (ii) emphasized the importance of a standardization approach that regulates the physical condition of PFMDs, in order to achieve universal comparability of tire/pavement friction measurements, (iii) validated that the LuGre tire model is a tire/pavement friction model capable of facilitating a better standardization approach, and, (iv) initialized the development of a physically meaningful harmonization procedure for PFMDs.

Laboratory characterization of subgrade soils and unbound granular materials is an essential component of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (Pavement ME). The design thickness and performance of a pavement structure are highly dependent on the deformation behaviour of subgrade and granular material. Specifications for granular materials vary among transportation agencies based on the availability of materials, climatic conditions, and function. Specifications aim to provide durable materials that meet design requirements and achieve the target design life with cost effective materials. The objectives of the research are to: • evaluate resilient modulus of typical fine-grained soils under traffic loading. • evaluate resilient modulus, permanent deformation, and permeability of typical unbound granular materials. • evaluate the effect of moisture and fines fraction on the performance of unbound granular materials and subgrade soil. • develop prediction models for resilient modulus to improve reliability of Level 2 inputs in the Pavement ME. • provide test data in support of updating Manitoba Infrastructure and Transportation specifications for unbound granular materials to improve the performance of pavement structures. Resilient modulus tests were conducted on three types of subgrade soil (high plastic clay, sandy clay, and silty sand/sandy silt) at four levels of moisture content. Resilient modulus, permanent deformation and permeability tests were conducted on six gradations representing two types of granular material (100% crushed limestone and gravel) at two levels of moisture content. Prediction models were developed for resilient modulus and compared to the models developed under the Long Term Pavement Performance program. The proposed models provided more reliable predictions with lower root mean square error. The deformation behaviour of the granular materials was classified according to the shakedown and dissipated energy approaches. Among the tested fines contents, limestone and gravel materials with optimum fines contents of 4.5% and 9%, respectively, had better resistance to plastic deformation and higher resilient modulus. The dissipated energy approach can be used to determine the stress ratio for the boundary between post compaction and stable zones from multistage triaxial testing. Result of permeability tests showed that the hydraulic conductivity of unbound granular material increased as the fines content decreased. / February 2016

The vehicles of public transport serve big and small places and town for the work quality of public transport that belong to people job and their rest. On purpose to secure safety and good organized traffic, satisfying the requirements of passengers, so the stops of public transport are constructing in respective places.The pavement constructions of public transport (bus and trolleybus) stops are sway under the special loads. So theirs planning and construction demands on keeping particular requirements and regulations.This research work gives the analysis of the effect of geometric parameters of public transport stops on their pavement stability, the analysis of agent loads to pavement constructions of stops in Vilnius city, the strength measurements are accomplished of pavement constructions.In the end of thesis are represented the conclusions and recommendations.

The main aim of this thesis paper is to determine the influence of physical and mechanical indices of asphalt concrete pavement on the operational properties of Lithuanian highway pavement as well as on the functional lifetime of road pavement. The analysis of pavement condition of Lithuanian highways is presented. The classification regarding the damage and deformation of material used for the construction of asphalt concrete pavement and of road pavement structure is provided. The causes of the afore-mentioned damages and deformations are also explained and rectification methods which can be applied to eliminate these causes are described. The operational conditions of the road pavement and its structure as well as the applicable methods are theoretically justified. In addition, the physical and mechanical indices of asphalt concrete pavement of the highway Vilnius – Kaunas - Klaipėda (A1) and of pavement roughness in accordance with IRI research data are given. The analysis of the data allowed the correlation between the two items to be determined. The research material was processed by means of the statistical software package “Statgraphics 5.1 Plius”. Standardized physical and mechanical indices of asphalt concrete pavement which affect the functional lifetime of pavement structure are presented. The conclusions and recommendations are provided.