Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work is to present and discuss the Precision Farming in a simple way through the routines of the precision farming into the system Campeiro CR-7 and its performance in order to analyze the spatial variability of soil properties and productivity. Chapter I The Loop Sampling, provides a tutorial on developing a sampling plan for spatial assessment of physic-chemical properties of soil by means of geostatistical techniques, the sampling plan can contribute significantly to reducing the cost of collection of samples as well as quality of these samples. Chapter II Map of Fertility analyzes a tool that assists the user in the classification of levels of soil fertility, and the result presented in map form, where the final map is a cross between a map that contains phosphorus in the soil and map showing the clay making the recommendation to apply phosphorus fertilizer supplier to more precise areas where there is more than one class of clay. Chapter III Productivity Map filtering is performed on the data collection, making it possible to make a map of productivity consistent with the reality of the field with a greater reliability of the data, providing information relevant to agricultural management. / Este trabalho consiste em apresentar e discutir a Agricultura de Precisão de forma simples, através das rotinas de Agricultura de Precisão do Sistema CR-Campeiro 7, conjunto de programas elaborado no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria UFSM, Laboratório de Geomática, concebido e programado pelo Prof. Dr. Enio Giotto, e o desempenho desses programas, visando à análise da variabilidade espacial de propriedades químicas do solo e da produtividade. O Capítulo I Malha de Amostragem traz um tutorial sobre a elaboração de um plano de amostragem para avaliação espacial de propriedades físico-químicas de solo por meio de técnicas geoestatísticas; o plano de amostragem pode contribuir de forma relevante para diminuição do custo de coleta de amostras como também para a qualidade dessas amostras. O Capítulo II Mapa de Fertilidade analisa uma ferramenta que auxilia o usuário na classificação dos níveis de fertilidade do solo, sendo o resultado apresentado em forma cartográfica, onde o mapa final é a integração temática entre o mapa que contem os teores de Fósforo no solo e o mapa que apresenta os teores de Argila, tornando a recomendação para aplicação de fertilizantes fornecedores de Fósforo mais precisas para áreas onde ocorre mais de uma classe de Argila. No Capítulo III Mapa de Produtividade é realizada uma filtragem nos dados de colheita, tornando possível a confecção de um mapa de produtividade coerente com a realidade do campo, com uma confiabilidade maior dos dados, fornecendo informações relevantes ao gerenciamento agrícola.

The master thesis is undertaking marketing research for company XXX, Ltd. which is providing hobby groups for children in kindergartens. This master thesis is specifically focused on marketing research of a new market Hodoninsko. This thesis is including analysis of external and internal environment, comparison of the plan with reality and proposals of how to improve the company operations.

Des progrès majeurs dans l'espérance et la qualité de vie ont étéenregistrés dans la lutte contre le VIH et le SIDA avec l'introduction des traitementsantirétroviraux combinés. De nos jours, cette thérapie réduit nettementla charge virale après quelques semaines de traitement chez la plupart des patients.Ceci conduit généralement à une reconstitution satisfaisante du nombrede cellules CD4+, mais ce n'est pas toujours le cas. Cette thèse est focaliséesur les patients ayant une réponse immunitaire insuffisante malgré une chargevirale indétectable, après au moins 6 mois de thérapie antirétrovirale combinée.A ce moment, l'Interleukine 7 (une cytokine secrétée par la moelle épinièreet le thymus) est une thérapie prometteuse pour restaurer le système immunitairedans une telle situation. Pendant ce travail de thèse, nous avons contribuéà l'analyse des études INSPIRE 2 & 3, ou 107 patients présentant une faibleréponse immunitaire ont reçu des cycles (3 injections) répétés de r-hIL-7 (Inter-leukine 7 recombinée humaine).Nous avons utilisé des modèles dynamiques basés sur des systèmes d'équationsdifférentielles pour analyser l'effet de la r-hIL-7 exogène sur les cellules CD4+lors des trois études INSPIRE. Un modèle mathématique, avec un modèle àeffets mixtes appliqué sur les paramètres biologiques et un \modèle pour les observations"forment la structure de notre travail. Une estimation par maximumde vraisemblance basée sur une méthode de type Newton est combinée avec uneestimation du maximum a posteriori dans un contexte semi-Bayésien / Fight against HIV and AIDS has shown major improvements inlife expectancy and quality of life of HIV-infected people since the introductionof the cART. Today, viral load dramatically decreases a few weeks after startingantiretroviral therapy, and it becomes undetectable after 6 months for most ofpatients. This usually leads to an adequate reconstitution of CD4+T cells pool,but this is not necessarily always true. This thesis is focalised on these \lowimmunological responder" patients, who have not reached acceptable levels ofCD4+ T cells count despite undetectable viral load 6 months after having startedthe cART therapy.Today, Interleukin 7 (a cytokine naturally secreted in the bone marrow andthe thymus) is considered as one of the rare potential solution to boost the immunesystem in this situation. During this thesis work, we have collaborated toanalyze data from the INSPIRE 2 & 3 trials, where repeated cycles (3 subcutaneousinjections) of recombinant human Interleukin 7 have been administeredto a total of 107 of these \low responder patients".We have used dynamical models based on systems of ordinary differentialequations to study the ffect of the exogenous Interleukin 7 on CD4+ T cellsthrough the three INSPIRE studies. A mathematical model together with amixed effects model applied on the biological parameters of the ODE systemand a \model for the observations" make up the structure of our work. Amaximum likelihood approach based on an adaptation of a Newton-like methodis combined with a maximum a posteriori estimation in a semi-Bayesian context.

Le chloroacétaldéhyde (CAA), un des principaux produits du métabolisme hépatique de l’ifosfamide (IFO), est considéré comme responsable de la néphrotoxicité de ce médicament. Les mécanismes exacts de cette néphrotoxicité ne sont pas complètement élucidés. Dans la première partie de cette étude, nous avons essayé de préciser les mécanismes physiopathologiques de la toxicité du CAA sur un modèle de tranches de cortex rénal de rat, puis, dans la deuxième partie, nous avons recherché un effet anticancéreux éventuel du CAA sur des cellules de cancer du sein humain (MCF-7). La néphrotoxicité du CAA, utilisé à des concentrations proches de celles mesurées chez les patients traités par l’IFO, soit 0 - 75 µM, s’est manifestée par une chute d’ATP et du glutathion ainsi que par une inhibition du métabolisme du lactate. Certaines enzymes de la néoglucogenèse, notamment la glyceraldéhyde 3-phosphate déshydrogénase, ont été inhibées par le CAA. Le complexe I de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale ainsi que l’oxydation du lactate ont été également inhibées par le toxique. D’autre part, le CAA (10 et 25 µM) a inhibé la prolifération des cellules MCF-7 sans que cette inhibition soit accompagnée d’une chute d’ATP cellulaire. Le transport cellulaire et le métabolisme du glucose ainsi que certaines enzymes de la glycolyse ont été également inhibés par le CAA. Parmi celles-ci, l’hexokinase semble être l’enzyme qui catalyse l’étape limitante de la voie de la glycolyse. En conclusion, le CAA est bien impliqué dans les mécanismes de la néphrotoxicité de l’IFO, mais de plus, il pourrait, via l’inhibition de la glycolyse, contribuer à l’effet thérapeutique de l’IFO. / Chloroacetaldehyde (CAA), one of the main products of ifosfamide (IFO) hepatic metabolism, is considered as responsible of IFO nephrotoxicity. The mechanisms of this nephrotoxicity are not completely known. In the first part of this study, we tried to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of CAA toxicity using precision-cut rat renal cortical slices, then, in the second part, we looked for a possible anticancerous effect of CAA on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Using clinically-relevant concentrations (0-75 µM), CAA nephrotoxicity was demonstrated by the depletion of ATP and glutathione and by the inhibition of lactate metabolism. Some of the gluconeogenic enzymes, mainly glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, were inhibited by CAA. The complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain as well as lactate oxidation were also inhibited by CAA. On the other hand, CAA (10 and 25 µM) inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation which was not accompanied by cellular ATP depletion. Glucose transport and metabolism as well as some of the glycolytic enzymes were also inhibited by CAA. Hexokinase seems to be the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. In conclusion, CAA is implied in the mechanisms of IFO-induced nephrotoxicity; furthermore, it could, via the inhibition of the glycolytic pathway, contribute to the therapeutic effect of IFO.

L’obstruction des vaisseaux est responsable d’ischémie tissulaire dans différents territoires périphériques, cardiaques et cérébraux. Un des mécanismes d’adaptation du tissu à l’ischémie est la formation de néo-vaisseaux. Plusieurs données récentes mettent en évidence un rôle de la voie de signalisation Wnt/Frizzled (Fzd) dans le développement vasculaire. Le travail de cette thèse s’est focalisé sur l’étude du récepteur Frizzled7 (Fzd7) et de son rôle dans la formation des vaisseaux. Le modèle des corps embryoïdes, un modèle de différenciation des cellules souches embryonnaires vers le phénotype endothélial, nous a permis de démontrer que Fzd7 était exprimé au cours des différentes étapes de différenciation endothéliale. Des études sur des cellules endothéliales matures nous ont permis de montrer que Fzd7 régulait différentes propriétés des cellules endothéliales dont la migration et la formation de tubes endothéliaux, mais pas la prolifération. De plus, Fzd7 participe à la stabilité des jonctions cellulaires en interagissant avec la VE-cadhérine. Concernant les mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu par Fzd7, nous avons pu montrer que celui-ci était capable d’activer la voie Wnt/PCP via la phosphorylation de la protéine JNK. Enfin, une étude in vivo dans le modèle du poisson Zèbre, nous a permis de mettre en évidence un rôle de Fzd7 dans la formation des vaisseaux intersomitiques. La deuxième partie de ce travail concerne le rôle de la voie Wnt/Fzd dans les propriétés angiogèniques des cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSM). L’objectif de cette étude était de définir comment les CSM participaient à la formation des vaisseaux et si le système Wnt/Frizzled était nécessaire. Nous avons pu montrer que sFRP1, un modulateur de la voie Wnt, améliore la fonction cellulaire des CSM et contribue à la maturation des néo-vaisseaux. De plus, nous avons pu montrer que les CSM implantées dans un modèle d’ischémie du membre inférieur amélioraient la réponse angiogénique lorsque celles-ci étaient préconditionnées en hypoxie. Nous avons mis en évidence le rôle de Wnt4 dans ce processus. / The obstruction of the vessels is responsible for ischemia in various outlying areas, heart and brain. One of the mechanisms of tissue adaptation to ischemia is the formation of neo-vessels. Several recent data show a role of Wnt/Frizzled (Fzd) pathway in vascular development.The work of this thesis focused on the study of receptor Frizzled7 (Fzd7) and its role in vessel formation. Using the model of embryoid bodies, a model of embryonic stem cell differentiation toward the endothelial lineage, we demonstrated that Fzd7 was expressed during different stages of endothelial cell differentiation. Studies on mature endothelial cells have shown that Fzd7 regulates endothelial cells properties including migration and endothelial tube formation but not proliferation. In addition, Fzd7 participates in the stability of cell junctions by interacting with VE-cadherin. Regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in Fzd7 signalling, we could show that this receptor was capable of activating the Wnt/PCP pathway via phosphorylation of JNK protein. Finally, an in vivo study in zebrafish model, allowed us to highlight a role of Fzd7 in intersomitic vessel formation.The second part of this work concerns the role of the Wnt/Fzd pathway in the angiogenic properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The objective of this study was to determine how CSM participated in vessel formation and if the Wnt/Frizzled pathway was necessary. We show that sFRP1, a modulator of the Wnt pathway, improves cellular function of MSCs and contributes to the maturation of neo-vessels. In addition, we have shown that MSCs implanted in a model of lower limb ischemia improved the angiogenic response when they were preconditioned by hypoxia. We have highlighted the role of Wnt4 in this process.

Le rhabdomyosarcome de l'adulte est une tumeur rare au pronostic. Le présent travail propose d'étudier les caractéristiques cliniques et moléculaires et la prise en charge des adolescents et adultes atteints de rhabdomyosarcome ainsi que la possibilité de combinaison de thérapie ciblées sur lignées cellulaires in vitro. Nous avons anamysé rétrospectivement 239 patients âgés de 10 ans ou plus, atteints de rhabdomyosarcome au MD Anderson Cancer Center entre 1957 et 2003 et leur statut fusionnel pour PAX-FOXO1 par hybridation in situ en fluorescence. Trois lignées cellulaire de sarcome à petites cellules ont été soumises à des combinaisons de thérapies ciblées avec analyse de la viabilité. Les patients de plus de 50 ans avaient une survie globale à 5 ans de 13 % (médiane de survi à 1.7 ans) en dépit d'une maladie localisée. Approximativement 13 % des patients métastasiques de moins de 50 ans ont eu une survie prolongée de plus de 15 ans. L'utilisation d'une stratégie thérapeutique triple, intégrant chirurgie, chimiothérapie et radiothérapie était signifcativement associée à une survie prolongée. Auniveau molécualire, la présence du transcrit de fusio PAX3/7-FOXO1 était significativement liée à un risque accru de maladie métastatique. L'étude in vitro de thérapies ciblées a permis d'identifier la combinaison du vorinostat plus le 17DMAG associée à la doxorubicine comme ayant une meilleure efficacité. La prise en charge du rhabdomyosarcome de l'adolescent et de l'adulte semble souffrir d'une approche moins agressive comparée au rhabdomyosarcome pédiatrique. De plus, des combianaisons de thérapies ciblées peuvent être intégrées aux protocoles de chimiothérapies standards. / Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare entity adult patient with unfavourable outcome. This work describes the clinical and molecular specificities of adolescent and adult type of rhabdomyosarcoma and investigates the optimal integration of targetd therapy combinations on small cell sarcoma cell lines in vitro. We retrospectively analyzed 239 patients, 10 years of age and greater, diagonsed withrhabdomyosarcoma at MD Anderson Cancer Center from 1957 trough 2003 and their PAX-FOXO1 fusion gene status by fluorescence in situ hybridization on tissues microarray. Three samll cell sarcoma cell lines were exposed to targetd agent combinations. PAtient with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma were found to have a 18 % survival rate at 5 years from diagnosis with an 12 %survival past 15 years. This outcome was even poorer for patients over 50 of age, even with localized disease. Younger patients were more likely to receive multidisciplinary therapy than their older counterparts. The presence of PAX-FOXO1 tranlocation was significantly associated with a higher frequency of metastatic disease. The four agents with the exception of abacavir synergized two by two with each other in vitro but the triple combinations did not perform beter than the bitherapies. The dual therapies vorinostat 5HDAC inhibitor) plus 17-DMAG (Hsp90 inhibitor) added with doxorubicin achvied better results than dual or triple therapies. Adult patient with rhabdomyosarcoma present similar molecular and clinical characteristics compared pediatric patients but outcome decrease with age partly du to a less multimodal management. Moreover targeted combinations should be integrated to chemotherapy backbone.

INTRODUÇÃO: A prolactina é um hormônio polipeptídico que possui reconhecida ação sistêmica, principalmente no sistema reprodutor. O papel desse hormônio no desenvolvimento e na extensão do câncer da mama ainda é muito debatido. A progressão do câncer de mama em grande parte depende do movimento celular e da capacidade da célula em remodelar seu citoesqueleto de actina. Nesse processo, proteínas envolvidas na migração celular, como moesina, FAK e c-Src, são influenciadas por vários hormônios, incluindo a prolactina. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da PRL na migração de células T47D, MCF-7 e ZR75-1 de câncer de mama, bem como os mecanismos envolvidos. MÉTODOS: As células foram cultivadas em placas de cultura com meio suplementado e divididas em oito grupos diferentes de tratamento: Grupo I (veículo); Grupo II (PRL na concentração de 25 ng/mL); Grupo III (PRL na concentração de 50 ng/mL), Grupo IV (PRL na concentração de 100 ng / mL), Grupo V (RNAi + veículo); Grupo VI (RNAi + PRL na concentração de 25 ng/mL); Grupo VII (RNAi + PRL na concentração de 50 ng/mL) e Grupo VIII (RNAi + PRL na concentração de 100 ng / mL). Nos Grupos de I a IV, a reorganização da actina do citoesqueleto foi analisada por imunofluorescência após 30 minutos do tratamento. Em todos os grupos estudados foram realizadas análise da migração horizontal com auxílio de microscopia de luz e avaliadas as expressões de Moesina, p-Moesina, FAK, p-FAK, c-Src e p-c-Src por Western Blot após 48 horas do tratamento. RESULTADOS: As células de câncer de mama expostas à prolactina apresentaram um aumento da expressão de Moesina, p-Moesina, FAK, p-FAK, c-Src e p-c-Src. Essas alterações moleculares estão associadas à reorganização da actina do citoesqueleto e ao aumento da mobilidade das células. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos dados sugerem que a prolactina aumenta a migração das células T47D, MFC-7 e ZR75-1 de câncer de mama e remodela a actina do citoesqueleto pela via de sinalização intracelular das proteínas c-Src, FAK e moesina / INTRODUCTION: Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone with a recognized systemic action mainly on reproductive physiology. The role of this hormone on breast cancer development and progression has been debated a lot yet. Breast cancer invasion largely depends on cell movement and on the ability to remodel the actin cytoskeleton. In this process, proteins involved in cell migration, such as moesin, FAK and c-Src, are influenced by a large number of hormones, such as prolactin. The present study was aimed for evaluating the effects of PRL on migration of T47D, MCF-7 and ZR75-1 breast cancer cells as well as the molecular mechanisms in this process. METHODS: The cells were cultured in dishes with supplemented medium and were divided in eight different assays: Group I (control); Group II (25ng/ml of prolactin); Group III (50ng/ml of prolactin); Group IV (100ng/ml of prolactin); Group V (RNAi + control); Group VI (RNAi + 25ng/ml of prolactin); Group VII (RNAi + 50ng/ml of prolactin); Group VIII (RNAi + 100ng/ml of prolactin). In Groups I to IV, the actin cytoskeletal reorganization was analyzed by immunofluorescence 30 minutes after the treatment. In all groups, were performed the horizontal migration analysis with light microscopy and evaluated the expression of moesin, p-moesin, FAK, p-FAK, c-Src and p-c-Src by Western blot after 48 hours of treatment. RESULTS: Breast cancer cells exposed to prolactin display an elevated moesin, p-moesin, FAK, p-FAK, c-Src and p-c-Src expression. These molecular changes are associated with the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton and increased mobility of cells. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that prolactin enhances the migration of T47D, MFC-7 and ZR75-1 breast cancer cells through the actin cytoskeleton remodeling by intracellular signaling pathway of c-Src, FAK and moesin proteins

This study explores Sibelius's last and, perhaps, most enigmatic Symphony from historical (source-critical), Schenkerian, and transtextual perspectives. Through a detailed study of its genesis, musical architecture, and meaning, the author maintains that the Seventh, its composer, and its generative process, can best be understood as a series of verges: conceptual points of interaction between two or more forces. Verges between Sibelius's nature mysticism and the dramatic biographical circumstances of the period (1914-1924), between inspired and reasoned modes of composition, between genres (symphony and fantasy), between various form types, between tragic despair and hopeful yearning, between innovation and classicism, and between a host of other seeming oppositions, all define the Seventh Symphony and illuminate various facets of the composer's life and thought.

A general and modular synthetic approach to 4-substituted phenyl, 2-substituted pyridin- 5-yl and 5-substituted pyridin-2-yl 2′-C-methyl-C-ribonucleosides as potential anti-HCV agents was developed. Addition of halo(het)aryllithium reagents to benzylated 2-C-methyl-D- ribonolactone gave the corresponding hemiketals, which were subsequently converted to the β-anomeric benzyl-protected bromo(het)aryl-C-nucleosides via either direct reduction (in the case of phenyl derivative) or acetylation followed by reduction of the resulting hemiketal acetates (in the case of pyridyl derivatives). The key halogenated (het)aryl-C-nucleoside intermediates were further transformed by Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling, hydroxylation and amination reactions affording series of protected C-nucleosides with small hydrophilic and hydrophobic substituents. The final protecting group removal was rather problematic, and different debenzylation methods, such as hydrogenation on Pd/C or treatment with BCl3, had to be optimized for each derivative to minimize the formation of side-products. The final C- nucleosides were also converted into their 5′-O-triphosphates, and biological activity screenings revealed that none of the free C-nucleosides possesses any antiviral activity in the HCV replicon assay, and none of their NTPs...

This thesis deals with the development of IMJS s.r.o. company using franchising. The content of the thesis is the definition of theoretical basics dealing with the franchising type of business and individual analysis. After that the analysis of the current state of the company and the strategic analysis and the internal and external environment of the company are compiled. Then on in the practical part the pilot franchising concept of the company is created based on the analysis.