Bakgrund: Barns smärtfysiologi och deras reaktioner på smärta skiljer sig från vuxnas. De har inte lika välutvecklad smärtreglering och smärtan är närmare associerad med emotionella upplevelser. Smärta hos barn kan leda till negativa följder och har ett samband med stress, oro och rädsla. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskans möjligheter att lindra smärta i samband med procedurer hos barn 6-12 år. Metod: En litteraturstudie med systematisk ansats där sökningar gjordes i Cinahl, PubMed och Scopus. Sökorden som användes var: ”treatment related pain”, ”procedural pain”, ”procedure pain”, ”child*” och ”nurs*”. Utvalda artiklar kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Sjuksköterskan har stora möjligheter att lindra smärtan i samband med procedurer. Resultatet grundas på 18 artiklar med olika ansatser och behandlas i sju teman: avledningsmetoder, avslappning, farmakologisk smärtlindring, ålders inverkan på barns smärtupplevelse, att använda avledning, sjuksköterskans betydelse och delaktighet. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskans bemötande och förhållningsätt spelar stor roll i mötet med barnet och denne kan använda sig själv som ett verktyg för att främja barnets känsla av trygghet och använda sig av avledningsmetoder anpassade till barnets förutsättningar. / Background: Children's physiology of pain, as well as their reaction to it, differs from that of an adult. Their pain modulation is not as developed and pain is more closely associated with emotional experiences. Pain in children can lead to negative consequences and is linked to stress, anxiety and fear. Aim: To describe the nurse’s opportunities to alleviate pain in procedures in children 6-12 years. Method: A literature review with a systematic approach where searches were made in Cinahl, PubMed and Scopus. The search terms used were: ”treatment related pain”, ”procedural pain”, ”procedure pain”, ”child*” and ”nurs*”. Selected articles were examined regarding quality and analysed through qualitative content analysis. Results: The nurse has many opportunities to alleviate pain in procedures. The result is based on 18 articles with different approaches and presented in seven themes: distraction methods, relaxation, pharmacological pain relief, influence of age in children's experience of pain, to use distraction, the importance of the nurse and participation. Conclusion: The nurse's approach makes a difference in the encounter with the child and they can use themselves as a tool to promote the child's feeling of security, aswell as use distraction methods adapted to the child.

INTRODUCTION: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that approximately 1.2 million illnesses and 450 deaths occur annually in the United States from non-typhoidal Salmonella infections (CDC, 2015). Children are most likely to get salmonellosis; the elderly, infants, and those with compromised immune systems are likely to have a severe illness. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: In this study, an analysis of childhood salmonellosis comparing infants under 6 months and those 6 to 12 months old was completed. This analysis was conducted in order to compare exposures among the two age groups. METHODS: Data were downloaded from SENDSS into Microsoft Excel for data cleaning; data management and analysis was conducted using R Statistical Packaging (R-3.2.3), Epi InfoTM 7 and Microsoft Excel 2016. RESULTS: The occurrence of contact with dog was 43.59% among children under than 6 months and for children 6-12 months, the rate of contact with dog was 48.37% (OR=0.82, p =0.33); the incidence of exposure to bird was 1.54% for children under 6 months and among children 6-12 months, the incidence was 2.31% (OR=0.66, p = 0.57). In children under 6 months, the incidence of exposure to pig was 0% and among children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure was 0.46% (OR=0, p = 0.34); among children under 6 months, the occurrence of exposure to reptile/amphibian was 6.63% and between children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure was 3.67% (OR=1.86, p = 0.17). Among children younger than 6 months, the incidence of contact with cat was 11.40% and for children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure was 15.21% (OR=0.72, p = 0.26). The occurrence of contact with others with similar illness among children under 6 months was 18.18% and the incidence of contact with others for children 6-12 months was 23.53% (OR=0.72, p = 0.56); for children under 6 months, the rate of exposure to children in diapers was 44.75% and among children 6-12 months, the incidence was 45.77% (OR=0.96, p = 0.84). For children under 6 months, the incidence of attending large gatherings was 18.84% and between children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure to large gatherings was 22.64% (OR=0.79, p = 0.35). Among children under 6 months, the incidence of exposure to watermelon was 1.04% and between children 6-12 months, the rate of exposure was 10.95% (OR=0.086, p = <.0001); for children under 6 months, the rate of exposure to chicken was 2.06% and the incidence of contact with chicken among children 6-12 months was 35.85% (OR=0.0389, p = <.0001). The rate of exposure to tomatoes among children under 6 months was 0.52% and the incidence of exposure to tomatoes in children 6-12 months was 3.76% (OR=0.135, p = 0.028); among infants under 6 months, the rate of exposure to dairy was 3.66% and for children 6-12 months, the occurrence of exposure to dairy was 26.29% (OR=0.107, p = <.0001). In children under 6 months, the incidence of exposure to berries was 0.52% and the rate of exposure to berries among children 6-12 months was 13.46% (OR=0.034, p = <.0001); the incidence of exposure to turkey among children under 6 months was 0.52% and in children 6-12 months, it was 12.38% (OR=0.037, p = <.0001). The rate of exposure to beef in children under 6 months was 1.04% and in children 6-12 months, it was 10% (OR=0.094, p = <.0001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in the incidence of animal exposures for salmonellosis among children under 6 months and 6 to 12 months in Georgia. Moreover, there was no significant difference between environmental exposures among children under 6 months and 6-12 months. Nonetheless, we did find statistically significant difference in food exposures among infants under 6 months and those over 6-12 months. Our finding suggests that when compared to children 6-12 months, infants under 6 months are less likely to have been exposed to food items other than infant formula or breast milk.

This thesis describes the efforts towards the synthesis of the guaiane-6,12-olide skeleton, which characterises the guaianolide family of bioactive natural compounds. Two approaches have been investigated: the intramolecular hetero Diels Alder (IMHDA) reaction and the intramolecular carbonyl ene reaction. This thesis has been divided in three sections: the first part gives a general background about the guaianolides, the second section describes the synthetic approaches we investigated and, finally, the third section reports the experimental details. The first section gives a brief overview about the biosynthesis, the biological activities of the guaianolides, and the most interesting synthetic approaches to obtain them. The second section describes the two different approaches we investigated and gives a theoretical background about the main chemical transformations used. At first, the IMHDA reaction approach is described: a brief overview of palladium catalysis and Diels Alder reaction is given, and it is followed by the results and discussion of our study. Similarly, a theoretical background of the Alder ene reaction is given, before the results and discussion of the intramolecular carbonyl ene reaction approach are described: particular importance is given to the reasoning that led to the assignment of the relative configuration of the cycloadducts obtained, and to the rationalisation of this stereochemical outcome. Finally, the third section gives a complete description of the experimental procedures followed, and of the experimental data for the synthetic studies performed in the previous chapter.

Syftet var att i en litteraturstudie undersöka eventuella hinder för optimal postoperativ smärtlindring av barn 6-12 år gamla samt undersöka vilka postoperativa smärtlindringsmetoder som används på barn 6-12 år gamla. Litteraturstudien bygger på elva artiklar som kvalitetsgranskades. I resultatet presenteras de faktorer som påverkar barns postoperativa smärtlindring i fyra kategorier: sjuksköterskans medverkan i barnens postoperativa smärtlindring, föräldrars medverkan i barnens postoperativa smärtlindring, barnens upplevelser av postoperativ smärtlindring och hinder för optimal smärtlindring. Resultatet av litteraturstudien visar att det fortfarande är svårt att smärtlindra tillräckligt då det finns ett stort antal hinder för den postoperativa smärtlindringen, exempelvis sjuksköterskors okunskap, otillräckliga ordinationer, tidsbrist och sjuksköterskornas bakgrundsfaktorer. Resultatet belyser även att föräldrarna har en stor del i barnens sjukhusvistelse och smärtbehandling. / The aim was to examine possible obstacles of postoperative pain alleviation of children 6-12 years old in a literature study and examine what kind of postoperative pain alleviation methods is used on children 6-12 years old. The literature study is based on eleven articles that was quality examined by the authors. In the result we present, factors that affect children’s postoperative pain alleviation in categories. The nurses participation in the child’s postoperative pain alleviation, the parent’s participation in the child’s postoperative pain alleviation, the children’s experience of postoperative pain alleviation and obstacles for optimal pain alleviation. The result of the literature study shows that it is still difficult to give enough pain alleviation when there are a large number of obstacles for postoperative pain alleviation, for instance nurses ignorance, defective prescriptions, lack of time and nurses background factors. The results also show that parents took a big part in their children’s hospital stay and pain alleviation.

Denna systematiska litteraturstudie undersöker och sammanställer tidigare forskningsresultat kring problembaserat lärande i matematik. PBLiM är en metod där eleverna är aktiva deltagare i lektionerna och praktiskt får undersöka olika strategier och lösningsmetoder. Studien syftar till att undersöka PBLiM-undervisningens påverkan på elevernas kunskapsmässiga utveckling samt identifiera framgångsfaktorer för undervisningsmetoden. Resultaten för studien visar att PBLiM har en positiv effekt på såväl elevernas kunskapsmässiga utveckling i matematiken som elevernas uppfattning av, inställning till och motivation för matematiken. Framgångsfaktorer som genom studien har kunnat identifieras är delaktighet, visualisering samt kommunikation.

This thesis deals with the development of defense mechanisms of children in younger school age. The theoretical part discusses the history and development of the concept of defense mechanisms, provides an overview of the diagnostic methods, which are useful to identify defense mechanisms in children and reports on the current state of research of defense mechanisms and their development in children and adolescents. At the end of the theoretical part, the concepts of "defense" based mostly on gestalt psychotherapy perspective are discussed. In the practical part, the children of the research group in younger school age were tested with The Fairy Tale Test and The Thematic Apperception Test. The results are discussed with regard to age, sex, inteligence and also considering the results of other research methods. Data based on psychoanalytical concepts are compared with results of the questionnaire based on gestalt psychoterapy theories of contact cycle and contact styles. Two parents (or the closest adults) evaluated their children by the questionnaire and inventory of typical contact styles. The results suggest the existence of certain connections, these research methods also complement each other and serves together as more comprehensive view of the child's personality, a way of its interacting...

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Integrate the NGSS and CCSS ELA by using a cycle of science and ELA activities to help students learn about the flow of energy between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Text in Afrikaans / Die Kerk van God bestaan uit mense wat tot geloof gekom het in Jesus Christus. Volwassenes maak nie alleen deel uit van die kerk nie, maar ook kinders. Die plaaslike gemeente se roeping is om in sy bedieningstrategie te fokus op die behoeftes van die kind (6 - 12 jaar). Die leefwereld van die kind binne die geografiese grense van Nelspoort, Murraysburg, Merweville en Beaufort-Wes word sterk beinvloed deur gebrekkige sosio-ekonomiese en politieke toestande. Die V.G.K., wat daarvoor verantwoordelik is om die kinders (6-12 jaar) in genoemde dorpe te bedien, slaag nie daarin om 'n effektiewe bediening te loods nie. Gebrek aan opgeleide personeel, basiese lesmateriaal en gebrekkige kennis van die ontwikkelingsfases van die kind in genoemde ouderdomsgroep vererger die situasie. Die studie bied riglyne vir die V.G.K. op die platteland om 'n meer effektiewe kinderbedieningstrategie (plattelandse kind) daar te stel, wat die unieke behoeftes en spesifieke omstandighede waarin kinders lewe, asook die ontwikkelingsfases waarin hulle verkeer, uit te lig. / The Church of God consists of people (Adults and Children) who believe in God. The local congregation focus on the needs of the child (6-12 years). The enviroment of the child who lives within the geographic boundaries of Nelspoort, Murraysburg, Merweville and Beaufort West is influenced by retarted sosio-economic and political circumstances. The U.R.C. which serve the child (6-12 years) in the afore mentioned towns, fails to initiate and implement an effective service. Lack of trained staff, basic learning material and insufficient knowledge of the development phases of the child within the mentioned age groups exacerbates the situation. The study offers guidelines for the U.R.C. (rural) to have a more effective child service strategy (rural children) in place which attends to the unique needs and specific circumstances under which the children live as well as the developmental phases they are in. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M. Diac. (Jeugwerk)

Text in Afrikaans / Die Kerk van God bestaan uit mense wat tot geloof gekom het in Jesus Christus. Volwassenes maak nie alleen deel uit van die kerk nie, maar ook kinders. Die plaaslike gemeente se roeping is om in sy bedieningstrategie te fokus op die behoeftes van die kind (6 - 12 jaar). Die leefwereld van die kind binne die geografiese grense van Nelspoort, Murraysburg, Merweville en Beaufort-Wes word sterk beinvloed deur gebrekkige sosio-ekonomiese en politieke toestande. Die V.G.K., wat daarvoor verantwoordelik is om die kinders (6-12 jaar) in genoemde dorpe te bedien, slaag nie daarin om 'n effektiewe bediening te loods nie. Gebrek aan opgeleide personeel, basiese lesmateriaal en gebrekkige kennis van die ontwikkelingsfases van die kind in genoemde ouderdomsgroep vererger die situasie. Die studie bied riglyne vir die V.G.K. op die platteland om 'n meer effektiewe kinderbedieningstrategie (plattelandse kind) daar te stel, wat die unieke behoeftes en spesifieke omstandighede waarin kinders lewe, asook die ontwikkelingsfases waarin hulle verkeer, uit te lig. / The Church of God consists of people (Adults and Children) who believe in God. The local congregation focus on the needs of the child (6-12 years). The enviroment of the child who lives within the geographic boundaries of Nelspoort, Murraysburg, Merweville and Beaufort West is influenced by retarted sosio-economic and political circumstances. The U.R.C. which serve the child (6-12 years) in the afore mentioned towns, fails to initiate and implement an effective service. Lack of trained staff, basic learning material and insufficient knowledge of the development phases of the child within the mentioned age groups exacerbates the situation. The study offers guidelines for the U.R.C. (rural) to have a more effective child service strategy (rural children) in place which attends to the unique needs and specific circumstances under which the children live as well as the developmental phases they are in. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Diac. (Jeugwerk)