This thesis investigates the origins and behaviour of the non-canonical morphological phenomenon of heteroclisis in the verb paradigms of Latin and the Romance languages. Heteroclisis is the coexistence, within a single paradigm, of forms which pattern according to different inflectional classes existing otherwise in the language: a heteroclite lexeme can thus be seen as 'mixed' or 'undecided' as to its inflectional identity. I begin by examining the development of the theoretical concept of heteroclisis and approaches to the idea of inflectional class in general, before situating heteroclisis in typological space in comparison with better-known instances of non-canonical morphology such as deponency and suppletion; heteroclisis exists at a different level of generalization from these, because its identification presupposes the existence of inflectional classes, themselves generalizations over the behaviour of individual lexemes. I also consider two recent theoretical treatments of the phenomenon and survey recent linguistic studies making use of the notion. I then look at the synchronic and diachronic behaviour of heteroclisis in Latin and Romance verbs: the great time depth of our attestations of these languages gives us the chance to witness the development of successive examples of heteroclisis, and their subsequent treatment within the morphological system, in the history of a single family. Focusing chiefly on data from Latin, Romanian and Romansh, I find that the principal (though not the only) source for new instances of heteroclisis in Latin/Romance lies in regular sound change, and find that speakers can treat these synchronically anomalous patterns as robust models of inflectional behaviour to be extended over the lexicon or brought into line with pre-existing types of paradigm-internal alternation. These findings concur with previous demonstrations that speakers make use of non-canonical phenomena as markers of the internal structure of inflectional paradigms.

O presente estudo baseia-se na alteração promovida pela Lei 11.232/2005 no sistema executivo do Código de Processo Civil. Além de prever o processo civil sincrético, acabando com a necessidade de uma nova demanda processo de execução após o término do processo de conhecimento, a lei também alterou conceitos e disposições específicas do Código. A previsão que ganha destaque é a do art. 475-N, inciso I, segundo a qual é título executivo judicial a sentença proferida no processo civil que reconheça a existência de obrigação de fazer, não fazer, entregar coisa ou pagar quantia. Diante disso, pretende-se fazer uma análise da carga executiva da sentença civil, notadamente da atribuição de eficácia executiva às sentenças declaratórias, na medida em que a lei processual não mais passou a definir a sentença condenatória como o título executivo judicial, mas aquela que reconheça a existência da obrigação. Neste sentido, é feito em primeiro lugar o estudo da tutela jurisdicional estatal, especialmente da tutela jurisdicional, da sentença judicial, sua classificação, efeitos e coisa julgada. Em seguida, é analisada a execução e o cumprimento da sentença. Por fim, é objeto de estudo a sentença passível de execução, a atribuição de eficácia executiva às sentenças declaratórias e as hipóteses de reconhecimento de obrigação em favor do réu, da procedência e improcedência da ação declaratória negativa e das sentenças declaratórias arbitrais e estrangeiras homologadas pelo STJ. / The present study is based on the changes made by law 11.232 of 2005 in Brazilian procedural law. Besides establishing the one and only lawsuit by eliminating the necessity of a new suit execution after finished the legal discussion, the mentioned law also changed concepts and specific statements of the procedural law. The most important is the one of article 475-N, I, which says that the sentence that recognizes the existence of an obligation of doing, not doing, delivering or paying shall be enforceable. Therefore, it is intended to do an analysis of the sentence and its enforcement, specially for declaratory ones, as the law does not enforce only the conviction, but those sentences that acknowledge the existence of the obligation. Then, it is first studied the jurisdictional issue, sentence, its classification, its effects and stare decisis. After, it is analyzed the execution. Finally, is studied the sentence and its enforcement, the enforcement of declaratory ones and the acknowledge of an obligation in favor of the defendant, the judgment in favor or against the plaintiff in lawsuits to recognize the inexistence of an obligation, and declaratory arbitration and foreign sentences confirmed by STJ.

Usability is a critical aspect of the success of any application. It can be the deciding factor for which an application is chosen and can have a dramatic effect on the productivity of users. Eye tracking has been successfully utilised as a usability evaluation tool, because of the strong link between where a person is looking and their cognitive activity. Currently, eye tracking usability evaluation is a time–intensive process, requiring extensive human expert analysis. It is therefore only feasible for small–scale usability testing. This study developed a method to reduce the time expert analysts spend interpreting eye tracking results, by automating part of the analysis process. This was accomplished by comparing the visual strategy of a benchmark user against the visual strategies of the remaining participants. A comparative study demonstrates how the resulting metrics highlight the same tasks with usability issues, as identified by an expert analyst. The method also produces visualisations to assist the expert in identifying problem areas on the user interface. Eye trackers are now available for various mobile devices, providing the opportunity to perform large–scale, remote eye tracking usability studies. The proposed approach makes it feasible to analyse these extensive eye tracking datasets and improve the usability of an application. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Computer Science / unrestricted

The “475°C embrittlement” occurring in ferritic and duplex stainless steel is considered to be detrimental and it limits the application of ferritic and duplex stainless steel at elevated temperatures, i.e., above about 300°C . In this study, the effect from alloying elements Ni, Cu and Mn on 475°C embrittlement was examined based on microhardness measurement and Charpy V-notch tests as well as atom probe tomography (APT). It was found that, after aging for 10h, 3% Ni accelerates the ferrite decomposition dramatically, 5% Mn has minor effect and no effect of 1.5% Cu was seen. The hardness increase tested at 450°C and 500°C was consistent with the observations from APT. The embrittlement based on room temperature Charpy tests was observed mainly during the first 10h. The embrittlement in Fe-20Cr-3Ni alloy was attributed to ferrite decomposition, while the other three alloys may be influenced by other phenomenon as well. A clustering effect of Cu has been observed in Fe-20Cr-1.5Cu and it was supposed to contribute to the mechanical changes.

The “475°C embrittlement” occurring in ferritic and duplex stainless steel is considered to be detrimental and it limits the application of ferritic and duplex stainless steel at elevated temperatures, i.e., above about 300°C . In this study, the effect from alloying elements Ni, Cu and Mn on 475°C embrittlement was examined based on microhardness measurement and Charpy V-notch tests as well as atom probe tomography (APT). It was found that, after aging for 10h, 3% Ni accelerates the ferrite decomposition dramatically, 5% Mn has minor effect and no effect of 1.5% Cu was seen. The hardness increase tested at 450°C and 500°C was consistent with the observations from APT. The embrittlement based on room temperature Charpy tests was observed mainly during the first 10h. The embrittlement in Fe-20Cr-3Ni alloy was attributed to ferrite decomposition, while the other three alloys may be influenced by other phenomenon as well. A clustering effect of Cu has been observed in Fe-20Cr-1.5Cu and it was supposed to contribute to the mechanical changes.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第19093号 / エネ博第317号 / 新制||エネ||64(附属図書館) / 32044 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー変換科学専攻 / (主査)教授 木村 晃彦, 教授 星出 敏彦, 教授 今谷 勝次 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Μελέτη της αναπνευστικής λειτουργίας με εργοσπιρομετρία σε ασθενείς με γαστροοισοφαγική παλινδρομική νόσο. Εισαγωγή: Η Γαστροοισοφαγική Παλινδρομική Νόσος (ΓΟΠΝ) έχει συσχετισθεί με πλειάδα πνευμονικών εκδηλώσεων αλλά είναι ασαφές εάν η γαστροοισοφαγική παλινδρόμηση προκαλεί οποιαδήποτε δυσλειτουργία στην πνευμονική λειτουργία. Η εργοσπιρομετρία είναι μια εξειδικευμένη μέθοδος η οποία χρησιμοποιείται για να διερευνήσει την αναπνευστική λειτουργία κατά την άσκηση. Σκοπός: Σκοπός της μελέτης ήταν να αποκαλυφθεί οποιαδήποτε ανωμαλία της πνευμονικής λειτουργίας σε ασθενείς με ΓΟΠΝ και αναπνευστικά συμπτώματα. Μέθοδος: Μελετήσαμε 34 ασθενείς με ΓΟΠΝ (ηλικίας 21-63, 24 άνδρες/10 γυναίκες) και εξωοισοφαγικά αναπνευστικά συμπτώματα (συριγμός ή/και βήχας) πριν και μετά από 12 εβδομάδες θεραπεία με διπλή δόση ομεπραζόλης. Κανείς ασθενής δεν παρουσίασε παθολογική σπιρομέτρηση. Εργομετρία διενεργήθηκε σε όλους του ασθενείς πριν την θεραπεία και μετά την θεραπεία. Γαστροσκόπηση διενεργήθηκε σε όλους τους ασθενείς πριν την θεραπεία και σε αυτούς με οισοφαγίτιδα επανελήφθη μετά την θεραπεία. Καταγραφήκαν οι ακόλουθες εργομετρικές παράμετροι: VO2rest, VO2max, VCO2rest, VCO2max, O2–puls rest, O2–puls max, HR (heart rate) rest, HRmax, PETCO2rest, PETCO2max, VE/VCO2 SLOPE πριν και μετά την θεραπεία. Αποτελέσματα: Είκοσι τέσσερις ασθενείς (70.6%) είχαν οισοφαγίτιδα (βαθμού Α-D), 16 ασθενείς είχαν διαφραγματοκήλη (47.1%), και σε 13 ασθενείς (38.23 %) ανιχνεύθηκε Helicobacter pylori.Οι εργομετρικές παράμετροι ήταν εντός φυσιολογικών ορίων σε όλους τους ασθενείς, κανείς ασθενής δεν παρουσίασε οποιαδήποτε ανωμαλία κατά την άσκηση. Είκοσι οκτώ ασθενείς επανελέγχθηκαν. Καμία βελτίωση σε οποιαδήποτε εργομετρική παράμετρο μετά την θεραπεία δεν παρατηρήθηκε παρά την ύφεση των οισοφαγικών και των εξωοισοφαγικών συμπτωμάτων σε όλους τους ασθενείς. Καμία στατιστικώς σημαντική διαφορά δεν παρατηρήθηκε πριν και μετά την θεραπεία μεταξύ ασθενών μεγαλύτερων των 40 ετών και νεότερων των 40 ετών, καπνιστών και μη καπνιστών, Hp(+) και Hp(-) ασθενών, όπως επίσης και μεταξύ ασθενών με και χωρίς οισοφαγίτιδα, και μεταξύ ασθενών με και χωρίς διαφραγματοκήλη. Συμπεράσματα: Ασθενείς με ΓΟΠΝ, αναπνευστικές εκδηλώσεις και φυσιολογική σπιρομέτρηση, δεν παρουσιάζουν διαταραχές κατά την εργομετρία (δοκιμασία άσκησης). Επίσης δεν παρατηρείται καμιά κλινικά αξιόλογη μεταβολή στις εργομετρικές τιμές μετά την θεραπεία ούτε διαφορά στις εργομετρικές τιμές σύμφωνα με την ηλικία, το κάπνισμα, την παρουσία H.pylori, οισοφαγίτιδας ή διαφραγματοκήλης. / Evaluation of respiratory function with cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Introduction: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been associated with a variety of pulmonary manifestations but it is unclear if gastroesophageal reflux causes any abnormality in pulmonary function. Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is a specialized method which is used to evaluate respiratory function during exercise. Aim: The aim of this study was to reveal any abnormality of pulmonary function in patients with GERD and respiratory symptoms. Method: We evaluated 34 patients with GERD (age 21-63, 24 men) and extraesophageal respiratory symptoms (wheezing and/or cough) before therapy and after twelve weeks treatment with double dose omeprazole. No patient presented abnormal spirometry. CPET was performed in all patients at baseline and after completion of 12 week treatment. The following CPET parameters: VO2rest, VO2max, VCO2rest, VCO2max, O2–pulse rest, O2–pulse max, HR (heart rate) rest, HRmax, PETCO2rest, PETCO2max, VE/VCO2 slope were recorded pre-treatment and post-treatment. Results: Twenty four patients (70.6%) had esophagitis (grade I-IV), 16 patients had hiatal hernia (47.1%) and in 13 patients (38,2%) Helicobacter pylori was positive. All patients completed the CPET. No one presented shortness of breath or respiratory symptoms. CPET parameters were within normal limits in all patients. Twenty eight patients were reevaluated. No improvement in any CPET parameter post treatment was observed despite remission of esophageal and extraesophageal symptoms in all patients. No statistically significant difference was observed pre and post-treatment, between older and younger than 40 year old patients, smokers and non smokers, Hp(+) and Hp(-) patients and those with and without hiatal hernia and esophagitis. Conclusions: Patients with GERD and respiratory manifestations and normal spirometry present no pulmonary dysfunction during CPET. Also no alterations in CPET values post-treatment neither differences in CPET values according to age, smoking, Hp status, presence of oesophagitis or hiatal hernia were observed.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / La investigación analiza los artículos 474 y 476 del Código Penal en relación con los artículos 1 y 2 N°1 de la Ley de Conductas Terroristas, esto es, los delitos de incendio terrorista. Basado en la jurisprudencia nacional, sistematiza y examina núcleos problemáticos que existen a la hora de fundamentar jurídicamente la desestimación o aplicación de la calificación de terrorismo a los delitos de incendio. Finalmente, relaciona los núcleos problemáticos encontrados con principios generales del Derecho Penal Chileno, tales como el principio de legalidad y el principio de proporcionalidad de las penas. / 06/09/2018

No description available.

Slat-band chains are used as conveyors by the food industry, breweries and bottling plants. The operating conditions require abrasion resistance and strength which are at the limit of the capabilities of the current material of choice, cold worked type 430. In an unconventional way of strengthening this material, Mintek developed a process in which the cold worked material is aged between 450°C and 500°C. The present work aims to elucidate the strengthening mechanism, using type 430 stainless steel containing 16.42% Cr and 0.036% C, in the cold-rolled condition (38% reduction in area), with and without prior solution heat treatment. The Cr-rich precipitate α" may form in the 450°C to 500°C range (due to the miscibility gap in the Fe-Cr system), resulting in the increased hardness and lowered ductility. Mossbauer studies confirmed that the α", at this composition and temperature, forms through the process of nucleation and growth. Hardening due to α" precipitation was only observed after aging for 64 hours or more, however. After increasing the dissolved interstitial content by solution heat treatments (in the vicinity of 900°C), increases in Vickers hardness of 30-50 kg/mm2 could be obtained after only 8 minutes at 475°C. This hardness increase corresponds to an increase in tensile strength of more than 100 MPa. The increased hardness does not appear to be caused by strain aging, and presumably results from fine carbide or nitride precipitation. Solution treatment at 930°C also introduced some martensite (α') into the microstructure, which raised the hardness of the unaged cold worked material. Overaging of the carbide and nitride precipitates was observed at 475°C, but not at 450°C, probably due to the lower diffusion rates at the lower temperature. No averaging of the α" precipitates occurred, for aging times up to 2072 hours. Samples aged for selected periods of time at 475°C had low impact strengths - even well before the formation of α" - and revealed predominantly cleavage fracture with some ductile fracture areas, mostly at grain boundaries. Both impact strength and lateral expansion indicated that embrittlement accompanies the increased hardness obtained by aging. Calculation of critical crack lengths from the impact data, however, revealed that a maximum flaw length of 0.8 mm, for specimens solution treated at 880°C, could be tolerated before catastrophic failure. Since it is not expected that flaws of that size would exist in the as manufactured links, fatigue will probably determine the lifetime of the chains, although the lower K1c values indicate that less crack propagation will be tolerated before brittle fracture. During the aging treatment, the strength may be lowered by recrystallisation of the coldworked material. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the start of recovery, but no recrystallisation. Some large precipitates (around lμm in diameter) were present. These were identified, through their diffraction patterns, as M23C6; these carbides were present in both aged and unaged material and hence represent precipitates which had not dissolved during the initial solution treatments. The α" precipitates- and the presumed newly formed nitride and carbide precipitates - were too fine for detection by TEM. Potentiodynamic testing of the treated material in a 0.5M H2SO4 solution indicated that, although the probable hardening mechanisms imply localised Cr depletion of the matrix, the general corrosion resistance and passivation behaviour were not affected. It is concluded that the strength of the chain may be increased markedly by short-term heat treatments at 475°C, with lowered toughness, but with no decrease in corrosion resistance. Martensite, work hardening, and precipitation of carbides and nitrides all contribute to the final strength, with α" formation only becoming significant after longer aging times. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted