Šiame magistro darbe nagrinėjami gyvūnų gerovės apsaugos biomedicinos moksliniuose tyrimuose teisinio reguliavimo ypatumai. Pirmoje darbo dalyje teoriniu aspektu analizuojama gyvūnų gerovės samprata, istorija bei teisinio reguliavimo priežastys. Antroje dalyje analizuojami tarptautiniai, ES ir nacionaliniai teisės aktai, reglamentuojantys gyvūnų gerovę biomedicinos moksliniuose tyrimuose. / In this master paper the conception of legal regulation on animal welfare protection in biomedical research is overviewed. In the first part the concept of animal welfare, the history and the regulatory reasons are analysed in terms of theoretical aspects. In the second part the international, European Union and national legislation on animal welfare in biomedical research is analysed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:29:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorgep1-50.pdf: 510866 bytes, checksum: 03881e3734a574c9c4194841cb656b11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-24 / This study investigates Quatro Rodas magazine as a press member and an agent of the cultural press revolution represented by the Brazilian car industry raised after 1957, that made cars not just a transport but also a symbol of modernity and social, urban and economical changes in Brazilian society. It analyzes the historical period of Brazil between the years 1920 until 1963 focusing the first three years of the magazine (1960 to 1963) as a case study proceeding the content analysis. Were analyzed 58 reports of the 36 first issues of the magazine classified in six register units: urbanism, medicine of traffic, drivers behavior, safe driving, buying and selling cars and women driving. The study demonstrates the importance of the magazine by being didactical and at the same time analytical about issues involving citizens, as drivers or pedestrians, the industry and government educating, evaluating and demand solutions. After August 1960, Quatro Rodas creates a new field for the Brazilian press anticipating serious issues not solved until today in the streets and highways of Brazil and molding the persona of the Brazilian drives by incentivizing their passion for cars. / Esta dissertação investiga a contribuição da revista Quatro Rodas como veículo de comunicação e agente de mudança cultural da sociedade e da imprensa brasileiras, a partir da instalação de indústrias nacionais e da adoção do carro como meio de transporte e símbolo de modernização econômica, urbana e social. Nesse sentido, contextualiza o período histórico nacional que vai da década de 1920 até o terceiro ano da publicação (1960 a 1963) e, por meio de estudo de caso, analisa o conteúdo de 58 reportagens das primeiras 36 edições reunidas em seis unidades de registro: urbanismo, medicina do trânsito, comportamento ao volante, segurança ao volante, mercado de compra e venda e mulheres e carros. O trabalho destaca a relevância da revista ao reunir de modo analítico e didático questões que envolviam os cidadãos, como motoristas ou pedestres, a indústria automobilística e as autoridades, na atribuição de, respectivamente, educar, avaliar e cobrar. Desse modo, a partir de agosto de 1960, Quatro Rodas contribui para abrir um novo campo na imprensa brasileira, antecipando questões ainda hoje presentes (e não resolvidas) nas ruas e estradas do país e desenhando o perfil do brasileiro e sua nascente paixão pelo automóvel.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-13T17:22:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriela Hadler Gabriel - 2017.pdf: 1069284 bytes, checksum: 7c190e383bf6069f54d2eff26158427f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T11:13:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriela Hadler Gabriel - 2017.pdf: 1069284 bytes, checksum: 7c190e383bf6069f54d2eff26158427f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T11:13:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriela Hadler Gabriel - 2017.pdf: 1069284 bytes, checksum: 7c190e383bf6069f54d2eff26158427f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-09 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Osteosarcoma is the main primary bone tumor, with unfavorable prognosis, high mortality and high incidence of metastases. The treatment of choice is the removal of the tumor associated with combined chemotherapy, whose adverse effects allude to the increasing need to develop new drugs. The plants constitute a large natural reserve of compounds that have medicinal and therapeutic properties, such as lapachol and its derivative, β-lapachone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of β-lapachone in osteosarcoma cells cultured in vitro. Cells were cultured and treated with β-lapachone at different concentrations and times of exposure. Tripan blue exclusion, tetrazolium reduction and cell survival assay methods were performed to evaluate the effects of the compound on the cells. Cells treated with 0,1μM β-lapachone showed lower initial cytotoxicity in the 24h time, whereas those submitted to 1,0μM showed less viability after 72h of treatment. Cytotoxicity increased as the concentration and time of exposure increased. The lowest IC50 (0,148μM) was observed in treated cells for 72h. Cell growth after treatment was lower in the 1.0μl group after 72h and the highest cell growth was observed under a concentration of 0.1μl after 24h. There was no difference between groups for cell proliferation after treatment, and the cell survival fraction was lower after 72h of exposure. It was concluded that β-lapachone has cytotoxic effects on osteosarcoma cells cultured in vitro. / O osteossarcoma é o principal tumor ósseo primário, com prognóstico desfavorável, alta mortalidade e elevada incidência de metástases. O tratamento de escolha é remoção do tumor associada à quimioterapia combinada, cujos efeitos adversos aludem à necessidade crescente de desenvolver novos medicamentos. As plantas constituem grandes reservas naturais de compostos que possuem propriedades medicinais e terapêuticas, como o lapachol e seu derivado, a β lapachona. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos citotóxicos da β lapachona em células de osteossarcoma cultivadas in vitro. As células foram cultivadas e tratadas com a β lapachona em diferentes concentrações e tempos de exposição. Foram realizados os métodos de exclusão com azul de Tripan, redução do tetrazólio e ensaio de sobrevivência celular para avaliar os efeitos do composto sobre as células. As células tratadas com 0,1μM de β lapachona apresentaram menor citotoxicidade inicial, no tempo de 24h, enquanto aquelas submetidas a 1,0μM apresentaram menor viabilidade após 72h de tratamento. A citotoxicidade aumentou de acordo com o aumento da concentração e tempo de exposição. O menor IC50 (0,148μM) foi observado nas células tratadas por 72h. O crescimento celular após o tratamento foi menor grupo sob concentração de 1,0µl após 72h e o maior crescimento celular foi observado sob concentração de 0,1µl após 24h. Não houve diferença entre grupos quanto à proliferação celular após o tratamento tendo a fração de sobrevivência das células sido menor após 72h de exposição. Concluiu-se que β lapachona apresenta efeitos citotóxicos em células de osteossarcoma cultivadas in vitro.

Die Dissertation untersucht die in Deutschland zwischen 1945 und 1960 entstandenen Denkmalanlagen für NS-Verfolgte unter dem Aspekt ihrer landschaftsarchitektonischen Gestaltung. Dabei stehen die Zusammenhänge zwischen der Freiraumgestalt und dem jeweiligen gesellschaftspolitischen Umfeld im Zentrum. Die Untersuchung ist als vergleichende Geschichtsbetrachtung zwischen den Besatzungszonen bzw. den deutschen Staaten angelegt. Die verschiedenen gesellschaftlichen Strukturen und ideologischen Ausrichtungen beider Systeme haben sich intensiv auf Inhalt, Gestalt, Lage und Quantität der Denkmalanlagen ausgewirkt. Während in der BRD spezielle Anlagen für NS-Verfolgte quantitativ zugunsten übergreifender Denkmäler für alle Opfer des Krieges und der Gewaltherrschaft zurücktraten, fand in der DDR eine Einschränkung auf die Angehörigen des kommunistischen Widerstandskampfes statt. In einer vor- bzw. außerstaatlichen Phase, die bis zu Beginn der fünfziger Jahre andauerte, dominierten die Alliierten und die Überlebenden der NS-Verfolgung sowie die Kommunal- und Landesverwaltungen die Denkmalkultur. Im Zuge der fortschreitenden Institutionalisierung wurden die ehemaligen Verfolgten in beiden Staaten zunehmend von der erinnerungspolitischen Bühne verdrängt. Die Inanspruchnahme der Erinnerungskultur für politische Interessen der Staats- und Parteiführung der DDR setzte 1953 ein und konzentrierte sich auf die Standorte ehemaliger Konzentrationslager. Auf regionaler und kommunaler Ebene besaßen die Akteure der Denkmalsetzung - eingebunden in die restriktiven Vorgaben der SED-Politik - etwas größere Handlungsspielräume. In der BRD, wo die Denkmalgestaltung als kulturelle Aufgabe vollkommen in der Verantwortung der Länder lag, wurde sie zu einer Verwaltungsangelegenheit bzw. dem Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge übertragen. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser unterschiedlichen Voraussetzungen waren sich die Denkmalanlagen in beiden deutschen Staaten dennoch in vieler Hinsicht formal ähnlich. In der memorialen Gestaltung herrschten traditionalistische Raum-, Form- und Materialvorstellungen bis gegen Ende der fünfziger Jahre vor. Teilweise im Kontrast zu den jeweiligen städtebaulich-architektonischen Gestaltungsprinzipien blieben die Denkmäler in beiden deutschen Staaten statischen, streng symmetrischen Kompositionen, Formelementen aus der Geschichte des Herrscher- und Kriegerdenkmals sowie den konventionellen Materialien des Denkmals (Naturstein und Bronze) verhaftet. Ehrenfriedhöfe für NS-Verfolgte, in der BRD weit häufiger anzutreffen als in der DDR, folgten ungeachtet ihres besonderen historischen Hintergrundes dem Vorbild deutscher Soldatenfriedhöfe der Vergangenheit. Im Umgang mit diesen Gräbern war eine zunehmende Tendenz der Anonymisierung zu verzeichnen. Während in den Denkmälern der BRD ein religiös-christlicher Grundcharakter dominierte, trugen die memorialen Anlagen in der DDR politischen Charakter. Anders als in der BRD, wo sie vornehmlich an entlegenen Orten lagen, besetzten die Denkmäler in der DDR das Zentrum des öffentlichen Lebens. Im Westen vorwiegend dem individuellen, verinnerlichten Besucher zugedacht, waren die Denkmalanlagen der DDR in erster Linie als Veranstaltungsorte politischer Kundgebungen konzipiert. Der Einsatz von Gestaltungselementen, die in den Denkmälern der BRD vollkommen fehlten - Fahnen, Flammenschalen und politische Symbole wie der "Häftlingswinkel" - erklärte sich aus dem speziellen funktionalen und ideologischen Kontext. Die landschaftsarchitektonische Gestaltung von Denkmalanlagen ist in den vierziger und fünfziger Jahren eine bedeutende Aufgabe gewesen. Gleichwohl wurde die Aufgabe nur selten von Landschaftsarchitekten wahrgenommen.

Enligt det svenska skatteförfarandet omfattas ett beslut om skatt eller avgift av omedelbar verkställighet. Det betyder att skatten eller avgiften som är beslutad, ska betalas innan beslutet vunnit laga kraft. Om skatten eller avgiften inte betalas innan den sista förfallodagen har Skatteverket rätt att lämna skulden för indrivning. Det kan i olyckliga fall innebära att den skattskyldige tvingas att avyttra exempelvis värdepapper eller en fastighet. För att förhindra att det sker finns reglerna avseende anstånd med betalning av skatt. I 63 kap. 4 § SFL återfinns reglerna om ändringanstånd. Reglerna fastslår att Skatteverket ska bevilja anstånd om det anses vara tveksamt om skatt eller avgift kommer att behöva betalas. En omprövning av ett beslut eller en överklagan till domstol är ett sådant fall då denna paragraf kan tillämpas. I en undersökning gjord av Svenskt Näringsliv har det framkommit att Skatteverket  felaktigt har handlagt 23 % av ändringsanståndsbesluten under en viss period, vilket tyder på en brist i rättssäkerheten för den skattskyldige. I undersökningen, som är baserad på rättsfall beslutade enligt dåvarande skattebetalningslagen, framfördes ett förslag om att lagparafen borde ändras. Förslaget var att anstånd skulle beviljas förutom i fall då det är uppenbart att skatten kommer att kvarstå. Förslaget har tidigare framförts i proposition 1993/94:151, dock medförde förslaget aldrig någon lagändring. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka om 63 kap. 4 § 1 st. SFL och tillämpningen av paragrafen uppfyller den rättssäkerhet som den skattskyldige är berättigad till. Syftet innefattar även att undersöka om införandet av skatteförfarandelagen har bidragit till en ökad förutsebarhet och likformighet för den skattskyldige vid tolkning och handläggning av ändringsanstånd. Av uppsatsen framgår att ordet tveksamt fortfarande är svårtolkat av både Skatteverket och domstol, vilket skapar en icke förutsebar lagparagraf. Undersökningen i uppsatsen visar dock att Skatteverket enbart fattat felaktiga beslut i 14 % av ändringsanståndsärenden under den undersökta perioden, då skatteförfarandelagen var tillämpningsbar. Dessvärre är underlaget i undersökningen begränsat, vilket gör att några djupare slutsatser inte kan dras utifrån resultatet. Däremot har särskilt kvalificerad beslutsfattare införts i och med införandet av skatteförfarandelagen som tycks ha en stärkande påverkan på rättssäkerheten vid handläggning av ändringsanstånd.

La presente Tesis Doctoral tiene el objetivo primordial de analizar el problema de la reestructuración rural desde una perspectiva geográfica y de género, destacando la participación y el protagonismo de las mujeres en la búsqueda de estrategias de desarrollo rural y sus diferencias regionales. La aportación más interesante de esta Tesis Doctoral, sin embargo, es la indagación en la participación activa de las mujeres en la industria agroalimentaria, una actividad económica y productiva que es, al mismo tiempo, tradicional e innovadora en las áreas rurales. Su interés y especificidad, además, se extrapola al hecho de que esta línea de análisis nos permite analizar la participación directa de las mujeres en el mercado laboral (y por tanto en la esfera pública de la sociedad) así como sus sinergias con las dinámicas de la esfera doméstica facilitando, de esta manera, el análisis detallado de las causas, formas y consecuencias de género del trabajo de las mujeres en las áreas rurales. / The main objective of this Doctoral Thesis is the analysis of the problem of rural restructuring from a geographical and gender perspective. Emphasis is placed on the involvement of and leading roles given to women in the quest for regionally differentiated strategies for rural development. The most significant contribution of this thesis is, however, the research on women´s active role in the food processing industries, an economic and productive activity in rural areas with both traditional and innovatory aspects. The originality and, therefore, interest of the topic lies in the fact that this type of analysis makes it possible to analyse the direct contribution of women to the labour market (and thus in society's public sphere) and their synergies with the dynamics of the domestic sphere. It also contributes to the detailed analysis of the causes, patterns and consequences of gender in women's work in rural areas.

Despite the ongoing political debate regarding the legality of medical marijuana, clinical investigations of the therapeutic use of cannabinoids are now more prevalent than at any time in history. Cannabinoids have been shown to have analgesic, anti-spasmodic, anticonvulsant, anti-tremor, anti-psychotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-emetic and appetite-stimulant properties. There are mainly two well-known cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, located in the central (CB1) and peripheral (CB2) nervous systems as well as the immune system. More recently, endocannabinoids (ligands) and their receptors have also been found in the skeleton which appear as the main body system and physiologically regulated by CB2. This study aimed to examine the effect of both CB1 and CB2 receptor stimulation on wound closure response of MG-63 osteoblast bone cell monolayers using different treatments with cannabinoid such as Winn55,212-2, URB602 and HU308. Also, cell adhesion, cell proliferation and cell length was investigated. The study also aimed to examine the effect of HU308 treatments in combination with TGF-β3 (transforming growth factor beta -3) on wound healing, cell adhesion and extracellular matrix up regulation (collagen type I, fibronectin and protien S-100A6) as well as other biological factors such as secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) and nitric oxide (NO). Finally, this study investigated HU308/TGF-β3 combination treatment on the regulation of extracellular matrix (collagen type I, fibronectin and protien S-100A6) in a 3D multilayer system of MG-63 osteoblast bone cells. Wound healing assays of MG-63 monolayers revealed accelerated wound repair as well as increased cell proliferation mainly regulated through CB2 receptors, and that treatments with HU308 and HU308/TGF-β3 achieved minimum closure timings compared with control groups (P<0.05). Our finding suggested that proliferation rate with 500nM HU308 was significantly higher than control and TGF-β3/HU308 combination groups (P<0.05). Interestingly, percentage of wound remained open after 15 hours for combination groups was 17.6%±1.32 whereas treatment with 500nM HU308 had 20%±2.25 indicating that the combination groups took the lead throughout wound healing. It was also observed that bridge formation in all treatment groups was taking place between 15 to 20 hour periods whereas within control treatments bridge formation started to take place after 25 hours. Cell surface attachment was examined via the trypsinization assay in which the time taken to trypsinize cells from the surface provided a means of assessing the strength of attachment. The results indicated that higher concentrations of HU308 (2μM), induced significant force of cell attachment compared with control and concentrations of 500nM and 1μM (P<0.05). However, groups treated with TGF-β3 and combination HU308/TGF-β3 indicated reduced cell surface attachment compared with control groups, indicating enhanced cell migration. Immunofluorescence staining as well as Elisa based semi-quantification technique indicated that both collagen type I and fibronectin were unregulated using higher concentrations of HU308 with decreased cell proliferation compared to lower concentrations. Nevertheless, protein S-100A6 was up-regulated in treatments with HU308, TGF-β3 and their combination HU308/TGF-β3 (P<0.05), indicating the positive role of these treatments in promoting cell differentiation. MMP-2 levels in the current study were also shown to be concentration-dependent, i.e. higher concentrations of HU308 significantly reduced MMP-2 secretion leading to decreased cell migration, while HU308/TGF-β3 combination treatment increased MMP-2 levels, indicating an increase in cell migration. The current study also examined levels of nitric oxide synthesis in relation to different treatments with HU308, TGF-β3 and HU308/TGF-β3 combination. It was found that nitric oxide up-regulation influences rate of MG-63 osteoblast wound healing in a concentration dependent manner. Lastly, UpCell culture dishes proved to have efficacy in obtaining a multilayer model of MG-63 osteoblast system in-vitro through changes in cell morphology. It was also found that treatments with HU308, TGF-β3 and HU308/TGF-β3 combination influenced collagen type I, fibronecton and protein S-100A6 secretion. These findings supported the earlier Elisa based semi-quantification results obtained for monolayer cultures.

La thèse est consacrée à la sociologie de la formation au métier de footballeur. Il s'agit de comprendre comment on devient, ou non, joueur de football professionnel, aussi bien du point de vue de celui qui vit la formation (le joueur) que de celui qui la fait (le formateur). Pour cela, nous avons mené une série d'entretiens (quatre-vingt dix) et d'observations (cinquante séances d'entraînement et deux semaines d'immersion continue) dans les trois clubs professionnels de la région Nord / Pas de Calais que sont le Racing Club de Lens, le Lille Olympique Sporting Club et le Valenciennes Football Club ainsi qu'au centre fédéral de préformation de Liévin. La démarche de comparaison entre les différentes instances de formation que nous avons adoptée permet d'emblée de questionner l'unicité supposée du système de formation "à la française". En parallèle de cette comparaison des lieux de formation, le recours au concept de carrière permet, en observant l'entrée, le déroulement et la sortie de la formation, de mettre en évidence l'absence de linéarité dans les trajectoires qui amènent au professionnalisme.C'est au cours de plusieurs étapes rythmées par moments clés, en côtoyant divers groupes et segments professionnels que se structure progressivement une identité professionnelle de joueur de football de haut niveau. Mais si les lauréats sont à l'évidence devenus des professionnels d'un système de formation hyper sélectif et incertain, sont-ils, pour autant préparés à affronter le marché du travail des footballeurs ? Lorsque l'on sait que plus de la moitié des premiers contrats professionnels ne seront pas renouvelés, rien n'est moins sûr. / The thesis focuses on how to get to the various stages to the work of professional footballer, seen from sociological aspects. We want to understand how it is possible to become – or not – a professional football player both from the perspective of the one who lives training (the player) and the one who makes it (the trainer). In order to do this, we conducted a series of interviews (ninety) and observations (fifty training sessions and two weeks of continuous immersion) in the three professional clubs in the region Nord / Pas de Calais that are the Racing Club of Lens, the Lille Olympique Sporting Club and the Valenciennes Football Club and the federal preformation center of Lievin. Comparing these different places of the formation, allows us immediately to question the supposed unity of the French football model of education. Besides this first comparison, using the concept of career allows us, by observing the beginning, the process and the close of the education, to show that there is no linearity in the trajectories that lead to the work of professional football player. It is during several stages defined by key moments and by meeting different professional groups and segments that the football player’s professional identity is progressively structured. However, we can wonder if young people who manage to survive to a such uncertain and selective model of formation are really prepared to evolve in the professional football market. When we know that half of the first professional football contracts are not prolonged, we can’t positively answer to this.

The contemporary orthopaedics and traumatology of the musculoskeletal system and stomatology have been witnessing a substantial increase in the number of surgeries using metallic implants. The issue of reconstruction of bone defects covers a large area of study, where the surface properties of the implants are extremely important. Bone defects often occur as a result of open fractures, radical cancer treatment or limb lengthening, which is very common in paediatric orthopaedics. In the treatment of these conditions, the surface of the applied materials should provide a favorable environment for bone cells and support bone formation. In endoprosthetics it is highly desirable to achieve the strongest possible fixation between the implant surface and the bone. During the surgery, primary stability of the implant fixation is ensured by the proper positioning of the implant, based on the appropriate shape of the implant and the quality of bone cut. The initial stability is only temporary, being estimated to last approximately three months. After this period, the secondary stability starts, determined by the bone ingrowth into the implant surface structure. Osteogenic differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization can be enhanced by the presence of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs),...

Les fauteuils roulants « intelligents » dotés de facultés de navigation autonomes visent à soulager les personnes handicapés moteurs ayant des difficultés à conduire un fauteuil électrique standard. Depuis les années 80, de nombreuses études ont été menées pour réaliser de tels prototypes mais très peu ont abouti à de réels progrès pour les utilisateurs et ce uniquement pour des fonctionnalités simples. Cela peut s'expliquer par plusieurs facteurs, notamment la sous-estimation des contraintes d'acceptabilité et d'adaptabilité. Dans ce contexte, notre objectif est de concevoir une assistance à la conduite sous respect de ces contraintes. Pour cela, nous réalisons un système léger, composé de trois capteurs laser, d'une caméra et d'un micro-ordinateur. Il est susceptible de s'adapter sur tout type de fauteuil électrique et nous a permis de développer les fonctionnalités de franchissement de passage étroit et de suivi de mur ainsi qu'une interface humain-machine ergonomique. Celle-ci est établie par une commande « déictique » qui consiste à fournir un aperçu de l'environnement sur lequel l'utilisateur désigne la tâche autonome choisie par son lieu d'application, le fauteuil réalisant automatiquement l'action correspondante. Tout contact sur le joystick rend immédiatement le contrôle du fauteuil à l'utilisateur afin qu'il ne se sente pas prisonnier de l'assistance, ainsi le pilotage se compose d'une alternance de commandes manuelles et d'indications sur l'interface. Ensuite, l'évaluation de notre assistance à la conduite s'est déroulée en trois étapes. La première, qualitative, a consisté à présenter et à faire essayer le système à des utilisateurs potentiels. Dans un second temps nous avons comparé quantitativement les performances de la conduite assistée avec celles d'une conduite manuelle sur un panel de sujets valides (temps de parcours, nombre d'actions réalisées, indice de confort...). La troisième étape a consisté à évaluer la charge cognitive des utilisateurs dans les deux modes de conduite en mesurant la charge attentionnelle et la capacité décisionnelle à partir d'une méthode de douche tâche / The Smart Wheelchairs, that are equipped for autonomous navigation functionalities, aim to relieve people with disabilities who have difficulty to drive a standard electric wheelchair. Since the 80s, many studies have been conducted to design such prototypes but very few have led to real progress for users and only for simple functionalities. This can be explained by several factors, including the underestimation of the constraints of acceptability and adaptability. In this context, our goal is to provide a driving assistance in respect of these constraints. For this, we design a lightweight system, consisting of three laser sensors, a camera and a computer. It is adaptable to any type of electric wheelchair and allowed us to develop the functionalities of passing through of the narrow passages and wall following, as well as an ergonomic human-machine interface. This latter is established by a deictic command which consists in to provide an overview of the environment where the user indicates the chosen autonomous task by his application location, and then the wheelchair performs the corresponding action automatically. Moreover, all contact with the joystick gives back the control to the user so that he does not feel a prisoner of assistance; well the driving is composed of alternating manual controls and indications on the interface. Finally, the evaluation of our assistance in the conduct took place in three stages. The first, qualitative, is to present and to do try the system to potential users. In a second step, we compare quantitatively the performance of the assistance driving with those of a manual driving on a panel of valid persons (travel time, number of actions, discomfort index?). The third step is to assess the cognitive load of users in both driving modes by measuring the attentional load and decision-making capacity from a dual task method