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Politics in Michigan had been on a low plane for a number of years. The troubles were many and their roots could be found deep in the structure of the state's government.In April of 1959, the sagging governmental structure gave way to the extent that the state was unable to meet its payroll. The result was the much publicized "Payless Pay Day" which attracted national and international interest.Seeing that their elected officials were seemingly powerless to correct even the basic flaws in Michigan's government, many of the state's leading business and industrial leaders decided to apply their considerable talents to improving their state government. George Romney, then president of American Motors, was one of these citizens.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2012

Inspirées des événements historiques du XXe siècle, Les Aventures de Tintin (1929-1976) introduisent au politique. La rencontre entre Tintin et Staline était inévitable. Hergé élabore ainsi certains scénarios staliniens, écho des peurs de ses contemporains envers le « communisme » et le totalitarisme. Ce mémoire s'interroge sur la nature et l'évolution de la représentation du stalinisme à des fins scénaristes. Il reconnaît les propositions théoriques majeures du totalitarisme stalinien d'Arendt, de Friedrich, de Brzezinski et d'Aron, à l'origine de l'école totalitariste; les différents courants historiographiques et l'ouverture partielle des archives soviétiques. Son cadre opératoire regroupe trois grandes variables staliniennes : l'idéologie, la terreur et le dictateur. En raison de la nature de la bande dessinée, il propose deux niveaux d'analyse: le lisible et le visible. Ses stratégies de vérification recourent au paradigme de l'indice de Ginzburg (1980) et à la représentation de l'ennemi soviétique dans le cinéma américain de la Guerre froide de Ballion (2014). Jamais, à notre connaissance, la représentation du stalinisme ne fut étudiée pour l'ensemble des albums Tintin. Notre analyse recense six albums « staliniens » sur les vingt-trois complétés. Ils constituent 26% du corpus Tintin, proportion significative. Or, à aucun moment Hergé ne personnifie Staline, sa figure s'incarnant plutôt dans celle des représentants officiels soviétiques. Le lecteur croise ces derniers sur 56% des pages du corpus étudié. Notre analyse discursive de la représentation hergéenne du stalinisme conclut qu'elle priorise la terreur et le dictateur, l'écart séparant ces deux variables s'avérant moins grand qu'anticipé. Réaliste, elle participe partiellement à la socialisation politique du jeune lecteur, le bédéiste y développant un discours politique convenu à l'égard de Staline et de l'Union soviétique. C'est en recourant à la dissémination d'indices dormants qu'Hergé le compose, soulevant l'intérêt du lecteur avisé à la recherche de différents niveaux de lecture. Ce discours politique dans la représentation du stalinisme d'Hergé n'atteint toutefois pas la complexité de celui du genre romanesque stalinien de Koestler, de Gheorghiu, d'Orwell, de Weisberg, de Soljenitsyne ou de London. Ce ne fut là nullement sa prétention. / Inspired by historical events of the twentieth century, Les Aventures de Tintin (The Adventures of Tintin) (1929-1976) introduces to politics. The encounter between Tintin and Stalin was inevitable. Hergé elaborates some Stalinist scenarios, echoing the fears of his contemporaries towards "communism" and totalitarianism. This thesis questions the nature and the evolution of the representation of Stalinism for screenwriting purposes. It acknowledges the major theoretical propositions of Stalinist totalitarianism (Arendt, Friedrich, Brzezinski and Aron of the totalitarian school), the different historiographic currents and the partial opening of the Soviet archives. Its operative framework identifies three major Stalinist variables: ideology, the terror and the dictator. Because of the nature of the comic book, it proposes two levels of analysis: the readable and the visible. Its verification strategies appeal to the indiciary paradigm (Ginzburg, 1980) and to the representation of the Soviet enemy in American Cold War cinema (Ballion, 2014). To our knowledge, the representation of Stalinism has never been studied in the entirety of the Tintin albums. Our analysis identifies six Stalin albums, representing 26% of the corpus Tintin. At no time is Stalin featured, his figure being personified in that of the official Soviet representatives on 56% of the corpus pages. This Hergean representation of Stalinism focuses on the terror and the dictator, the gap between these two variables is being less than anticipated. Realistic, it partially participates in the political socialization of young readers, while raising the interest of the advised reader with disseminating of dormant indices. However, this representation doesn't reach the complexity of Stalin's literary fiction genre (Koestler, Gheorghiu, Orwell, Weisberg, Soljenitsyne, London). This was in no way his pretense.

Le sujet de cette thèse est la politique culturelle grecque dans l'Europe occidentale ainsi que le développement des efforts sur l'approche et l'intégration dans la famille européenne, du lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale jusqu’à l’adhésion de la Grèce à la CEE. Dès sa fondation, pour l’État néo-hellénique, son passé historique et glorieux constituait le point central de référence. Dans ce cadre, la question qui se pose est celle de savoir quand et pourquoi le leadership politique décida d’exploiter ce passé au niveau politique. La politique culturelle utilise l’histoire et la civilisation d’une nation au profit de la politique. Dans la plupart des cas quant à la Grèce, les ‘messages’ de la politique culturelle ont pour ‘destinataires’ les Européens, phénomène notamment visible pendant la période des négociations d’adhésion. Couvrant l’ensemble de ces tentatives, à partir d’un niveau théorique par un groupe d’intellectuels (par exemple Tsatsos, Canellopoulos) à un niveau pratique par le monde politique (par exemple Caramanlis), l’ampleur de cette période, comprenant plus de trente ans, permet d’examiner et de mettre en valeur l’évolution des relations entre la Grèce et l’Europe ainsi que les initiatives et l’organisation de la politique culturelle de manière globale, dans un contexte européen et international. La politique culturelle extérieure que la Grèce exerça face aux Européens jusqu’en 1979, renvoie aux idées d’identité nationale, au sentiment d’appartenance, voire à l’image approfondie de l’Europe, mais, parallèlement, dans la mesure où elle fait partie de la politique européenne de la Grèce, inextricablement liée à l’histoire de l’intégration européenne. / This thesis discusses Greek cultural policy in Western Europe as well as its place in the country’s effort to participate in European integration from the aftermath of the Second World War until the accession of Greece to the EEC. From its foundation, the neo-Hellenic state used its historic past as a central point of reference. In this context, the question arises as to when and how the political leadership decided to project this past on the level of its political relations with the post-war European institutions. Cultural policy uses the history and civilization of a nation for the benefit of politics. In most cases involving Greece, the 'messages' of its cultural policy were 'addressed' to the Europeans, a phenomenon that is particularly visible during the period of accession negotiations. This was projected both at the intellectual level (for example by people such as Tsatsos, Kanellopoulos) and at the realm of practical politics by the political world (for example Karamanlis). This study, extending to a period longer than thirty years, examines the development of cultural relations between Greece and Europe, the initiatives and organization of Greek cultural policy within a European and international context as well as the role of cultural policy and Greece’s cultural arguments in the effort to achieve accession to the EEC.The foreign cultural policy that Greece exercised towards the Europeans until 1979 refers to national identity, the sentiment of belonging, the cultural connotations of the European project. Thus, to the extent that it is part of Greece's European policy, it is inextricably linked to the history of European integration.

Esta tese aborda algumas questões que envolvem a formação e o trabalho de psicólogos em instituições públicas ao propor uma perspectiva de análise que privilegia a dimensão das relações intersubjetivas (grupo) como fundamentais à compreensão do campo institucional, a partir da referência teórica da Psicologia Social, de Pichon-Rivière; da Análise Transicional, de René Kaës e das contribuições de José Bleger. Apoia-se na Análise Institucional do Discurso (Guirado) para propor um recorte metodológico que toma o conceito de vínculo como unidade de análise dos fenômenos institucionais e como constituição do sujeito psíquico, nas várias dimensões de sua determinação: intrapsíquica, intersubjetiva (consciente e inconsciente) e transubjetiva, e nos processos psíquicos grupais e institucionais que se manifestam pelas suas malhas, amarrações, pactos, rupturas, enrijecimentos etc. Trabalha-se com a noção de sujeito do inconsciente enquanto sujeito do grupo (Kaës) para pensar as relações que ele estabelece no campo institucional para realização de sua tarefa na instituição. O campo de investigação constitui-se de relatórios elaborados por alunos graduação do IPUSP para a parte prática da disciplina Processos Grupais (visita a uma instituição pública). Como resultado de análise, evidencia-se promover uma formação em Psicologia centralizada no grupo e no âmbito do coletivo para a construção de uma postura de psicólogo pesquisador voltado ao campo institucional (como trabalhador ou consultor). Para isso, exige-se a ampliação das articulações entre instituições de formação e trabalho, no estabelecimento de espaços de troca pelos quais a formação do psicólogo realize-se entre ambos. O trabalho do psicólogo pesquisador nas instituições, orientado pela Análise Institucional do Vínculo e indissociavelmente realizado pelo dispositivo de grupo, estabelece-se no cumprimento da função de intermediário nas relações institucionais de forma a criar espaços de transicionalidade que contribuam no trabalho psíquico grupal, na superação de obstáculos, na geração de processos de transformação e mudança e no cumprimento da tarefa social da instituição / This thesis discusses some issues of the university education and the work of psychologists in public institutions by proposing a perspective of analyses which emphasizes the dimension of intersubjective relations (the group) as central in order to comprehend the institutional field. Its theoretical basis is the Social Psychology (Pichon-Rivière), the Transitional Analyses (René Kaës) and Blegers contributions. It is also supported from the contributions of the Institutional Analyses of the Discourse (Guirado), to propose a methodological frame which considers the concept of bond as a unity of analyses of institutional phenomena as well as in the constitution of the psychic subject, in the various dimensions of its determination such as: intrapsychic, intersubjective (conscious and unconscious) and transubjective; and also of the psychic grupal and institutional processes which are expressed by the meshes, moorings, pacts, stiffening, disruptions etc. It has been worked with the concept of subject of the unconcious as being subject of group for to think its relationships in the institutional field for the accomplishment of its institutional task. The field of investigation is composed by reports elaborated by students of degree at IPUSP for the discipline Processes Group (visiting a public institution). The main results of the analyses show the great importance of promoting a university education centralized in the group and the collective scope in order to organize a training of the psychologist as a researcher of institutional field (as worker or consultant). For so, it is required the work of promoting the links among university education and work institutions towards the creation of exchanges possibilities in which the university education could take place in both spaces. The work of psychologist researcher in the institutions, driven by the Institutional Analysis of the Bound and inextricably develloped by the group as a device, is developed when it assumes the function of the intermediary in the institutional relationships and generates transitional spaces that contribute to the grupal psychic work of surpassing barriers, in the process of change and transformation and the accomplishment of institution social task

Esta tese propõe analisar a trajetória de exílio do casal de intelectuais Lídia Besouchet e Newton Freitas, militantes de esquerda forçados a deixar o Brasil durante a ditadura do Estado Novo. Depois de atravessarem a fronteira com o Uruguai, após uma curta temporada em Montevidéu, o casal se estabeleceu em Buenos Aires, permanecendo ali por mais de uma década. Durante os doze anos em que Lídia e Newton viveram na capital portenha, desenvolveram uma intensa atividade cultural ao redor de distintos projetos e em aliança com uma complexa rede de intelectuais. Em grande parte, seus interesses estiveram vinculados a maior divulgação da cultura brasileira na Argentina. Envolvidos nesta tarefa, publicaram dezenas de livros e artigos, realizaram conferências e exposições, participaram de empreendimentos editoriais e de trabalhos de tradução e promoveram um ativo intercâmbio entre artistas e escritores dos dois países. Compreender a participação de Lídia e Newton no cenário intelectual rioplatense da década de 1940, por intermédio de suas atuações como produtores e mediadores de cultura, é o objetivo deste trabalho, que também trata de pensar a problemática de aproximação cultural do Brasil da tão distante América Hispânica. Para tanto, a pesquisa trabalhou com três eixos documentais: o acervo pessoal do casal composto por cartas, postais, fotografias e manuscritos; a documentação da polícia política, seus prontuários e relatórios; e o conjunto de publicações na imprensa durante os anos em que viveram no exílio. / This dissertation intends to analyze the exile of Lidia Besouchet and Newton Freitas, Brazilian leftists militants forced to leave Brazil during the Estado Novo due to political persecution. After crossing Uruguay border, and a short layover in Montevideo, the couple set up a house in Buenos Aires for a dozen years, in which time they grew an intense cultural life based on a strong connection to a rich web of intellectuals. They were mostly concerned with propagating Brazilian culture in Argentina. In order to do so, they have published dozens of books and articles, promoted conferences and exhibitions, taken part in publishing entrepreneurship and translations, fomenting, in that way, the interchange of artists and writers of the two countries. This research aims to understand the importance of their role in the Rio de la Plata during the 1940s, and also to think about the general complex scenario of the not-so-close relations between Brazil and Hispanic America. This research made use of three different kinds of historical documents: personal archives composed by letters, post cards and manuscripts; the political police files; and the set of publications of the couple during the time they lived in exile.