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During the Great Depression, for the first time in its history, the federal government provided relief to the unemployed and destitute through myriad New Deal agencies. This dissertation examines how "general relief" (direct or "make-work") from federal programs—primarily the Emergency Relief and Construction Act (ERCA) and Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)—was acquired and administered by the government of Texas through state administrative agencies. These agencies included the Chambers of Commerce (1932-1933), Unofficial Texas Relief Commission (1933), Texas Rehabilitation and Relief Commission (1933), Official Texas Relief Commission (1933-1934), Texas Relief Commission Division of the State Board of Control (1934), and the Department of Public Welfare (1939). Overall, the effective administration of general relief in the Lone Star State was undermined by a political ideology that persisted from, and was embodied by, the "Redeemer" Constitution of 1876.

The dissertation firstly looks at how the Arabic essay and short story developed in Egypt since the beginning of the nineteenth century. Then a discussion follows on the life and contribution of the Egyptian author, Mustafā Lutfī al-Manfalūtī, as representative of this literary evolution. The general influences on Egyptian literature are discussed, and the general development of Arabic prose from 1850 onwards is then detailed, including the efforts to save Arabic literature from stagnation and degeneration. Following this, the focus is on the origins of the essay and short story. This leads to dealing with the growth and advancement of the essay and short story, together with the revival of the Arabic heritage and how the Arabic novel came into being. Then Mustafā Lutfī al-Manfalūtīs biography, environmental circumstances and personalities that influenced his writings are focused on. Afterwards, the core discussion is Al-Manfalūtīs seven literary works, and his ideas and opinions as reflected in his writings. In conclusion, the relevance of his writings and an appraisal of his literary contributions are detailed. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Arabic)

The main thesis of this dissertation is that even a casual analysis of African writing reveals that contemporary African literature has and is still undergoing a distinctive metamorphosis. This change, which amounts to a significant departure from the early fifties, derives its creative impulse from demonic anger and cynical iconoclasm and is triggered by the mind-shattering disillusion that followed independence. The proclivity towards tyranny and the exploitation of the ruled in modern Africa is traced by radical African creative writers to an ancient source: the legendary and god-like rulers of precolonial Africa. Ouologuem's Bound to Violence and Armah's Two Thousand Seasons and The Healers hypothesize that past sins begot present sins. The legendary warrior heroes of the past, whose glory and splendour were once exalted in African writing, are now ruthlessly disentombed and paraded as miscreants and despots, who not only brutalized and sold their people into slavery but also ideologically fabricated their own legends and myths in order to maximize their tyrannical power. The preoccupation of these works is, therefore, to divest the ancient heroes of their false glory. contemporary critics tend to perceive this anti-traditional posture purely as a modern trend in African literature. The truth of the matter, however, is that the literary foundations of this anti-nativist/anti-Afrocentric literary tradition were laid by Thomas Mofolo and Sol Plaatje, whose Chaka (1925) and Mhudi (1930) are the precursors. The five primary works in this study parody and veer away from the generally accepted traditional African epic heroism and recorded history towards a communal heroic ideal which celebrates the larger community instead of the single epic heroes normally romanticized in African legendary tradition. These novelists, while dismantling the European and African myths about Africa's Golden Age, also disfigure the often glorified ancient historical landmarks and the fabled heroes of Africa's oral and recorded history. The rationale behind this investigation is the fact that though these works have innovated, assimilated, and parodied the African oral arts, particularly traditional African epic heroism, no detailed study has been made to explore the literary transformation these texts have undergone as written works. Treating African texts only as appendages of Western literature may undermine the ability of the critical evaluations which go into the heart of these texts and unravel their deeper meanings. The outcome of this kind of approach is that pertinent issues of style and theme originating from negro-African metaphysics, oral traditions, and iconography could thereby be left unexplored. Besides, the bulk of the current body of criticism on African literature, particularly on colonial Africa, tends to concentrate on colonialist Christian values and Western literary production models. One of the overriding concerns of this research, therefore, is to veer away from merely rehashing Eurocentric pronouncements on European influences and literary modes parodied by these works, by taking a fresh. look at the texts from the perspective of Afrocentrism and in particular from the point of view of the traditional African oral bards. To this end, therefore, the dissertation is divided into six main chapters and a short concluding chapter: Chapter 1, A Survey of Black Representations of Pre-colonial Africa, functions as an introduction, sketches the European image versus the Black counter-discourse, and locates the study within the current debate on the concept of pre-colonial Africa's Golden Age. Chapter 2, Thomas Mofolo's "Inverted Epic Hero", the nucleus of the study I analyzes the anti-epic and ironic modes manipulated by the text and also maps out the epic generic framework which structures the whole dissertation. Chapter 3, Traditional African Epic Heroism Revised, discusses Plaatje's Mhudi, paying special attention to the text's deployment of the African epic genre as well as the caricaturist and the anti-heroic modes. In Chapter 4, Yambo Ouologuem's Bound to Violence is examined under the title A World Trapped in an Orgy of Violence, Barbarism and Servitude. African oral art is used as the hermeneutic key in unlocking the complexities of Ouologuem's novel. Chapter 5, The African Anti-Legendary Creative Mythology, scrutinizes Armah's Two Thousand Seasons, highlighting, among other topics, Armah's daring innovative stylistic experimentation. Chapter 6, entitled The Akan Iconic Forest of Symbols, deals with Armah' s The Healers, concentrating on the Akan iconographic backdrop which shapes and informs this work. And finally, The Metamorphosis of Traditional African Epic Heroism, the title of the concluding chapter, sums up this dissertation.

Orientador: Francisco Foot Hardman / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T02:34:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melo_CarlosAugustode_D.pdf: 5073338 bytes, checksum: 173105635536b6831769301c0a3a0231 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: No Brasil oitocentista, as histórias literárias fizeram carreira, como veículo discursivo historiográfico de invenção, afirmação e convalidação da tradição cultural e literária nacional, especialmente, pelos seus fortes vínculos institucionais. É nesse momento que, portanto, encontramos alguns historiadores aspirando trazer a público a história oficial sobre o conjunto da literatura nacional que contribuísse para a projetada História Geral do Brasil. Desse esforço intelectual, tivemos três exemplos bem-sucedidos: as histórias literárias de Cônego Fernandes Pinheiro (1825-1876), de Ferdinand Wolf (1796-1866) e de Sotero dos Reis (1800-1871). O intuito desse trabalho é trazer uma leitura sobre essas narrativas precursoras, respectivamente, o Curso Elementar de Literatura Nacional (1862), O Brasil Literário (1863) e o Curso de Literatura Portuguesa e Brasileira (1866-1873), como formadoras da tradição historiográfica literária no Brasil. Nesse sentido, pretende-se percebê-las a partir de suas características discursivas, teóricas e metodológicas, aplicadas ao estudo histórico da literatura nacional, como, por exemplo, à construção da periodização, à aplicação da análise literária, à conceituação de "literatura nacional", entre outros aspectos / Abstract: In nineteenth-century, the Brazilian Literary Histories were accepted as discursive historiography of invention, affirmation and convalidation of our cultural tradition and national literature. Then, some historians wanted to contribute with those narratives which could be projected to History of Brazil. We had three successful examples: Curso Elementar de Literatura Nacional (1862), by Clergyman Fernandes Pinheiro; O Brasil literário (1863), by Ferdinand Wolf; and, Curso de Literatura Portuguesa e Brasileira (1866-1873), de Sotero dos Reis - which have been seeing as pioneer in our literary historiography. Thus, this work analyzes these three Brazilian literary histories, which could construct an idea of our national historiography formation and, on the other hand, allow to reassess the later histories / Doutorado / Historia e Historiografia Literaria / Doutor em Teoria e História Literária

Orientador: Valério José Arantes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T20:31:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barizon_DeboraFabiane_M.pdf: 25831546 bytes, checksum: 5e3051df3e0bceef14b6f405333c9486 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O desenho infantil é parte fundamental da atividade mental da criança e constitui-se tanto de aspecto figurativo como narrativo. Embora, todo desenho conte uma história ou parte dela, ainda há falta de clareza sobre a sua dimensão narrativa, pois, as investigações assim como a literatura sobre a temática são escassas. Dessa foram, evidenciou-se a necessidade de estudar a narração gráfica infantil. A partir do referencial teórico do estudioso do desenho infantil George H. Luquet o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender como a criança constrói o seu modelo gráfico-narrativo. Os aspectos cognitivos do sujeito desenhante e de sua narrativa gráfica foram considerados sob uma perspectiva construtivista baseada na epistemologia genética de Jean Piaget. Este estudo se caracteriza como qualitativo e, sobretudo, de natureza exploratória e descritiva. A amostra foi composta por 20 alunos, sendo 10 sujeitos de 7 anos e 10 sujeitos de 9 anos de uma escola da rede municipal de ensino fundamental de uma cidade do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Nas três sessões foram realizadas a entrevista clínica piagetiana com roteiro semiestruturado para a coleta de dados. Na primeira sessão os sujeitos produziram um desenho-história; na segunda fizeram um reconto gráfico após ouvirem uma áudio história e na terceira sessão construíram uma história com um jogo de construção e a reproduziram graficamente. As entrevistas foram analisadas por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2004) e o desenho infantil passou por uma análise qualitativa. Em ambos os casos, o processo de análise foi desenvolvido com o auxílio do software NVivo 8. Os resultados revelaram que a construção de um modelo gráfico-narrativo envolve processos altamente complexos. Observou-se ainda que a opção da criança por um determinado um tipo de narrativa gráfica está relacionada tanto a aspectos intrínsecos (percepção de continuidade temporal; duração da história; ponto de vista etc.) como a aspectos extrínsecos (modelos culturais; experiências com relatos gráficos no contexto escolar etc.). Espera-se que os resultados deste estudo, possibilitem a elaboração de intervenções pedagógicas para valorização da dimensão narrativa do desenho e produção de narrativas gráficas no contexto da Educação Infantil e nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. / Abstract: The children's drawing is a fundamental part of the mental activity of the child and is constituted of figurative and narrative aspects. Although, all drawings tell a story or part of it, there is still lack of clarity about its narrative dimension, because the investigations as well as the literature on the subject are scarce. Thus, there was a need to study graphic narration child. From the theoretical framework of children's drawing scholar George H. Luquet the objective of this study was to understand how the child constructs your graphic-narrative model. The cognitive aspects of the subject drawer and his graphic narrative were considered under a constructivist perspective based on Jean Piaget's genetic epistemology. This study characterized as qualitative and, above all, of exploratory and descriptive nature. The sample was composed of 20 students, 10 subjects of 7 years and 10 subject of 9 years of a school of elementary schools in a city in the State of São Paulo in Brazil. In three sessions were conducted clinical interview with script semi-structured to collect data.At the first session the subject produced a drawing-history; on second session made a graphic recounting after hearing an audio- history and in the third session after built one history with a construction play reproduced it graphically. The interviews were analyzed using content analysis technique of Bardin (2004) and the children's drawing underwent a qualitative analysis. The results revealed that the construction of a graphic-narrative model involves highly complex processes. It was observed that the choice of the child for a certain kind of graphic narrative is related both to intrinsic aspects (perception of temporal continuity; duration of history; point of view etc.) as the extrinsic aspects (cultural models; experiences with narrative graphic in the school context etc.). It is expected that the results of this study, allow the development of pedagogical interventions for recovery of the narrative dimension drawing and production of graphic narratives in the context of kindergarten and early grades of elementary school. / Mestrado / Psicologia Educacional / Mestra em Educação

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Living in tune with nature means respecting the natural environment and realizing its power and the ways it manifests in daily life. This essay focuses on the ways in which respect for nature is expressed through animal imagery in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, Mark Twain's "The Stolen White Elephant," Roughing It, and Pudd'nhead Wilson, and Jack London's The Call of the Wild. Each author encouraged readers to seek the benefits of nature in order to become better human beings, forge stronger communities, and develop a more unified nation and world. By learning from the positive example of the animals, we learn how to share our world with them and with each other.

Orientador: Roberto Romano da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T10:43:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barnabe_GabrielRibeiro_D.pdf: 2619171 bytes, checksum: 525721e9a7df43638536da831d0cb80b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A pesquisa liga-se ao estudo das relações internacionais da Santa Sé. Considerando que essas se operam como relações entre a Igreja e o Estado, analiso, no primeiro capítulo, as principais teorias que as explicam. Primeiramente caracterizo as quatro propriedades da Igreja (una, santa, católica e apostólica), das quais se destaca a catolicidade, isto é, a universalidade, que a move em missão internacional por todo o mundo. Em seguida, comento a teoria da plenitudo potestatis papae, as analogias de Tomás de Aquino sobre o assunto, a teoria do poder indireto, cujo maior sistematizador foi o Cardeal Roberto Bellarmino, e a teoria da societas perfecta. No segundo capítulo, destinado a discorrer sobre a política concordatária da Santa Sé, trato do Código de Direito Canônico de 1917, da natureza jurídica das concordatas, da Lei das Garantias, do Tratado de Latrão e da Quas Prima, de Pio XI. O último capítulo dedico ao estudo da teoria e da prática de relações internacionais do Papa Pio XII, que participou do período em que a Santa Sé estabeleceu o maior número de concordatas e cujo pontificado ocorreu em uma das épocas mais dramáticas da história das relações internacionais. Inicialmente, apresento uma visão ampla dos principais acontecimentos históricos da primeira metade do século XX e também um estudo sobre o número de mortos em guerras e revoluções. Em seguida, analiso a encíclica Summi Pontificatus, de Pio XII, que se constitui como a principal referência de seu pensamento sobre a ordem internacional de sua época e também sintetiza o Magistério da Igreja e de seus doutores sobre a sociedade humana e as relações internacionais. Apresento, ainda, as mensagens de Natal de Pio XII, algumas das concordatas firmadas ou conduzidas por ele e as linhas mestras de sua grande contribuição para a Bioética. Na última seção, faço algumas considerações sobre as múltiplas imagens do mito de Pio XII. Concluo que embora a Igreja, em suas relações com os Estados, opere uma acomodação tensa, ela ao mesmo tempo reivindica tudo o que considera como seu campo de missão ética / Abstract: The research relates to the study of the international relations of the Holy See. Considering that these operate as relations between Church and State, throughout the first chapter I analyze the main theories that explain them. Firstly, I characterize the four main features of the Church (one, holy, catholic and apostolic), from which highlights the catholicity, that is, the universality, which moves it in international mission around the world. Afterwards, I comment on the theory of plenitudo potestatis papae, the analogies of Thomas Aquinas on said subject, the theory of indirect power, whose greatest systematizer was Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, and the theory of societas perfecta. On the second chapter, intended to develop on the concordist policy of the Holy See, I discuss the Code of Canon Law of 1917, the legal nature of the concordats, the Law of Guarantees, the Lateran Treaty and Pius XI's Quas Prima. The last chapter is devoted to the study of the theory and practice of Pope Pius XII's international relations, given he participated in the period in which the Holy See established the largest number of concordats and whose pontificate coexisted during the most dramatic times in the history of international relations. Initially, I present a broad overview of the major historical events of the first half of the twentieth century and also a study on the number of deaths in wars and revolutions. After, I examine the encyclical Summi Pontificatus of Pius XII, which is considered the main reference of his thinking on the international order of his time and also summarizes the Church's Magisterium as well as its doctors on human society and international relations. I also introduce Pius XII's Christmas messages, some of the concordats signed or conducted by him and the guiding lines of his great contribution to bioethics. In the last section, I present a few considerations about the multiple images of the myth of Pius XII. I conclude that although the Church in her States relations operates a tense accommodation, at the same time she claims everything she regards as being in her field of ethical mission / Doutorado / Filosofia / Doutor em Filosofia

Cristóbal Halffter, born in 1930, established himself as an important figure in Spanish avant-garde composition in the middle of the twentieth-century. As one of the prominent leaders of the Generación del 51, he helped establish modernity in music as a part of Spain's identity. His compositional style mixing tradition with the avant-garde was built on the success and breakthrough of Manuel de Falla, a composer with close ties to Halffter's family and served as a 'father figure' to the Generación del 51. This study begins with a discussion on Falla's work and reception, as he lay the groundwork for modernism in Spanish music. Further, discussion on Halffter's background and compositional periods, from his nationalist approach in the 1950s to his embrace of the avant-garde in the 1960s and beyond exemplifies Halffter's prominent role in shaping Spanish modernity. This research then sheds light on previously unexplored solo flute works Debla [Solo VI] for Flute and Studie II [Solo III] for Flute by Halffter. Provided is insight to their respective influences (the Spanish debla and the Fibonacci sequence), analysis of each work, and a discussion on their similarities and differences. By taking an informative approach prior to analysis and performance suggestions, readers will gain insight to Halffter's Spanish roots as they relate to nationalism and the avant-garde, his affiliation with the Generación del 51, and his compositional style.