No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

重婚的問題，一直以來皆存在我們社會當中。重婚規範，自民國十九年民法公布以來，歷經了數次之重大修正，而司法院大法官會議亦對社會上所發生的相關重婚問題，進而對重婚規範作了數號之解釋。重婚之態樣多重，如何保護善意的前婚配偶與後婚配偶則是關鍵。 雖然釋字第二四二號、釋字第三六二號、釋字第五五二號解釋皆在解釋重婚之問題，然所切入的角度並不相同。釋字第二四二號解釋認為兩岸隔離所造成之重婚屬「特殊重婚案件」，因其之特殊，故不會如其他一般重婚案件般依據民法親屬編民國七十四年修正後之第九九二條規定被撤銷。而釋字第三六二號、第五五二號解釋雖肯認一夫一妻之婚姻制度，但卻認為信賴保護原則可使後婚姻關係從無效而轉變為有效。實則「信賴保護原則」適用於身分關係上，關鍵應在於如何保護善意之重婚相對人及其所生之子女。 而就重婚規範之部分，最重要的修正有二次，一為民國七十四年六月三日，一為民國九十六年五月二十三日。重婚之效力，於民法修正前後有其重大差異，但重婚之禁止仍然是我國民法維持一夫一妻制度的重要規定，惟在民國九十六年之修正，於民法第九八八條重婚無效之規定增定但書，從而使得重婚有有效之可能。亦即，若係重婚者與後婚之相婚者皆為善意且無過失信賴一方前婚姻消滅之兩願離婚登記或離婚確定判決而結婚者，則不在無效之列。然為免重婚情形擴大，立法規定僅限於因信賴兩願離婚登記及離婚確定判決所造成之重婚情形，後婚姻始能維持，其他原因所造成之重婚不包括在內。 既然後婚在例外情形下為有效，而使前、後婚姻關係同時存在時，為維持一夫一妻之婚姻制度，勢必使其中之一婚姻關係消滅，惟不論前婚姻配偶或後婚姻配偶都是無辜的，故對於如何選擇維持其中的婚姻及家庭狀態，似乎僅能是價值選擇。新修正之民法第九八八條、九八八條之一以重婚例外有效後，再回歸一夫一妻，將前婚姻視為消滅，維持後婚姻，並另規定前婚配偶之一方向重婚之他方請求損害賠償及準用離婚效力之規定，解決其前婚姻被消滅之問題。 關於我國重婚之效力，及所面臨之問題究為如何，本文嘗試就重婚規範之立法沿革、歷次司法院大法官就重婚規範之解釋，以及比較法上之觀察，提出個人之研究心得。

Can you imagine a world where no-one goes outside? Our world is under threat from human activities, from what we do, and the way we do it. This will have a huge impact on our future lives, and we need to think about how we protect places and the people, animals and plants found there. Whilst, there is a widely-recognised need to address this threat, there is a specific focus on how we can involve young people in this process. Within this, there is additional concern about how little time children and young people spend outside. My qualitative study responds to these concerns by exploring young people’s relationship with nature, and how this may be developed through the projects we offer them. The participating projects have been spread across England, from south-east to north-west, including rural, coastal and urban environments. The young people, aged between 11 and 25, were from diverse backgrounds, with a wide range of individual needs. This transdisciplinary research has used an innovative blended methodology, combining hermeneutics, (auto)ethnography and action research (HEAR) to explore the topic. I have been creative in my approach, preferring everyday language and making use of stories. I have listened to and observed people’s stories, and created new stories based on these experiences. My work emphasises the importance of communication, how we talk to and with people, and how we talk about the natural environment. Contributions to practice include the development of a new toolkit providing guidance for practitioners on how to work effectively outdoors, with young people identified as having special educational needs and/or disabilities. Contributions to knowledge include a new conceptualisation of the different forms of story, and a new methodological approach (HEAR) to explore outdoor learning experiences. These outcomes are founded in young peoples’ perspectives and grounded in practice.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / En esta investigación se examinan, desde una perspectiva crítica y analítica, algunas disposiciones vigentes del Código Penal chileno que envuelven consideraciones de género, que han dado origen a diversas posiciones doctrinarias en torno a la posibilidad de que la mujer sea sujeto activo de los mismos. Se analiza en profundidad el caso del delito de femicidio en nuestro ordenamiento, para llegar a afirmar que la redacción escogida por el legislador deja abierta la puerta para sostener que una mujer puede cometer el delito de femicidio en contra de su pareja del mismo sexo. Al efecto, se revisan algunos ejemplos en Derecho comparado, en que se utilizaron modelos diferentes al nacional, que dan lugar a interpretaciones disímiles sobre el particular. Lo anterior adquiere relevancia respecto del Acuerdo de Unión Civil, donde se expone nuestra opinión respecto a la aplicación del delito de femicidio para las convivientes civiles del mismo sexo. Además del delito de femicidio, se analizan otros delitos de nuestro Código punitivo de carácter sexual, específicamente los delitos de violación (artículo 361) estupro (artículo 362) y sodomía (artículo 365), en que existe discusión a nivel doctrinario respecto de admitir o no a la mujer como posible sujeto activo de los mismos. Tras aquello, se fundamenta nuestra postura en cada caso.

Le handicap psychique est une expression française qui s’est imposée récemment, mais qui fait l’objet de diverses acceptions. Nous le situons dans le contexte très large des vulnérabilités et dans celui plus restreint des situations de handicap. Alors qu’il est communément admis que le handicap psychique est une conséquence sociale d’une maladie mentale, nous montrons que des personnes sont en situation de handicap d’origine psychique (shop) alors qu’elles n’ont aucune pathologie mentale avérée et qu’elles ne suivent aucun traitement psychiatrique. Pour cela, nous nous appuyons sur l’expérience d’un dispositif appelé Médiation logement ; dans ce contexte, des psychologues cliniciens vont au-devant de personnes recluses dans leur logement, ou qui manifestent des troubles du comportement ou du voisinage, et qui n’ont aucun antécédent psychiatrique. Nous montrons qu’il s’agit bien de personnes en situation de handicap d’origine psychique (peshop). Cela nous conduit à donner une nouvelle définition du handicap psychique. Puis nous proposons une grille de lecture clinique qui permettrait qu’une équipe mobile puisse faire un diagnostic précoce d’un syndrome incapacitant discret d’origine psychique (sidop) qui se révèle chez une personne ayant une fragilité singulière au moment où elle est confrontée à un évènement traumatique personnel et/ou social. / The handicap psychique (psychological handicap) is a French expression which has imposed itself recently. It is the subject of various meanings. We place it in the very broad context of vulnerabilities and in the more restricted situations of handicap. While it is commonly accepted that psychological handicap is a social consequence of a mental disease, we show that people with handicap of psychological origin (HOPO) have no proven mental disorder and do not undergo any psychiatric treatment. We rely on the experience of a plan called Médiation logement. In this “Housing mediation” clinical psychologists meet people who are reclusive in their homes, or who exhibit behaviour or neighbourhood disturbances. Those people have no psychiatric history and we show that they share a common feature: a discrete incapacitating syndrome of psychological origin (DISOPO). This leads us to give a new definition of psychological handicap. Then we propose a clinical reading tool that would allow a team to make an early diagnosis of this DISOPO that appears in a person with a singular fragility when faced with personal and / or social traumatic of stressful event.

Cette thèse de doctorat met l’emphase sur les défis rencontrés par les patients atteints de maladies rares. Elle est structurée en trois parties, chacune d’entre elles dédiée aux enjeux d’un acteur au cœur de l’Odyssée diagnostique et thérapeutique des patients atteints de maladies rares. La première partie de la thèse s’intéresse au patient et à son réseau social. Le chapitre 1 considère les sources de délai à l’accès au diagnostic, et explore notamment l’effet du capital social sur le délai d’obtention du diagnostic. Le chapitre 2 évoque les externalités négatives sur la santé maternelle d’un diagnostic d’une maladie chronique chez l’enfant. La seconde partie de la thèse est dédiée à l’industrie pharmaceutique et s’intéresse aux décisions d’investissements de R&D ciblant les maladies rares. Le chapitre 3 évalue l’effet causal de l’Orphan Drug Policy sur l’effort de recherche, et le chapitre 4 envisage les inégalités d’allocation des investissements de R&D entre les maladies rares. La partie 3 est dédiée aux décideurs publics et discute des enjeux d’évaluation des bénéfices de l’innovation thérapeutique et de la définition des conditions d’accès à cette innovation. Le chapitre 5 évalue l’effet causal de l’innovation thérapeutique sur la longévité des patients atteints de maladies rares. Le chapitre 6 est une discussion critique relative à l’utilisation d’outils. / This dissertation emphasizes the challenges raised by the management of rare diseases and is structured around three key actors of the diagnostic and therapeutic “odyssey” of patients with rare diseases. Part I is devoted to patients and their social networks. Chapter 1 considers demand-side sources of delay in receiving a diagnosis; Chapter 2 explores the health spillover effects from patients’ health to their direct support structure. Part II considers pharmaceutical firms and examines how firms’ decisions to allocate R&D investment to rare diseases are impacted by innovation policies in rare arenas. Chapter 3 evaluates the causal impact of the EU Orphan Drug policy on R&D efforts in orphan drugs, while Chapter 4 investigates the inequality in allocation of R&D investment within rare diseases. Part III focuses on policymakers and addresses the issues in measuring pharmaceutical innovation benefits along with costs in rare disease arenas, while considering the opportunity cost of healthcare expenditures. Chapter 5 measures the causal impact of pharmaceutical innovation in rare diseases on longevity, while Chapter 6 is a critical discussion of decision-making tools for rational allocation of healthcare resources, and the use of a cost-effectiveness threshold.

L’évolution des droits des personnes en situation de handicap leur garantit une prise en compte singulière de leurs besoins et de leurs attentes. Les associations se mobilisent pour que leur vie relationnelle, affective et sexuelle (VRAS) puisse être reconnue dans l’accompagnement au sein des établissements et des services médico-sociaux. Cette dimension, qui se situe au cœur de l’intime, comporte de multiples enjeux. La protection de l’individu doit être assurée au même titre que son autonomie, et la proximité quotidienne entre les acteurs doit être suivie d’une remise en question permanente. Les bénéficiaires, les professionnels et les familles se retrouvent dans des situations parfois complexes et paradoxales, qui sont résolues par différents mécanismes de régulation. Les modalités s’inscrivent aujourd’hui dans une logique inclusive et se construisent en cohérence avec le droit, l’éthique et les moyens dont disposent les acteurs. Il existe des leviers d’action qui renforcent la capacité d’agir et les compétences de l’ensemble des parties prenantes. L’approche comparative utilisée ici débouche sur une analyse des pratiques existantes et innovantes, tant en Franche-Comté qu’en Suisse romande. Cette recherche, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un contrat doctoral Région, repose sur un paradigme interactionniste et s’appuie sur diverses disciplines. Ce travail mobilise plusieurs techniques de recueil de données (entretiens, questionnaires et observations), et propose un certain nombre de recommandations. / Today, the development of rights for the disabled, guarantees that their needs and expectations are met in a singular manner. Associations are mobilised so that their relational, emotional and sexual life may be recognised during their accompaniment within medico-social establishments and departments. This dimension, present in the heart of the intimate, includes numerous challenges. The individual’s protection must be ensured, just in the same way as their autonomy. Moreover, daily proximity between the various actors involved must be followed through by permanent questioning. Beneficiaries, professionals and families sometimes find themselves in complex, paradoxical situations, solved thanks to various regulating mechanisms. Today, the modalities involved figure within inclusive logic and are being developed in coherence with the law, ethics and the different actors’ means. There are action levers, reinforcing the empowerment and skills of all the parties implied. The comparative approach used here results in an analysis of existing and innovative practice in Franche-Comté (France), as well as in French-speaking Switzerland. This research, carried out within the scope of a regional Doctorate contract, rests on an interactional paradigm and is based on various different disciplines. This work mobilises several techniques, with a view to collecting data (interviews, questionnaires and observation) and proposes a number of recommendations.

Since the US National Security Agency’s former contractor Edward Snowden exposed the Agency’s mass surveillance, the EU has been making a series of attempts toward a more safeguarded and stricter path concerning its data privacy protection. On 8 April 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the CJEU) invalidated the EU Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC on the basis of incompatibility with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter). After this judgment, the CJEU examined the legality of the Safe Harbour Agreement, which had been the main legal basis for transfers of personal data from the EU to the US under Decision 2000/520/EC. Subsequently, on 6 October 2015, in the case of Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner, the CJEU declared the Safe Harbour Decision invalid. The ground for the Court’s judgment was the fact that the Decision enabled interference, by US public authorities, with the fundamental rights to privacy and personal data protection under Article 7 and 8 of the Charter, when processing the personal data of EU citizens. According to the judgment, this interference has been beyond what is strictly necessary and proportionate to the protection of national security and the persons concerned were not offered any administrative or judicial means of redress enabling the data relating to them to be accessed, rectified or erased. The Court’s analysis of the Safe Harbour was borne out of the EU Commission’s own previous assessments. Consequently, since the transfers of personal data between the EU and the US can no longer be carried out through the Safe Harbour, the EU legislature is left with the task to create a safer option, which will guarantee that the fundamental rights to privacy and protection of personal data of the EU citizens will be respected. However, although the EU is the party dictating the terms for these transatlantic transfers of personal data, the current provisions of the US law are able to provide for derogations from every possible renewed agreement unless they become compatible with the EU data privacy law. Moreover, as much business is at stake and prominent US companies are involved in this battle, the pressure toward the US is not only coming from the EU, but some American companies are also taking the fight for EU citizens’ right to privacy and protection of their personal data.