Orientador: Márcio Augusto Damin Custódio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T07:54:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_GabrielArrutiAragao_M.pdf: 1078546 bytes, checksum: 6293d6197371e4d5e74b8dbc53153c62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar o modo como Arnauld interpreta a relação corpo-alma na união substancial estabelecida por Descartes como compatível à filosofia de Agostinho e mostrar que esta concepção está presente nas Paixões da Alma e nas Meditações. Primeiro investiga-se as objeções de Arnauld direcionadas a Descartes e suas respectivas respostas, considerando as comparações entre Descartes e Agostinho feitas por Arnauld como base para os questionamentos estabelecidos na discussão. Esta comparação se refere a aspectos fundamentais da concepção da união substancial em questão, a saber, ao princípio do cogito, à distinção real entre substância pensante e substância extensa e à afirmação de que o conhecimento formado por concepções puras do entendimento é mais certo que os conhecimentos formados através da imaginação e da experiência sensível. Na sequência, apresenta-se o modo como Arnauld no Examen utiliza o texto de Agostinho para defender Descartes de acusações de heresia, o que confirma a ideia de que Arnauld concebe a relação corpo-alma proposta por Descartes como compatível com a filosofia de Agostinho. Por fim, sustenta-se que a posição de Arnauld quanto à relação corpo-alma está presente nas Paixões da Alma e nas Meditações / Abstract: The objective of this dissertation is to present how Arnauld interprets the body-soul relation in substantial union established by Descartes as compatible with the philosophy of Augustine and to show that this conception is present in the Passions of the Soul and the Meditations. First we investigate the Arnauld¿s objections directed to Descartes and their respective answers, considering the comparisons between Descartes and Augustine made by Arnauld as the basis for the questions set out in the discussion. This comparison relates to fundamental aspects of the substantial union in question, namely, the principle of the cogito, the real distinction between thinking substance and extended substance and the assertion that knowledge formed by pure conceptions of the understanding is more certain that the knowledge formed through imagination and sensory experience. Following, we present how Arnauld uses Augustine¿s text to defend Descartes from accusations of heresy, which confirms the idea that Arnauld conceives the body-soul relation proposed by Descartes as compatible with the Augustine¿s philosophy. Finally, we show that the Arnauld¿s position about body-soul relation is present in the Passions of the Soul and the Meditations / Mestrado / Filosofia / Mestre em Filosofia

Orientador: Oswaldo Giacoia Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T23:21:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Picoli_GleisyTatiana_M.pdf: 1328650 bytes, checksum: cd9fa95eb859b2577edd8431c6f4d3d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem por objetivo ressaltar a importância do conhecimento da doutrina crista da graça para a compreensão das doutrinas schopenhauerianas da compaixão e da liberdade moral. Afinal, Schopenhauer faz uso de conceitos cristãos para explicar os principais pontos de sua ética, donde se destaca o papel da graça. Para cumprir o meu objetivo, analiso, primeiramente, a filosofia do "doutor da graça", Agostinho, e, em seguida, avalio suas implicações na filosofia de Schopenhauer / Abstract: This dissertation aims to highlight the importance of the knowledge of the Christian doctrine of grace to the comprehension of the schopenhauerian doctrines of compassion and moral freedom. After all, Schopenhauer uses Christian concepts to explain the key issues of his ethics, in which the role of grace stands out. For achieving this goal, I first analyze the philosophy of the "Doctor of Grace", St. Augustine, and afterward assess its implications in Schopenhauer's philosophy / Mestrado / Filosofia / Mestra em Filosofia

Der deutliche Anstieg der Flüchtlingszahlen in den letzten Jahren hat zu einer Veränderung der Rahmenbedingungen für Zuwanderung und des damit verbundenen Diskussionsklimas in Sachsen geführt. Diese Entwicklungen machen politische Konzepte für ein friedvolles und chancengerechtes Zusammenleben in einem Kontext zunehmender Pluralität erforderlich. In den letzten Jahren sind Landesintegrationsgesetze in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg und zuletzt in Bayern in Kraft getreten. Integrationsgesetze können übergeordnete Ziele der Integration festschreiben und damit zur gesellschaftlichen Selbstverständigung über die Bedeutung, die Reichweite und die Voraussetzungen von Integration beitragen. Die Vorteile eines Integrationsgesetzes liegen dabei vor allem auf der symbolischen Ebene und hängen im Wesentlichen von dem Signal ab, das ein solches Gesetz an alle Bevölkerungsgruppen senden kann. Das vorliegende Gutachten hat das Ziel, den Bedarf, die Voraussetzungen und die Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten für ein Integrationsgesetz im sächsischen Kontext zu prüfen. Einbezogen werden juristische, politikwissenschaftliche und erziehungswissenschaftliche Perspektiven.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un algorithme de segmentation et de suivi du myocarde basé sur le formalisme des ensembles de niveaux. Nous modélisons dans un premier temps le myocarde par un modèle géométrique (hyperquadriques) qui permet de représenter des formes asymétriques telles que le myocarde tout en évitant une étape d’apprentissage. Ce modèle est ensuite inclus dans le formalisme des ensembles de niveaux afin de servir de contrainte de forme lors de la segmentation simultanée de l’endocarde et de l’épicarde. Ce terme d’a priori de forme est couplé à un terme local d’attache aux données ainsi qu’à un terme évitant la fusion des deux contours. L’algorithme est validé sur 80 images en fin systole et en fin diastole segmentées par 3 cardiologues. Dans un deuxième temps, nous proposons de segmenter l’ensemble d’une séquence en utilisant l’information de mouvement. Dans ce but, nous faisons l’hypothèse de conservation des niveaux de la fonction implicite associée à l’ensemble de niveaux et l’exprimons comme une énergie dans un formalisme variationnel. Cette énergie est ensuite ajoutée à l’algorithme décrit précédemment pour la segmentation statique du myocarde afin de contraindre temporellement l’évolution du contour. L’algorithme est alors validé sur 20 séquences échocardiographiques (soit environ 1200 images) segmentées par 2 experts. / The aim of this work is to propose an algorithm to segment and track the myocardium using the level-set formalism. The myocardium is first approximated by a geometric model (hyperquadrics) which allows to handle asymetric shapes such as the myocardium while avoiding a learning step. This representation is then embedded into the level-set formalism as a shape prior for the joint segmentation of the endocardial and epicardial borders. This shape prior term is coupled with a local data attachment term and a thickness term that prevents both contours from merging. The algorithm is validated on a dataset of 80 images at end diastolic and end systolic phase with manual references from 3 cardiologists. In a second step, we propose to segment whole sequences using motion information. To this end, we apply a level conservation constraint on the implicit function associated to the level-set and express this contraint as an energy term in a variational framework. This energy is then added to the previously described algorithm in order to constrain the temporal evolution of the contour. Finally the algorithm is validated on 20 echocardiographic sequences with manual references of 2 experts (corresponding to approximately 1200 images).

Dans le domaine de l'imagerie ultrasonore, l'imagerie non linéaire est devenue une branche importante. Imagerie non linéaire peut être divisée en imagerie harmonique tissulaire et imagerie harmonique de contraste, selon l'endroit où les signaux non linéaires viennent. Imagerie harmonique de contraste apparaît parce que les agents de contraste, qui sont injectés par voie intraveineuse pour améliorer les faibles échos rétrodiffusés par des cellules sanguines, peuvent vibrer non linéaire quand ils subissent une pression acoustique. Ces signaux non linéaires rétrodiffusés par des agents de contraste sont utilisés pour former des images harmoniques. Toutefois, lors de la propagation des ondes dans les tissus, les harmoniques de l'onde sont également générés dans le tissu. La présence de signaux harmoniques de tissus dégrade la qualité d'image en contraste imagerie harmonique. Cette thèse vise à mieux distinguer les échos des agents de contraste et les échos de tissus, concevant des nouvelles modalités, ou optimisant les modalités existantes. Nos efforts se concentrent principalement sur les techniques multi-impulsions en imagerie ultrasonore de contraste. Tout d'abord, nous proposons une formule de généraliser la plupart des techniques multi- impulsions. La formulation peut être utilisée pour prédire les éléments non linéaires dans chaque bande fréquentiel et de concevoir de nouvelles séquences de transmission pour augmenter ou diminuer composants non linéaires. Les résultats des simulations sur plusieurs techniques multi- impulsions sont en accord avec les résultats donnés dans les littératures précédentes. Deuxièmement, les techniques utilisant multi transmissions pour augmenter le CTR sont généralement basés sur la réponse des diffuseurs statiques. Cependant, diffuseur en mouvement a une influence inévitable sur des techniques. Il peut améliorer ou dégrader la technique. Des simulations, des expériences in vitro à partir d'une seule bulle et les nuages de bulles, et des expériences sur des rats montrent que le déphasage des échos rétrodiffusés par des bulles dépend du déphasage des transmissions, et que le mouvement de la bulle influe sur l’efficacité des techniques multi- impulsions. En outre, les résultats expérimentaux basés sur la technique de l'inversion de seconde harmonique (SHI) révèlent que le mouvement de la bulle peut être pris en compte pour optimiser les techniques multi-impulsions. Par ailleurs, une nouvelle technique, appelée double inversion de impulsion (DPI), a également été proposé. La technique PI est appliquée deux fois avant et après l'arrivée de l'agent de contraste dans la région d'intérêt. Les signaux résultants sont soustraits pour supprimer les harmoniques du tissu. Les simulations et les résultats in vitro ont montré une amélioration de CTR de DPI. Toutefois, la présence de mouvements de tissus peut limiter à l'efficacité de cette technique. Résultats in vivo confirment cette limitation. / In ultrasound imaging domain, nonlinear imaging has become an important branch. Nonlinear imaging can be divided into tissue harmonic imaging and contrast harmonic imaging, according to where the nonlinear signals come from. Contrast harmonic imaging emerges because contrast agents, which are intravenously injected to enhance the weak echoes backscattered from blood cells, can vibrate nonlinearly when they undergo an acoustic pressure. Then, these nonlinear signals backscattered by contrast agents are collected to form harmonic images. However, during the wave propagation in tissue, the harmonics of the transmitted wave are also generated in tissue. The presence of tissue harmonic signals degrades the image quality in contrast harmonic imaging. This thesis aims to better distinguish the echoes from contrast agents and the echoes from tissue, whether through designing new modalities, or investigating and optimizing the existing modalities. Our efforts are mainly focused on the multi-pulse techniques in ultrasound contrast imaging. Firstly, we propose a mathematical background to generalize most of the multi-pulse ultrasound imaging techniques that have been described in previous literatures. The formulation can be used to predict the nonlinear components in each frequency band and to design new transmission sequences to either increase or decrease specified nonlinear components in each harmonic band. Simulation results on several multi-pulse techniques are in agreement with the results given in previous literatures. Secondly, the techniques using multiple transmissions to increase the CTR are generally based on the response of static scatterers inside the imaged region. However, scatterer motion, for example in blood vessels, has an inevitable influence on the relevance of the techniques. It can either upgrade or degrade the technique involved. Simulations, in-vitro experiments from a single bubble and clouds of bubbles, and in-vivo experiments from rats show that the phase shift of the echoes backscattered from bubbles is dependent on the transmissions’ phase shift, and that the bubble motion influences the efficiency of multi-pulse techniques. Furthermore, experimental results based on the second-harmonic inversion (SHI) technique reveal that bubble motion can be taken into account to optimize multi-pulse techniques. Besides, a new technique, called double pulse inversion (DPI), has also been proposed. The PI technique is applied twice before and after the arrival of the contrast agents to the region of interest. The resulting PI signals are substracted to suppress the tissue-generated harmonics and to improve CTR. Simulations and in-vitro experimental results have shown an improved CTR of DPI. However, the presence of tissue movements may hamper the effectiveness of this technique. In-vivo experimental results confirm that the tissue motion of the rat during the acquisition is an inevitable barrier of this technique.

Cette thèse traite du potentiel interculturel de la littérature en cours de langue à l'exemple de la section Abibac en France, créée en 1994 dans le contexte de la coopération franco-allemande. Permettant l'obtention simultanée du baccalauréat français et de son équivalent allemand, l'Abitur, son objectif principal est le développement de la compétence interculturelle.La première partie présente un aperçu historique de la section Abibac, l'arrière-plan conceptuel de notre recherche dans les domaines interculturel, didactique et littéraire, et nos choix méthodologiques.Dans la deuxième partie, nous analysons le contexte théorique et institutionnel de l'enseignement de l'allemand en France. Nous discutons le statut de l'élève en tant que lecteur et présentons une étude empirique concernant la place de la littérature et de l'interculturel dans les textes-cadre institutionnels en France et en Allemagne, ainsi que dans les supports pédagogiques.La troisième partie démontre par des études de terrain les pratiques dans les sections Abibac en France. Une enquête menée auprès des professeurs concernant leurs choix de supports pédagogiques ainsi que leurs approches et objectifs est approfondie par des observations participatives menées dans quatre sections Abibac. Une expérimentation d'enseignement basée sur la lecture croisée de littératures de minorités mène à un modèle didactique permettant l'exploitation du potentiel interculturel des textes littéraires en classe.L'approche interdisciplinaire et interculturelle ainsi que l'association de la recherche théorique et de l'expérience pratique sur le terrain sont les clés de cette recherche. / The cross cultural potential of literature in foreign language teachingThe example of Franco German bilingual departments of French High-SchoolsThis thesis deals with teaching German literature in the bilingual department in French High-Schools: “Abibac”, created in 1994 in the field of Franco German cooperation, enables the students to pass the German and the French Secondary School examination simultaneously. The priority is to develop intercultural skills through the reciprocal knowledge of the two cultures.In the first part of this thesis, the development of the bilingual departments “Abibac” of French High-Schools is described in the historical context. Then the basic concepts of intercultural research, literary didactics and foreign languages didactics we refer to are reflected and the methodology of the thesis is presented.In the second part of our research, we present the theoretical and official context of German literature teaching in France. The theoretical analysis of pupils as readers is completed by an empirical study of the official instructions of German and French High-Schools. There is also an analysis of the way literature is introduced and intercultural skills are developed in textbooks.The third part of this thesis deals with the daily teaching practice in “Abibac”-departments in France. A survey of teachers on their teaching material, teaching practices and objectives is analysed and deepened by the presentation of observations in four “Abibac”-departments. A concrete teaching experience with books by multicultural authors will show how to study intercultural questions in literature.The interdisciplinary and intercultural approach of this project, the association of university research and practical experience in high-schools are the keys of this thesis.

Slat-band chains are used as conveyors by the food industry, breweries and bottling plants. The operating conditions require abrasion resistance and strength which are at the limit of the capabilities of the current material of choice, cold worked type 430. In an unconventional way of strengthening this material, Mintek developed a process in which the cold worked material is aged between 450°C and 500°C. The present work aims to elucidate the strengthening mechanism, using type 430 stainless steel containing 16.42% Cr and 0.036% C, in the cold-rolled condition (38% reduction in area), with and without prior solution heat treatment. The Cr-rich precipitate α" may form in the 450°C to 500°C range (due to the miscibility gap in the Fe-Cr system), resulting in the increased hardness and lowered ductility. Mossbauer studies confirmed that the α", at this composition and temperature, forms through the process of nucleation and growth. Hardening due to α" precipitation was only observed after aging for 64 hours or more, however. After increasing the dissolved interstitial content by solution heat treatments (in the vicinity of 900°C), increases in Vickers hardness of 30-50 kg/mm2 could be obtained after only 8 minutes at 475°C. This hardness increase corresponds to an increase in tensile strength of more than 100 MPa. The increased hardness does not appear to be caused by strain aging, and presumably results from fine carbide or nitride precipitation. Solution treatment at 930°C also introduced some martensite (α') into the microstructure, which raised the hardness of the unaged cold worked material. Overaging of the carbide and nitride precipitates was observed at 475°C, but not at 450°C, probably due to the lower diffusion rates at the lower temperature. No averaging of the α" precipitates occurred, for aging times up to 2072 hours. Samples aged for selected periods of time at 475°C had low impact strengths - even well before the formation of α" - and revealed predominantly cleavage fracture with some ductile fracture areas, mostly at grain boundaries. Both impact strength and lateral expansion indicated that embrittlement accompanies the increased hardness obtained by aging. Calculation of critical crack lengths from the impact data, however, revealed that a maximum flaw length of 0.8 mm, for specimens solution treated at 880°C, could be tolerated before catastrophic failure. Since it is not expected that flaws of that size would exist in the as manufactured links, fatigue will probably determine the lifetime of the chains, although the lower K1c values indicate that less crack propagation will be tolerated before brittle fracture. During the aging treatment, the strength may be lowered by recrystallisation of the coldworked material. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the start of recovery, but no recrystallisation. Some large precipitates (around lμm in diameter) were present. These were identified, through their diffraction patterns, as M23C6; these carbides were present in both aged and unaged material and hence represent precipitates which had not dissolved during the initial solution treatments. The α" precipitates- and the presumed newly formed nitride and carbide precipitates - were too fine for detection by TEM. Potentiodynamic testing of the treated material in a 0.5M H2SO4 solution indicated that, although the probable hardening mechanisms imply localised Cr depletion of the matrix, the general corrosion resistance and passivation behaviour were not affected. It is concluded that the strength of the chain may be increased markedly by short-term heat treatments at 475°C, with lowered toughness, but with no decrease in corrosion resistance. Martensite, work hardening, and precipitation of carbides and nitrides all contribute to the final strength, with α" formation only becoming significant after longer aging times. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

The challenge of the just war theory in the post-modern era is compounded by technologic advances in warfare and the friction among state actors in a decentralized state system. The inquiry of this investigation on just war is the extent of its validity in an era that extols the sciences and human reason on the one hand and economic necessity on the other as the standard by which state actors regulate their political objectives. The thesis Just war; unjust consequences examines the longevity of the just war tradition, its moral necessity throughout history and its indispensable application in the nuclear age. Chapter 2 examines the moral foundations of the ‘two kingdoms’, which formulates the background of the just war theory, from the biblical account of the great controversy between good and evil to the formation of modern church/state relations. Within the ancient and contemporary setting, ecclesiastical and theological traditions have provided a public platform to establish moral parameters in regards to state actor intent and post-modern application, such as the U.S.-Iraq war. Chapter 3 investigates Augustine’s enduring contribution to the moral and historical formation and longevity of the just war theory. From its earliest development to its modern antecedent the just war theory has been an integral aspect of the philosophical and theological analysis distinguishing ‘why’ and ‘how’ wars are fought and the import of moral parameters to manage international conflict. Chapter 4 examines Reinhold Niebuhr’s contribution to the realist tradition and U.S. foreign policy in the 20th and 21st centuries. This section examines the impact of the modern state actor’s intent for war. The primary issue is that the classical formulation that identifies human nature as the catalyst of social disorder and war is superseded by the scientific method, which adheres to the viewpoint that war is complicated by numerous economic and political factors. Hans Morgenthau’s realist tradition of international relations theory, which advocates that humankind is the centric disruptive force by its abuse of power at all levels of human interaction especially among nations was eventually eclipsed by Kenneth Waltz’s neorealist school of thought, which shifted the culpability of war from the egocentricities of human nature to the disproportions of economic and military power among competing state actors in a decentralized state system. This shift in international relations theory within the framework of weapons of mass destruction contested the validity of the just war tradition in the nuclear age. Chapter 5 reasserts the Christian realist tradition’s viewpoint that the perpetrator for war is the individual actor within collective competitive self-interest, epitomized by the state actor. The classical model is reinstated as a plausible cause for war. It is within this framework that a contemporary adaptation of the just war moral theory is provided to contest the contemporary complexities of warfare in the 21st century. Chapter 6 investigates the practical challenges of modern warfare. The background of Operation Iraqi Freedom reveals the complications of state actor competition in international politics, and the necessity of moral parameters to thwart unwarranted state actor aggression. Finally, Chapter 7 reiterates, the prolonged necessity of the just war tradition in both the ancient and modern eras and, the import of moral parameters to thwart unwarranted state actor aggression and provides a reformulation of the just war moral theory to challenge the viewpoint that deems the utility of weapons of mass destruction as viable national security alternative and its tactical application in warfare. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014 / gm2015 / Practical Theology / PhD / Unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:12:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marlesson castelo.pdf: 600251 bytes, checksum: 1ba8c350577e790c6321a54af3c7685a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-15 / Our aim is to show that, since Augustine, the problem of relation between human freedom and divine grace to pass by occidental historical Christianity. This work attends the problem under three historical perspectives: the dispute between Augustine and Pelagio, in the begining of the fifth century; the polemics of the Protestant Reform, in the Modern Ages, with the Lutheran and Calvinist results; the neopentecostalism, in the present, taking by reference the Universal Church of God s Kingdom founded in 1977 by Edir Macedo, who has self-named Bishop. In this religious-historical conditions, the concept of grace remains connected to manifestation of sacred, whose expression is registered in a systematic theological discourse in both first periods. However, under the actual perspective, the grace is agreed of utilitarian manner without systematic expression, and the human freedom is under persistent menace, in an environment which the forces of harmony and chaos are in conflit. / Nosso propósito é mostrar que, desde Agostinho, o problema da relação entre liberdade humana e graça divina perpassa o cristianismo histórico ocidental. Para tanto, o presente trabalho considera três perspectivas históricas: A controvérsia entre Agostinho e Pelágio, no início do Séc. V; os desdobramentos luterano e calvinista no contexto da Reforma Protestante, na Idade Moderna; os movimentos neopentecostais contemporâneos, tomando-se como referência a Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, fundada em 1977, pelo autodenominado Bispo Edir Macedo. Nessa trajetória histórico-religiosa, o conceito de graça permanece ligado à manifestação do sagrado, cuja expressão é registrada em discursos teológicos sistemáticos nos dois primeiros períodos considerados. Porém, no terceiro enfoque, o contemporâneo, a graça se apresenta de modo utilitarista, sem expressão sistemática, e a liberdade humana é constantemente ameaçada em meio à luta entre as forças da ordem e do caos.

Die Bezugnahme auf bereits in den Diskurs eingeführte Referenten durch Anaphern stellt ein zentrales Mittel zur Etablierung referenzieller Kohärenz dar. Der Gebrauch anaphorischer Referenzausdrücke hängt dabei mit dem Grad der Zugänglichkeit der mentalen Repräsentation eines Diskursreferenten zusammen: Referenzausdrücke wie Pronomen spiegeln beispielsweise einen hohen Zugänglichkeitsgrad wider, wohingegen Referenzausdrücke wie Nominalphrasen und Eigennamen einen niedrigeren Zugänglichkeitsgrad signalisieren (u.a. Ariel, 1990). Der relative Zugänglichkeitsgrad von Diskursreferenten wird dabei von verschiedenen Zugänglichkeitsfaktoren auf unterschiedlichen sprachlichen Ebenen beeinflusst (für einen Überblick: Arnold, 2010). Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit dem Erwerb referenzieller Kohärenz durch deutschsprachige Kinder. Dabei geht es sowohl um die Verarbeitung als auch um die Produktion anaphorischer Referenzausdrücke. Zum einen stellt sich hierbei die Frage, inwiefern Kinder in der Lage sind, anaphorische Referenzausdrücke als Hinweis auf den Grad der Zugänglichkeit von Diskursreferenten online zu verarbeiten und offline zu interpretieren. Zum anderen wird untersucht, inwiefern Kinder beim Gebrauch anaphorischer Referenzausdrücke den relativen Zugänglichkeitsgrad von Diskursreferenten in narrativen Textproduktionen berücksichtigen. Um zu überprüfen, auf welche Weise sich Kinder hierbei von Erwachsenen unterscheiden, werden die Ergebnisse der kindlichen Gruppe jeweils mit denen einer erwachsenen Kontrollgruppe verglichen. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen in dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass deutschsprachige Kinder sowohl bei der Verarbeitung als auch bei der Produktion von anaphorischen Referenzausdrücken sensibel auf den relativen Zugänglichkeitsgrad von Diskursreferenten reagieren: Drei- bis vierjährige Kinder bevorzugen bei der Online-Verarbeitung Personalpronomen gegenüber wiederholten Eigennamen, wenn sich diese auf höchst zugängliche Diskursreferenten beziehen (Experiment 1, Eyetracking). Dies wird als Hinweis darauf gewertet, dass sie verstehen, dass sich gewisse Ausdrücke besser als andere dazu eignen, auf höchst zugängliche Diskursreferenten zu verweisen. Zudem berücksichtigen neun- bis zehnjährige Kinder bei der Produktion anaphorischer Referenzausdrücke in narrativen Textproduktionen lokale und globale Zugänglichkeitsfaktoren (Studie, Bildergeschichte). Als lokaler Zugänglichkeitsfaktor wird hier die referenzielle Funktion (Erhalt vs. Wiederaufnahme) betrachtet; der Charaktertyp (Hauptcharakter vs. Nebencharakter) repräsentiert hingegen einen globalen Zugänglichkeitsfaktor (Vogels, 2014). In Übereinstimmung mit den Präferenzen Erwachsener benutzen die Kinder überwiegend Pronomen zum Erhalt und Nominalphrasen zur Wiederaufnahme von Diskursreferenten. Ein Unterschied zu den Erwachsenen besteht jedoch im Hinblick auf den globalen Zugänglichkeitsfaktor des Charaktertyps: Anders als die Erwachsenen verweisen die Kinder vorzugsweise mit Pronomen auf Hauptcharaktere und mit Nominalphrasen auf Nebencharaktere. Erwachsene scheinen den globalen Zugänglichkeitsfaktor des Charaktertyps hingegen erst dann zu berücksichtigen, wenn lokale Diskursanforderungen erfüllt sind. Dies legt nahe, dass Kinder Zugänglichkeitsfaktoren zum Teil anders gewichten als Erwachsene. Für eine ähnliche Interpretation spricht auch das Verhalten acht- bis neunjähriger Kinder bei der Online-Verarbeitung von Personalpronomen und definiten Nominalphrasen (Experiment 2, Eyetracking). Während die Erwachsenen Personalpronomen gegenüber Nominalphrasen bevorzugen, wenn sich diese in der Funktion des Topikerhalts auf höchst zugängliche Diskursreferenten beziehen, zeigen die Kinder keinen Unterschied in ihrem Blickverhalten in Bezug auf diese beiden referenziellen Ausdrucksformen. Dies spricht dafür, dass die Kinder die informationsstrukturelle Funktion dieser beiden Referenzausdrücke im Gegensatz zu den Erwachsenen unberücksichtigt lassen. Obwohl Kinder bei der Verarbeitung und Produktion anaphorischer Referenzausdrücke bereits vielfach den relativen Zugänglichkeitsgrad von Diskursreferenten berücksichtigen, scheint der Erwerb anaphorischer Referenz auch noch am Ende der Grundschule nicht abgeschlossen zu sein.