This thesis deals with the problematic question of aid as a helping hand to states that are in the process of developing democracy. It focuses on the Sub Saharan African region as a critical case, and furthermore upon the aid contributions made by the European Union during the time period of 1996-2006. The main ambition is to explore the real effect of aid on the democratic process, but also to explore other variables that might have effect. The method used is regression analysing of a database called The Quality of Government database Cross – Section Time-Series May 2008. The database has later been modified to suit my specific needs and aid has been recoded. This thesis is meant to be a theory testing study, and the theories tested will be related to the independent variables such as aid as a democratic helping hand as well as theories of corruption, political participation and military rule in the search for democracy.

O diagnóstico da doença de Wilson (DW) é realizado por exames clínicos, laboratoriais, anatomopatológicos e de imagem. Mais de 500 mutações no gene ATP7B foram descritas como causadoras da DW. Para avaliar a importância da detecção de mutações no diagnóstico da DW em nosso meio, analisamos 35 pacientes com DW, 20 familiares de wilsonianos a partir de rastreamento familiar, 18 com hepatite crônica criptogênica e sete com insuficiência hepática aguda grave. Para o diagnóstico da DW foi utilizado o sistema de escore sugerido pela Sociedade Europeia para o Estudo do Fígado de 2012. Os dados demográficos, clínicos, laboratoriais e histológicos foram obtidos retrospectivamente. Obteve-se o DNA genômico de cada paciente a partir de sangue periférico e realizou-se o sequenciamento direto dos 21 éxons e suas bordas intrônicas do gene ATP7B. Todos os pacientes com DW apresentavam no mínimo quatro pontos. No grupo de rastreamento familiar o sequenciamento foi importante para o diagnóstico de DW em 14 familiares; no grupo de hepatite crônica criptogênica em oito pacientes e no grupo de insuficiência hepática aguda grave em três pacientes. Foi caracterizada uma família com cinco genótipos diferentes (dois homozigotos p.A1135Qfs/p.A1135Qfs e p.M645R/p.M645R), um heterozigoto composto (p.A1135Qfs/p.M645R) e dois heterozigotos simples (p.A1135Qfs/0 e p.M645R/0) com fenótipos variados. Foram detectadas duas mutações em heterozigose simples em pacientes com insuficiência hepática aguda grave. A mutação p.A1135Qfs e p.L708P foram as mais frequentes em todos os grupos. Foi identificada pela primeira vez a mutação p.M645R em homozigose. Concluímos que os resultados confirmaram que o sequenciamento do gene ATP7B foi útil: 1) para confirmar que as mutações p.A1135Qfs e p.L708P são as mais importantes na população brasileira; 2) para demonstrar que a mutação tida como a mais frequente na Europa, a p.H1069Q, tem bem menor importância em nosso meio, embora mais frequentemente do que o observado anteriormente; 3) para confirmar (ou excluir) precocemente o diagnóstico e evitar a realização de exames desnecessários e invasivos e iniciar (ou não realizar) o tratamento, com base mais sólida, em pacientes com hepatopatia crônica idiopática e em familiares de portadores de DW; 4) para definir o diagnóstico de DW em casos de insuficiência hepática aguda grave, diagnóstico ainda que tardio, mas de suma importância para realização de estudo familiar subsequente, 5) para identificação não esperada de heterozigotos simples e polimorfismos de significado ainda não esclarecido em pacientes com insuficiência hepática aguda grave; 6) para identificação de casos inusitados de três genótipos diferentes causadores da doença na mesma família (homozigose de duas mutações diferentes e heterozigose composta); 7) para melhor definir que a mutação p.M645R em homozigose tem potencial para desenvolver a DW, embora resultados de estudos em in vitro sugiram função normal da proteína defeituosa sintetizada; 8) para definir que há casos de doentes com a mutação p.M645R em heterozigose composta de evolução extremamente benigna, com diagnóstico após a quinta década de vida, com discretas alterações hepáticas. Porém há casos com evolução mais grave tanto do ponto de vista hepático quanto neurológico, possivelmente influenciados pelas mutações que a acompanham / Wilson\'s disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder secondary to mutations in the ATP7B gene resulting in toxic accumulation of copper in various tissues. The diagnosis of WD is made by the analysis of clinical, laboratory, histological findings and imaging tests. More than 500 mutations have been described in the ATP7B gene as the cause of WD. In order to expand the knowledge of the importance of mutation detection in the diagnosis of WD, we analyzed 36 patients with WD, 20 individuals from family screening, 18 with cryptogenic chronic hepatitis and seven with severe acute liver failure. For the diagnosis of WD the International Scoring System suggested by the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) in 2012 was used. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and histological data were obtained retrospectively. Direct sequencing of 21 exons and intron boundaries of ATP7B gene was performed in genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes of all subjects. All patients with WD have at least four points of the scoring system without considering the DPA challenge test. In the family screening group, sequencing was important for the diagnosis of DW in fourteen patients; eight patients in the group of cryptogenic chronic hepatitis, and three patients in the group of severe acute liver failure. Five different genotypes were identified in one family (two homozygous, p.A1135Qfs/p.A1135Qfs and p.M645R/p.M645R, one compound heterozygous p.A1135Qfs/p.M645R, and two simple heterozygous p.A1135Qfs/0 and p.M645R/0). Two patients with acute liver failure were detected as simple heterozygous. The p.A1135Qfs and p.L708P were the most frequent mutations in all groups. It is the first time p.M645R mutation was detected in homozygosity. The ATP7B gene sequencing was useful: 1) to confirm that p.A1135Qfs and p.L708P mutations are the most frequent in the Brazilian population; 2) to confirm that the most common mutation in Europe, p.H1069Q has lower frequency in our area; 3) to confirm (or exclude) an early diagnosis and to avoid unnecessary and invasive tests and to initiate (or not) the specific treatment with a stronger basis in patients with chronic liver disease and individuals from family screening of patients with Wilson disease; 4) to confirm the diagnosis, although late, of cases with severe acute liver failure, but very important to perform family screening; 5) to identify simple heterozygotes in patients with severe acute liver failure; 6) to describe unusual cases of three different genotypes of WD patients in a same family (two different homozygous mutations and one compound heterozygous); 7) to better define that p.M645R mutation in homozigosity develops WD, although the results from in vitro studies suggested a normal function for the defective synthesized protein; 8) to define that there are patients with p.M645R mutations in compound heretozigosity with a very benign clinical picture, with late diagnosis, after the fifth decade of life, with mild liver alterations. However, there are patients with a more severe clinical evaluation, hepatic or neurologic, probably secondary to the influence of the other mutation

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Newton_ Teixeira _do_ Nascimento Junior.pdf: 3217306 bytes, checksum: c4c1a1e0f923de4227056ce0050d06f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This paper presents a computational method to monitor the operating state of steady electric power transformers in a real time and perspectives of operation over time trends and their operation. The methodology consists of two main steps. The first step is building composed of a block of fuzzy inference s block that can monitor real-time values of transformer s electrical parameters of the transformer (current, voltage between phases, power, oil temperature, winding temperature), to analyze and map these inputs into a single output that reflects what has been defined as operational status of the transformer. We defined five regions of transformer s operation by which a processor can work: emergency, urgent, warning, stable and great. The second step analyze the trend of increase / decrease of operating state obtained from the fuzzy block in a given period, as one day, a month, one year and / or several years. This trend can be characterized in various ways, such as increasing, decreasing very constant. Statistical methods are employed for this analysis. The methodology was evaluated on a database of a large company of generation and transmission of electric energy from the Brazilian electricity sector. The results were satisfactory in that the development of operation of such equipment was qualitatively mapped and their tendencies well characterized. Conceptually, the analytical model presented can be extended to multiple processing units, electric and other functions for up to a full network of interest, allowing subsidize the operation of this and can indicate the need for any future system reinforcements. / Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia computacional para monitorar o estado operacional em regime permanente de transformadores de potência elétrica ao longo do tempo e suas respectivas tendências de operação. A metodologia é composta de duas etapas principais. Na primeira etapa é construído um bloco de inferência fuzzy capaz de monitorar em tempo real os valores de variáveis elétricas do transformador (corrente, tensão entre fases, potência, temperatura do óleo e temperatura dos enrolamentos), analisar e mapear estas entradas em uma única saída que reflete o que foi definido como estado operacional do transformador. Foram definidas cinco regiões de operação pelas quais um transformador pode trabalhar: emergência, urgência, advertência, estável e ótimo. A segunda etapa trata de analisar a tendência crescimento/decrescimento desse estado operativo obtido do bloco fuzzy em um determinado período, tal como um dia, um mês, um ano e/ou vários anos. Essa tendência pode ser caracterizada de várias formas, tais como crescente, muito decrescente, constante. Métodos estatísticos são empregados para realizar essa análise. A metodologia foi avaliada com uma base de dados de uma grande empresa geradora e transmissora de energia do setor elétrico brasileiro. Os resultados alcançados foram satisfatórios, na medida em que a evolução de operação desses equipamentos foi qualitativamente mapeada e suas tendências bem caracterizadas. Conceitualmente, o modelo de análise apresentado pode ser estendido para várias unidades transformadoras, para outras funções elétricas e até para uma rede de interesse completa, permitindo subsidiar a operação desta e dar indicativos de necessidade de reforços futuros no sistema.

À quelles conditions est-il possible de se construire une professionnalité sur le lieu de travail ? Telle est la question principale de notre sujet de thèse. Celui-ci est né d’une situation problématique qui se résumerait en la précarité que connaît l’enseignement/apprentissage du français (première langue étrangère) dans le système éducatif marocain. Les politiques éducatives, hormis les efforts déployés en réformes et changements, semblent ne pas pouvoir remédier à ces conditions. La formation à l’enseignement (initiale et continue) reste quelque peu aléatoire. Certains enseignants n’en ont pas du tout reçu. La professionnalité de certains d’entre eux interroge. Aider les uns et les autres à développer une posture réflexive favoriserait leur professionnalisation. Observation de leçons didactiques en classe réelle ; analyse des pratiques pédagogiques in concreto ; accompagnement ; écriture réflexive…sont, entre autres outils, démarches ou encore protocoles à expérimenter, à l’aune de la professionnalisation enseignante… en vue d’engager le novice dans le développement des compétences professionnelles et de réajuster l’agir-professionnel chez le plus expérimenté : telle est la visée de notre étude. / Under which conditions is it possible to create work-place professionalism? This is the main question addressed by the theme of this thesis. The theme came up as a result of the precariousness/downgrading of teaching/instructing French as a foreign language under the current Moroccan educational system. Other than efforts pertaining to reform and change, it does not seem that the current educational policies are capable of addressing this situation. Instruction as well as continuing education in basic training remains somewhat uncertain, keeping in mind that some instructors have not been given any such training. Professionalism among some of these instructors is lacking. However, helping them to develop a reflexive position would improve their level of professionalism. The purpose of this study is to ensure that didactic educational lessons are undertaken in a real classroom environment, that analysis of pedagogical practices is done concretely, that guidance/coaching is provided, and that reflexive writing is encouraged. These are steps or protocols among other instruments to experiment with towards further professionalization of instruction, in order to lead the new learner to develop his professional skills and to further improve the professional performance of those who are more experienced.

First part: The theory of appraisal system,key performance criteria,develop appraisal measures. Second part: Analyze of performance appraisal in ČEZ, a.s.company, employees' interview and conduct next performance appraisal, conclusion and recommendations.

La maladie coronaire stable est une maladie chronique pour laquelle de nombreuses stratégies thérapeutiques sont disponibles, dont le traitement par médicaments seuls et les traitements invasifs par angioplastie avec stent ou par pontage aortocoronaire. Face aux résultats de plusieurs méta-analyses mettant en évidence un taux de mortalité comparable entre ces traitements, nous avons décidé d’effectuer un travail de recherche comparant leurs coûts. Dans la première partie de mon travail, nous avons comparé, après une période de un an et une autre de 3 ans de suivi des patients, les données cliniques et économiques publiées pour 5 traitements de l’angor stable : les médicaments seuls, le pontage aortocoronaire, l’angioplastie sans stent, l’angioplastie avec stent nu et l’angioplastie avec stent actif. La mortalité et le taux d’IDM étaient nos critères de jugement clinique. Les coûts directs, liés au traitement effectué et liés à la prise en charge des éventuelles complications, ont été uniformisés via la parité de pouvoir d’achat et exprimés en US $ 2008. Il s’agissait de notre critère de jugement économique. Un total de 19 études cliniques a été retenu dans notre méta-analyse en réseau. Nos résultats mettent en évidence une absence de différence significative sur le critère clinique. En revanche, nous avons observé une différence concernant le coût moyen de chaque traitement après un an et 3 ans de suivi. Le traitement le moins onéreux était le traitement par médicaments seuls, après un an et 3 ans de suivi, avec respectivement un coût moyen par patient de 3 069 US $ et 13 854 US $. Le coût moyen le plus élevé a toujours été obtenu avec le traitement par pontage aortocoronaire : 27 003 US $ après un an et 28 670 US $ après 3 ans de suivi. Cependant, nos conclusions sont limitées d’une part, par la variabilité des méthodes économiques utilisées dans les études sélectionnées dans notre méta-analyse et, d’autre part, par l’évolution des traitements dans le temps. Dans la seconde partie de mon travail de recherche, nous avons calculé le coût de prise en charge d’un patient angoreux stable traité par l’une des 4 stratégies thérapeutiques suivantes : médicaments seuls, pontage aortocoronaire, angioplastie avec stent nu et angioplastie avec stent actif. Pour se faire, nous avons défini d’une part 6 situations cliniques correspondant aux possibles états cliniques du patient un an après l’instauration du traitement étudié et, d’autre part, déterminé les quantités de soins consommés pour chacune de ces situations cliniques. La perspective retenue était celle de l’Assurance Maladie. Les coûts calculés étaient liés aux hospitalisations, aux soins ambulatoires et aux moyens de transport utilisés pour accéder à l’hôpital. La stratégie médicamenteuse était la moins onéreuse avec un coût moyen annuel de 1 518 € ; ce coût prenant en compte les probabilités de survenue des 6 états cliniques. Le traitement par pontage aortocoronaire était le plus onéreux des 4 traitements étudiés, avec un coût moyen annuel de 15 237 €. La perspective de mes travaux est de modéliser la prise en charge d’un patient angoreux stable en envisageant un second traitement si le premier traitement effectué conduit à une situation d’échec thérapeutique. Les arbres que nous avons construits nous permettront ensuite d’effectuer une analyse coût-efficacité de deux stratégies thérapeutiques avec une durée totale de suivi des patients de 2 ans. Enfin, si nos travaux mettent en avant l’intérêt économique du traitement par médicaments, nous soulignons que ces résultats sont obtenus après avoir suivi les patients sur une courte durée (études à un an et à 3 ans), alors que l’angor stable est une maladie chronique où les stratégies thérapeutiques peuvent se succéder en cas d’échec à l’un des traitements... / Stable coronary artery disease is a chronic disease for which many treatment strategies are available, treatment with drugs alone and invasive treatment by stenting or coronary artery bypass graft. With the results of several meta-analyzes showing a mortality rate comparable between treatments, we decided to conduct a research comparing costs. In the first part of my work, we compared, after a period of one year and of 3 years of patient follow-up, clinical and economic data for five treatment of stable angina: medication alone, coronary artery bypass graft, angioplasty without stent, angioplasty with bare metal stent and angioplasty with drug-eluting stent. Mortality and MI rates were our clinical end point. Direct costs related to the treatment performed and related to the management of complications, have been standardized using the purchasing power parity and expressed in U.S. $ 2008. It was our criterion for economic analysis. A total of 19 clinical studies have been selected in our network meta-analysis. Our results show there is no significant difference in clinical end point. In contrast, we observed a difference in the average cost of each treatment after one year and three year follow-up. The least expensive treatment was the only treatment with drugs, after a year and 3 years of follow-up, each with an average cost per patient of U.S. $ 3,069 and U.S. $ 13,854. The highest average cost has been obtained with the treatment coronary artery bypass graft: U.S. $ 27,003 after one year and U.S. $ 28,670 after 3 years of follow-up. However, our conclusions are limited due to the high variability of the economic methods used in the selected studies and because of the evolution of revascularization techniques. In the second part of my research work, we calculated the cost of management of stable angina pectoris patients treated with one of the following four treatment strategies: medication alone, coronary artery bypass graft, angioplasty with bare metal stent and angioplasty with stent active. We defined a part 6 clinical situations corresponding to the possible clinical conditions of the patient one year after the treatment. We have defined the quantities of care consumed for each of these clinical situations. The perspective selected was the statutory health insurance in 2011. The calculated costs were related to hospitalization, ambulatory care and medical transport used to reach the hospital. The drug strategy was the least expensive with an average annual cost of € 1,518, the cost taking into account the probability of occurrence of 6 clinical conditions. Treatment with coronary artery bypass graft was the most expensive of the four treatments studied, with an average annual cost of € 15,237. The prospect of my work is to model the management of stable angina pectoris patient considering a second treatment if the first treatment led to a situation of treatment failure. The trees we built then allow us to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of two strategies with a total duration of patient follow-up of 2 years. Finally, if our work highlights the economic benefits of drug treatment, we emphasize that these results are obtained after following patients over a short period (1 year and 3 years), while stable angina is a chronic disease where therapeutic strategies may succeed in case of failure to one of the treatments. In addition, we keep in mind that the choice of treatment, whether conservative or by drugs, by invasive myocardial revascularization should be done individually, i.e. taking into account the individual characteristics of each patient.

This project deals with computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of Hermitian positive-semidefinite complex square matrix of order 4. The target is an implementation of computation in language VHDL to field-programmable gate array of type Xilinx Zynq-7000. This master project deals with algorithms used for computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of positive-semidefinite symmetric real square and positive-semidefinite complex Hermitian matrix and the analysis of algorithms by AnalyzeAlgorithm program assembled for this purpose. The closing part of this project describes implementation of the computation into field-programmable gate array with use of IP core Xilinx® Floating-Point \linebreak Operator and SVAOptimalizer, SVAInterpreter and SVAToDSPCompiler programs.

For the last ten years, DVD-R media have played an important role in the storage of large amounts of digital data throughout the world. During this time it was assumed that the DVD-R was as long-lasting and stable as its predecessor, the CD-R. Several reports have surfaced over the last few years questioning the DVD-R's ability to maintain many of its claims regarding archival quality life spans. These reports have shown a wide range of longevity between the different brands. While some DVD-Rs may last a while, others may result in an early and unexpected failure. Compounding this problem is the lack of information available for consumers to know the quality of the media they own. While the industry works on devising a standard for labeling the quality of future media, it is currently up to the consumer to pay close attention to their own DVD-R archives and work diligently to prevent data loss. This research shows that through accelerated aging and the use of logistic regression analysis on data collected through periodic monitoring of disc read-back errors it is possible to accurately predict unrecoverable failures in the test discs. This study analyzed various measurements of PIE errors, PIE8 Sum errors, POF errors and jitter data from three areas of the disc: the whole disc, the region of the disc where it first failed as well as the last half of the disc. From this data five unique predictive equations were produced, each with the ability to predict disc failure. In conclusion, the relative value of these equations for end-of-life predictions is discussed.

當代「日本中國認識」1945年二次大戰結束面臨一次重大轉折。戰後開始的「中國研究」主要受到日本對於自身認同重建的看法；以及冷戰國際架構的影響。本文藉由「系譜學方法」，回溯戰後半世紀以來，日本對中國的研究角度經過什麼樣的變化？中日研究群體如何開展及互動？本文發現日本當地中國研究的典範演變，最初是因應西方現代學科的需要，以建立歷史理論與史觀。戰前以東洋史學與區域調查為主要典範。此兩種團體延續到戰後成為史學與區域研究兩種系譜。戰後初期（1945-54）佔有主要論述空間的是左派革命史觀研究群體，主要學術產出是實態調查、社會史方面的資料。第二階段（1955-64）是馬克思主義者對近代化論者，延續戰爭責任論爭中的研究主體問題。第三階段（1965-74）是隨著日本自身發展與文革演進，研究者依照對文革態度而分裂，自此主流是對經濟、政治、國際關係的研究。第四階段（1975-84）民國史觀強調社會主義中國與傳統中國以及中國與周邊國家的「雙重連續性」，這兩個思考脈絡最後集成為溝口的基體論與濱下的體系論。另外出現以近代化（民主化經濟發展）短暫的成為主要論述，之後隨著前兩者理論對西式近代的否定，開始找尋「亞洲價值」。第五階段（1985-94），面臨昭和年代與冷戰結束兩個重要分期，日本學界提出新亞洲學，強調區域多元性以及混成亞洲統合兩大觀念。新亞洲學中，不可避免的也繼承了戰前亞洲學的基本要素。綜觀而言，本研究不僅能提供對中國研究途徑更多的參考面向，也能為台灣的中國大陸研究學界提供更多元的研究方法，更能有助於對當代東亞局勢的瞭解。 / Modern “China studies” (sinology, modern china study, etc.) in Japan began in 1945, the end of Pacific War. It was in a very complicated situation because on the one hand, it must take mission on the revival of national confidence. On the other hand, it was influenced by post-war international system. This article attempts to analyze “Japanese China study” from a genealogical perspective. The article also tries to depict the “genealogy” of academic communities of Japanese China study and their research approaches. It is found that the paradigm change began in the need of discipline modernization,in order to build their historical theory and historical views. Two mainstreams before WWII are “touyougaku (orientalism)” and “regional study”. They became two major studies, “history” and “regional science” after war. In the first period (1945-54), the leading group “revolution historian’ (Marxist or lefters) accomplished much research about “village investigation” and social history. In the second period (1955-64), Marxist (lefters) and Modernist debated the question of “research subjectivity” regarding war responsibility. In the third period (1965-74), researcher groups were affected by Culture Revolution, and became radical. After this deep confliction, they became neutral,and advocated to study economics, politics, and international relations of China. In the fourth period (1975-84), “R.O.C. perspective” emphasized “double continuity “ existing between socialist China and traditional China, and between core and periphery China, consisting of “Mizokuchi theory” and “Hamashita theory”. On the other hand, modernization (development theory) also rose up, considering Asian value as opposite of Western value. Therefore, in the fifth period (1985-94), facing the end of Showa period and cold war, scholars start to assert New Asianism, emphasizing diversity and cooperation among Asian countries. We could discover that New Asianism is similar to wartime Asianism, which is a symbol of Japanese China study that time. This study will not only clarify the Sinology in other culture, but also bring more approaches for scholars in Taiwan. / 日本における「中国研究」の最大な分岐点は1945年である。戦後の中国研究には、日本の自己認識を立て直す考え方が含まれている。さらに、冷戦時代の国際関係もまた中国研究に影響を及ぼしている。この状況の下で、中国研究は複雑な様相を呈している。本研究は、系譜学的方法を以って、この半世紀において、日本における中国研究が、どのような研究視点を採ってきたのか、また、学界がどのように形成され、内部にどのような会話・論争を経てきたのかを分析する。日本における中国研究のパラダイムは、最初は欧米の現代学科を真似て、自国の歴史理論や史観を発見しようとするものである。戦前の主なパラダイムは東洋史学と地域研究で、戦後その二つ系譜も続けている。戦後初期（1945－54）に、左派（革命史観）グループは主流で、実態調査や社会史に多くの力を入れていた。第二時期（1955-64）に、マルクス主義者と近代化論者は戦争責任の問題に沿い「研究者主体」について論争した。第三時期（1965-74）に、日本自身の経済発展や中国の文革の影響により、研究者グループが分裂し、激しい批判も出た。その後、一変して、「無価値」の経済や政治、外交など、つまり、「国情研究」が主流になった。第四時期（1975-84）に、民国史観や基体論、朝貢体系論など、社会主義中国と旧中国との「連続性」や中国中心と周辺国家との「連続性」に着目した研究が現れた。そのほか、アジア的な近代化論も大勢になり、「アジア価値」は再び脚光を浴びた。第五時期（1985-94）に、昭和時代と冷戦の終わりとともに、地域多様性とアジア協力を強調する「新アジア学」も出た。新アジア学と「戦前アジア学」が多くの共通性があるため、同じ系譜に属することを本研究によって解明できる。本研究は、台湾におけるこれまで中国研究に対して、新たな研究方法を紹介し、示唆的な観点を与えることが予想される。

The aim of the labor is to review the difference of development in energy politics of each EU Member state, the different development of power and gas production and consumption. Between the aims of this dissertation thesis belongs checking of the power and gas market, detection of weak and strong sites, comparison of association with insufficient production capacities and problems with import of gas from the states outside of EU. The main objective is to describe some important aspects of the co-operation with Russia as a strong partner of today and into the future regarding the gas supplies to EU. Another objective is an answer to a question what does mean liberalization and which influence it has on the energy politics of EU in context of EK Directive with respect to solving of problems with shortage of power, price increase and insufficient investment into the new recourses of energy and cross-border capacities, also the unsatisfactory co-operation between the states of EU in this problem. The future of the European energetic originally set if possible on the highest autonomy of delivery strikes against the problem of fossil fuel recourses decreasing. At the same time the world recourses of a crude oil are decreasing and their rest is estimated for the next 60 years. Considering this situation is the change of the prime fuel recourses structure for Europe unavoidable and actual. It is necessary to count on that the import European independence in the next 50 years will increase rapidly and the import of fuels will be absolutely dominative. The package of solutions which could help to overcome the future crisis is not big enough. The market liberalization with energy recourses of EU should make possible the access and competitive business to the smaller companies on this market and provide the similar market conditions which have oligopolies. In case of EU Member states there is necessary an energy solidarity that is just often discussed. The basic problem is that there should exist the common policy not only of energy but foreign affairs as well. The real progress won't be achieved if we don't accept the clear rules of behavior in energetic by each Government of the EU Member states. The solution I can see in case that we have a Constitution to enable unity in foreign and energy policy, so that reliability, security and stability of power and gas supplies would be sure. In my opinion making of the common energy policy will take a big engagement of all EU Member states and some more time.