Die Dissertation enthält drei Aufsätze, welche sich mit Prinzipal-Agenten Beziehungen in Verbindung mit moralischem Risiko beschäftigen. Dabei ist der Agent für die Ausführung von multiplen Aufgaben (Multitasking) verantwortlich. In dem ersten Aufsatz wird ein Prinzipal-Agenten Modell analysiert, wobei angenommen wird, dass der Agent unterschiedliche Fähigkeiten für die Ausführung der einzelnen Aufgaben aufweist. Dabei werden die durch die Anwendung von inkongruenten Leistungsmaßen in Anreizverträgen resultierenden Ineffizienzen in Abhängigkeit von den aufgabenspezifischen Fähigkeiten des Agenten identifiziert und analysiert. Zusätzlich wird auf die optimale Aggregation von multiplen Leistungsmaßen sowie auf die adverse Selektion von heterogenen Agenten eingegangen. Der zweite Aufsatz betrachtet ein Prinzipal-Agenten Modell mit einem risikoneutralen und haftungsbeschränkten Agenten. Dieser Aufsatz analysiert die Generierung von zusätzlichen Leistungsmaßen mit dem Ziel, die Effizienz der multidimensionalen Arbeitsanstrengung des Agenten zu erhöhen. Es werden dabei zwei Alternativen für den Prinzipal verglichen: (i) zentral in die Leistungsmessung des Agenten zu investieren, oder (ii), diese Aufgabe an einem Vorgesetzten (Supervisor) des Agenten zu delegieren. Der dritte Aufsatz analysiert inkongruente Präferenzen zwischen verschiedenen Unternehmen bezüglich der Eigenschaften der zwischen ihnen ausgetauschten Güter als mögliche Ineffizienz von Markttransaktionen. Der Aufsatz berücksichtigt darüber hinaus die Möglichkeit von kollusivem Verhalten innerhalb von Unternehmen als mögliche Ineffizienz von integrierten Produktionen. Dabei erfolgt eine Untersuchung der Auswirkungen dieser Ineffizienzen hinsichtlich (i) der Entscheidung von Unternehmen, erforderliche Transaktionen intern zu organisieren, oder hierfür den Markt in Anspruch zu nehmen, und (ii), der sich daraus ergebenden Eigenschaften der vertraglichen Vereinbarungen innerhalb und zwischen Unternehmen. / This thesis comprises three self-contained essays that deal with inefficient effort allocations in multi-task agency relations with moral hazard. The first essay analyzes a multi-task agency framework where the agent exhibits task-specific abilities. It investigates the appendant inefficiencies of applying incongruent performance measures in incentive contracts. Additionally, this essay elaborates on the optimal aggregation of multiple performance measures, and on the optimal selection of heterogeneous agents. The second essay considers a multi-task agency model with a risk-neutral and financially constrained agent. It investigates the costly acquisition of information aimed at improving the agent''s performance evaluation, and therefore, the efficiency of her effort allocation. This essay contrasts two alternatives for the principal: (i) to centrally invest in the information acquisition; or (ii), to delegate this task to a supervisor. The third essay analyzes incongruent preferences between firms for the characteristics of exchanged goods as an inefficiency of mutual market transactions, and collusive behavior within firms as an inefficiency of integrated productions. This essay investigates the consequences of both inefficiencies on (i) firms'' decision on whether to integrate transactions or to utilize the market; and (ii), the properties of contractual arrangements within and between firms.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-04-19T12:03:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 José Tadeu de Barros Nóbrega.pdf: 672902 bytes, checksum: b3a24c763a9ae625e60711ebe9acc967 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T12:03:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 José Tadeu de Barros Nóbrega.pdf: 672902 bytes, checksum: b3a24c763a9ae625e60711ebe9acc967 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-06 / The “Lei da Ficha Limpa” Act created restrictions to the passive capacity to suffrage. The theory of inelegibilities sets the context of berating the right to be voted. The “Lei da Ficha Limpa” Act created new situations that generate inelegibility among which are those resulting from non res iudicata. The effects of a conviction non res iudicata had lead voices to argue that it would violate the principle of presumption of innocence. The principle of presumption of innocence was enshrined in the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 in article 5, LVII, as presumption of non-culpability. Presumption of innocence or non-culpability is also provided in international declarations and treaties, such as Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, American Convention on Human Rights and Treaty of Rome. Admittedly, the presumption of innocence has a radiating character and it is applicable in other spheres beyond Criminal Law, including the Electoral Law, as it appears in the cause ADPF 144. However, the presumption of innocence is not absolute, and it is possible to be mitigated. The Supremo Tribunal Federal (Brazilian Supreme Court) – after a period of prevalence of opposing side – has turned to previous positioning for the possibility of provisional execution of sentence in cases of convictions confirmed by the Court, although there is pending appeal. The Lei da Ficha Limpa Actwas subject to judgment by ADI 4578 and ADCs 29 and 30, including as to the alleged violation of the principle of presumption of innocence. Even before the change of understanding regarding the execution of the sentence the Supremo Tribunal Federal decided, by majority vote, for the constitutionality of the Lei da Ficha Limpa law. The Lei da Ficha Limpa law has negative points, as it may hinder the democratic exercise of voting by limiting candidacies. Nevertheless, when it is recognized that the presumption of innocence is not absolute, it is not unconstitutional / A Lei Complementar nº 135/2010, chamada “Lei da Ficha Limpa”, criou restrições à capacidade passiva de sufrágio. A teoria das inelegibilidades trabalha o contexto da vedação ao direito de ser votado. A Lei da Ficha Limpa criou novas hipóteses geradoras de inelegibilidade, entre as quais se destacaram aquelas decorrentes de condenações não transitadas em julgado. Os efeitos da condenação não transitada julgado levaram vozes a defender que violaria o princípio da presunção de inocência. O princípio da presunção foi consagrado na Constituição Federal de 1988 no art. 5º, LVII, como presunção de não culpabilidade. A presunção de inocência ou não culpabilidade também está prevista em declarações e tratados internacionais, como a Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, o Pacto Internacional de Direitos Civis e Políticos, Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos e o Tratado de Roma. Reconhecidamente a presunção de inocência possui caráter irradiante, sendo aplicável em outras esferas além do direito penal, inclusive a eleitoral, como constou da ADPF 144. Contudo a presunção de inocência não é absoluta, havendo mitigação possível. O Supremo Tribunal Federal, após um período de prevalência do posicionamento contrário, voltou a admitir a possibilidade de execução provisória da pena em casos de condenações confirmadas pelo Tribunal, ainda que haja recurso pendente. A Lei da Ficha Limpa foi objeto de julgamento da ADI 4578 e ADCs 29 e 30, inclusive quanto à suposta violação ao princípio da presunção de inocência. Em 2012, ainda antes da mudança de entendimento quanto à execução da pena, o Supremo Tribunal Federal decidiu, por maioria de votos, pela constitucionalidade da Lei da Ficha Limpa. A Lei da Ficha Limpa tem pontos negativos, pois pode dificultar o exercício democrático do voto ao limitar candidaturas. Apesar disso, ao se reconhecer que a presunção de inocência não é absoluta, verifica-se que ela não é inconstitucional

<p>Denna uppsats behandlar de undervattenskränkningar som skedde i och omkring Hårsfjärden i oktober 1982. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att studera förändringen av den offentliga bilden. Författaren har analyserat Hårsfjärden utifrån fyra jämförelsedimensioner. Motiv för kränkningarna, nationalitet, kränkningarnas karaktär och tekniska indikationer och observationer.</p><p>Ubåtsskyddskommissionen kunde 1983 peka ut Sovjetunionen som den kränkande makten. De sade likväl att motiven bakom kränkningarna var förberedande skeden i en militär operativ planering. Författaren har med denna uppsats påvisat hur den offentliga bilden har förändrats från 1983 till 2001. Författarens fokus och kärnan i denna uppsats har varit att studera de tre statliga offentliga utredningarna (SOU) som har behandlat ubåtskränkningarna. Bottenspåren som hittades i Hårsfjärden har framstått som de tydligaste bevisen på att främmande ubåtar uppehöll sig i området. De kränkande ubåtarna uppträdde på ett provocerande sätt, vilket innebar att de inte lät sig avvisas. De trängde istället längre in på svenskt inre vatten. Vid ön Mälsten gjorde den svenska marinen den 12 oktober 1982 en bandinspelning som sades vara en sovjetisk ubåt av Whiskey-klass. Samma typ som gick på grund i Gåsefjärden året innan. Bandinspelningen kom att vara den svenska sidans främsta bevis på att en sovjetisk ubåt befann sig på svenskt vatten vid ubåtssamtalen i Moskva 1992-1994. Men Ryssland vägrade att erkänna. De hävdade bestämt att det inte var en sovjetisk ubåt som den svenska marinen hade spelat in.</p> / <p>This paper deals with the submarine violations that occurred in and around Hårsfjärden in October 1982. The purpose of this paper has been to study the change in the public image. The author has analyzed Hårsfjärden on four dimensions of comparison. Motives for the violations, nationality, The nature of the violations and technical indications and observations. The Submarine Defence Commission could identify the Soviet Union as the offensive power in 1983. They said however that the reasons behind violations were preparatory stages of a military operational planning. The author has with this paper demonstrated how the public image has changed from 1983 to 2001. The author's focus and the core of this essay have been to study the three SOU with treated submarine violations. Bottom traces found in Hårsfjärden has emerged as the clearest evidence that foreign submarines had been in the area. The offensive submarine appeared in a provocative way, which meant that they allowed themselves not to be rejected. Instead they pushed deeper into the Swedish inshore waters. By the island Mälsten, the Swedish Navy October 12, 1982 made a tape recording that was said to be a Soviet submarine of the Whiskey-class. The same type that ran aground in Gåsefjärden a year earlier. The tape recording came to be the Swedish side main evidence that a Soviet submarine was in Swedish waters in the submarine talks in Moscow from 1992 to 1994. But Russia refused to recognize. They argued strongly that it wasn’t a Soviet submarine that the Swedish Navy had recorded.</p>

Denna uppsats behandlar de undervattenskränkningar som skedde i och omkring Hårsfjärden i oktober 1982. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att studera förändringen av den offentliga bilden. Författaren har analyserat Hårsfjärden utifrån fyra jämförelsedimensioner. Motiv för kränkningarna, nationalitet, kränkningarnas karaktär och tekniska indikationer och observationer. Ubåtsskyddskommissionen kunde 1983 peka ut Sovjetunionen som den kränkande makten. De sade likväl att motiven bakom kränkningarna var förberedande skeden i en militär operativ planering. Författaren har med denna uppsats påvisat hur den offentliga bilden har förändrats från 1983 till 2001. Författarens fokus och kärnan i denna uppsats har varit att studera de tre statliga offentliga utredningarna (SOU) som har behandlat ubåtskränkningarna. Bottenspåren som hittades i Hårsfjärden har framstått som de tydligaste bevisen på att främmande ubåtar uppehöll sig i området. De kränkande ubåtarna uppträdde på ett provocerande sätt, vilket innebar att de inte lät sig avvisas. De trängde istället längre in på svenskt inre vatten. Vid ön Mälsten gjorde den svenska marinen den 12 oktober 1982 en bandinspelning som sades vara en sovjetisk ubåt av Whiskey-klass. Samma typ som gick på grund i Gåsefjärden året innan. Bandinspelningen kom att vara den svenska sidans främsta bevis på att en sovjetisk ubåt befann sig på svenskt vatten vid ubåtssamtalen i Moskva 1992-1994. Men Ryssland vägrade att erkänna. De hävdade bestämt att det inte var en sovjetisk ubåt som den svenska marinen hade spelat in. / This paper deals with the submarine violations that occurred in and around Hårsfjärden in October 1982. The purpose of this paper has been to study the change in the public image. The author has analyzed Hårsfjärden on four dimensions of comparison. Motives for the violations, nationality, The nature of the violations and technical indications and observations. The Submarine Defence Commission could identify the Soviet Union as the offensive power in 1983. They said however that the reasons behind violations were preparatory stages of a military operational planning. The author has with this paper demonstrated how the public image has changed from 1983 to 2001. The author's focus and the core of this essay have been to study the three SOU with treated submarine violations. Bottom traces found in Hårsfjärden has emerged as the clearest evidence that foreign submarines had been in the area. The offensive submarine appeared in a provocative way, which meant that they allowed themselves not to be rejected. Instead they pushed deeper into the Swedish inshore waters. By the island Mälsten, the Swedish Navy October 12, 1982 made a tape recording that was said to be a Soviet submarine of the Whiskey-class. The same type that ran aground in Gåsefjärden a year earlier. The tape recording came to be the Swedish side main evidence that a Soviet submarine was in Swedish waters in the submarine talks in Moscow from 1992 to 1994. But Russia refused to recognize. They argued strongly that it wasn’t a Soviet submarine that the Swedish Navy had recorded.

Ce mémoire porte sur les conséquences et les réactions juives à la désacralisation du second Temple de Jérusalem et de l’abolition du culte judaïque ordonnées par Antiochos Épiphane en 168 167 av. J.-C. À partir des œuvres de Flavius Josèphe, la recherche analyse les événements de la désacralisation du sanctuaire juif et les effets que cela eut sur l’économie du sanctuaire, sur les aspects religieux et sur l’activité sociale de la population juive. Elle examine également les différentes réactions juives et les répercussions religieuses, individuelles et identitaires à la suite de l’interdiction de pratique du judaïsme. L'ensemble de cette recherche, au cours duquel les réactions et conséquences sont analysés, se veut une étude originale et novatrice des événements de la désacralisation du Temple de Jérusalem et de l’abolition de la religion juive.

Diese Dissertation enthält drei Aufsätze zur Theorie der Anreizsetzung bei nicht-verifizierbaren Leistungsmaßen. Untersuchungsgegenstand sind die Auswirkungen individueller Fairnesspräferenzen auf die Ausgestaltung und Eignung verschiedener Anreizmechanismen, welche in realen wirtschaftlichen Situationen Anwendung finden. Alle Arbeiten analysieren Umgebungen moralischen Risikos, in denen eine Firma zwei ungerechtigkeitsaverse Mitarbeiter beschäftigt, deren individuelle Arbeitsleistung zwar beobachtbar, jedoch nicht kontrahierbar ist. Der erste Aufsatz untersucht die Effekte von Ungerechtigkeitsaversion auf relationale Anreizverträge. Als Leistungsmaß eines Agenten dient sein individueller Beitrag zum Firmenwert. Abweichend von der Literatur zeigt sich, dass Ungerechtigkeitsaversion vorteilhaft sein kann: Für bestimmte Zinssätze können relationale Verträge mit neidischen Agenten profitabler sein, wenn sie nicht sogar nur mit solchen implementierbar sind. Der zweite Aufsatz vergleicht relationale Individual- und Gruppenbonusverträge. Durch das Vermeiden ungleicher Löhne sind letztere profitabler, solange sich die Firma keinem Glaubwürdigkeitsproblem gegenübersieht. Dies kann sich jedoch umkehren, da Individualboni vergleichsweise kleiner sind und somit die Selbstdurchsetzung des Vertrags fördern. Ursachen dafür sind das Vermeiden des Trittbrettfahrerproblems und die Anreizwirkung von Neid. Im dritten Aufsatz wird relationalen Individualbonusverträgen ein relatives Leistungsturnier gegenübergestellt. Im Gegensatz zum Bonusvertrag unterliegt das Turnier keiner Glaubwürdigkeitsbeschränkung. Dennoch ist ersteres Anreizschema profitabler, solange das Glaubwürdigkeitsproblem der Firma nicht zu groß ist. Dies liegt an der zwingenden Auszahlung ungleicher Löhne im Turnier und den daraus resultierenden hohen Kosten für Ungleichheitsprämien. Weiter wird für ein Beispiel gezeigt, dass die Zinsspanne, für die der Bonusvertrag das Turnier dominiert, im Neid der Agenten steigt. / This thesis consists of three self-contained essays that investigate the impact of fairness concerns among agents on the design of real-world incentive contracts used to mitigate moral-hazard problems under non-verifiable performance. All papers consider situations in which a firm employs two inequity averse workers whose individual performances are, albeit observable by the contracting parties, not contractible. The first paper studies the effects of inequity aversion on relational employment contracts. Performance is evaluated via an agent’s individual non-verifiable contribution to firm value. In contrast to the literature, we find that inequity aversion may be beneficial: In the presence of envy, for a certain range of interest rates relational contracts may be more profitable. For some interest rates reputational equilibria exist only with envious agents. In the second paper, I compare group to individual performance pay. Avoiding payoff inequity, the group bonus contract is superior as long as the firm faces no credibility problem. The individual bonus contract may, however, become superior due to two reasons: The group bonus scheme is subject to a free-rider problem requiring a higher incentive pay and impeding credibility of the firm. Moreover, with individual bonuses the firm benefits from the incentive-strengthening effect of envy, further softening the credibility constraint. The third paper contrasts a rank-order tournament with independent bonus contracts. Whereas the bonus scheme must be self-enforcing, the tournament is contractible. Yet the former incentive regime outperforms the latter as long as credibility problems are not too severe. This is due the fact that the tournament requires unequal pay across peers with certainty and thus imposes large inequity premium costs on the firm. For a simple example, I show that the more envious the agents are the larger is the range of interest rates for which the bonus scheme dominates the tournament.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-02T12:31:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Mariano.pdf: 1035414 bytes, checksum: 542a9decdf6e14e219305af8a45d36f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-02T12:31:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Mariano.pdf: 1035414 bytes, checksum: 542a9decdf6e14e219305af8a45d36f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 / This dissertation aims to identify activist or decision-making positions by the Federal Supreme Court using as a parameter for its development the judgment of the "Clean Record" law, which reduced the possibility of exercising political rights in direct affront to constitutional principles such as the presumption of innocence. The way in which the constitutional jurisdiction treats political rights will allow to recognize flaws in the principle of justification of judicial decisions. As a hypothesis, it will recognize fundamental rights as a historical product of social struggles, whose rich and polysemic semantic structure has allowed the deconstruction of its original meaning as opposed to moral judgments extraneous to the codes of legal meanings. The use of procedural or discursive models of justification of the law has allowed the smashing of the free exercise of political rights / A presente dissertação objetiva identificar posturas ativistas ou decisionistas por parte do Supremo Tribunal Federal utilizando-se como parâmetro para seu desenvolvimento o julgamento do caso da “Lei da Ficha Limpa”, que reduziu a possibilidade de exercício dos direitos políticos em afronta direta a princípios constitucionais basilares como a presunção da inocência. O modo pelo qual a jurisdição constitucional vem tratando os direitos políticos permitirá reconhecer falhas no princípio de fundamentação das decisões judiciais. Como hipótese, reconhecerá os direitos fundamentais como produto histórico das lutas sociais, cuja estrutura semântica rica e polissêmica tem permitido a desconstrução de seu sentido originário em contraposição a juízos morais estranhos aos códigos de significados jurídicos. A utilização de modelos procedimentais ou discursivos de fundamentação do direito tem permitido o malbarateamento do exercício livre dos direitos políticos

<p> Part A Abstract </p> <p> Temperature coefficients of reactivity for an 37-element reference design of a thorium oxide fuelled, heavy water moderated and cooled reactor, are calculated. The physical processes which determine magnitude and sign of the coefficients are identified and discussed. Results are given for fresh fuel containing equilibrium concentrations of the fission product Xe-135 and with boron control in the moderator. Results are. also -given for fresh fuel with the equilibrium concentration of Xe-135 but without boron contorl for fuel with an exposue of 1.513 n/k barn and for fuel with an exposure of 3.13 n/k barn; each containing appropriate concentrations of 50 separate nuclides and one-pseudo fission product. The fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity is negative for all the cases studied, while the coolant temperature coefficient of reactivity is positive for all the cases studied. The void effect is an increase in reactivity for all cases studied. </p> ////////////////////// <p> Part B Abstract </p> <p> This work has been done with the purpose of studying the validity of Bragg Kleeman rule which states that for combinations of elements, the atomic stopping cross-sections are additive. The validity of Bragg Kleeman rule for low energy He ions has not been conclusively tested for solids. In this work, the comparison with the experimental stopping power of SiC with the additive stopping powers of Si and C has been made experimentally. </p> <p> A thick target technique in the experimental evaluation of the stopping powers is used. This method has some simplicity over the thin target techniques. </p> <p> A calibration of the McMaster University Van-de Graff accelerator was done. Experiments were conducted later using the calibration curves produced. </p> <p> The report contains a brief account on different sources of errors due to the Van-de-Graff accelerator calibration and due to stopping power experiments. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)