Title: Fundamental Painting Author: Claudia Rajlich Department: Institute of Art History Supervisor: Prof. PhDr. Vojtěch Lahoda, CSc. Abstract: This dissertation wishes to define fundamental painting - a term which was coined and a current which was defined by the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam in the form of a show of 18 artists of different nationalities in 1975. Like the show, it wishes to give a clear view of a specific new kind of painting of the 1970s, which is "a reflection on the foundations of painting."1 The core of Fundamental Painting is formed by the four painters of American Minimal Art and the show based on a text concerning their work (upon which innumerable texts have been written since). This dissertation focuses on the European part of this "common mentality" as the curators call it, which remains unresearched until today. Its scope is to define: What was it, where did it come from and was it at all? The research is limited to artists in the show (although we conclude that a few should be replaced by others), historical evidence concerning new painting in the 1970s, the critical analysis of texts, artists statements and, above all, the undeniable documentation in the form of the body of works themselves. The existence of Fundamental Painting is proven, its characteristics determined in...

Ein Ziel der modernen Physik ist die experimentelle Beobachtung des neutrinolosen Doppelbetazerfalls (0nbb). Unter den wenigen in der Natur vorkommenden Nukliden ist 76-Ge ein möglicher Kandidat an denen dieser Prozess unter anderem mit dem Experiment GERDA nachgewiesen werden soll. Die extrem geringe Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Auftreten einer 0nbb-Umwandlung ist mindestens zehn Größenordnungen kleiner ist als die des Beta-Zerfalls von 115-In mit einer Halbwertszeit von 4,41x10^14 Jahren, einem der seltensten in der Natur beobachteten Kernumwandlungen. Die dafür erforderliche hohe Detektions Sensitivität wird unter anderem vom Messuntergrund bestimmt, dessen genaue Kenntnis für die Auswertung der Messdaten erforderlich ist. In dieser Arbeit wurden neutronenphysikalische Studien an Germanium durchgeführt, die essentielle Lücken in diesem Kenntnisstand schließen. Neutronen können durch direkte Wechselwirkung mit Germanium sowie der umgebenden Materie des Detektors oder indirekt durch Aktivierung Zählereignisse hervorrufen. Für das Verständnis des damit verursachten Untergrundes wurde der Neutronenwechselwirkungsquerschnitt 70-Ge(n,3n)68-Ge, das Anregungsschema von 76-Ge und der energieabhängige Anregungsquerschnitt für einige dieser Zustände untersucht. Der mangelhafte Messdatenbestand für natürlich vorkommende Germaniumisotope wird dabei entscheidend verbessert. Um die Untersuchung des 76-Ge Anregungsschemas und den Zugang zu einer Palette weiterer Experimente zu ermöglichen, wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein leistungsfähiges, sehr speziellen Anforderungen entsprechendes Rohrpostsystem entwickelt und im Neutronenlabor der TU Dresden installiert. Ein weiteres neutronenphysikalisches Experiment untersucht den bisher unbeobachteten Elektroneneinfang von 76-As. Dadurch wird eine Möglichkeit gezeigt die oftmals nur mit theoretischen Modellen zugänglichen und mit großen Unsicherheiten behafteten Übergansmatrixelemente experimentell zu bestimmen. Diese spielen bei der Auswertung von Experimenten zum Doppelbetazerfall, insbesondere des Experimentes GERDA, eine entscheidende Rolle. / One goal of modern physics is the experimental observation of the neutrinoless double beta decay (0nbb). Among the few naturally occurring nuclides 76-Ge is one candidate to which this process is to verify, amongest others with the GERDA experiment. The extremely low probability of occurrence for a 0nbb-decay is of at least ten orders of magnitude smaller than that of the Beta-decay of 115-In, one of the rarest beta transitions observed in nature with a half-life of 4.41x10^14 years. Thefore a high detection sensitivity is required, wich depends among other things on the measuring background. Its exact knowledge is necessary for the evaluation of the measuring data. In this work neutron-physical studies were performed on germanium aiming to close the essential gaps in this state of knowledge. Neutrons can cause counting events by direct interaction with germanium and the surrounding matter of the detector or indirectly by activation of any of these materials. For understanding of those background signals, the neutron interaction cross section 70-Ge(n,3n)68-Ge, the levelsceme and the energy-dependent excitation cross section of 76-Ge has been investigated. The lack of data inventory for natural germanium has been improved significantly. To enable the investigation of the 76-Ge level sceme and the access to a range of other experiments, a powerful, very special requirements corresponding pneumatic tube system was developed and installed in scope of this work at the neutron laboratory of the TU Dresden. Another neutron physics experiment examined the so far unobserved electroncapture of 76-As. This shows one way to determine transition matrix elements experimentally, which is often only accessible through theoretical models and prone to large uncertainties. These Matrix elements play a crucial role in the analysis of experiments on double beta decay, in particular the GERDA experiment.

Cette étude explore la relation entre le degré d'observance des principes de pureté et le degré d'acculturation des Juifs en Judée pendant la période allant de la révolte maccabéenne de 167 av. J.-C. à la révolte de 70 ap. J.-C. contre les Romains. Les sectes font l'objet d'une analyse sociologique comparative dans sept domaines: les relations humaines, le mariage, les aliments, les ablutions, la contamination, l'ensemble de la Loi, le sabbat. L'observance ou la non-observance des principes de pureté semble jouer un rôle au niveau du degré et type d'acculturation des sectes. La relation entre les deux variables est paradoxale. Les Sadducéens connaissent une forme d'acculturation de type intégrationiste, sont les plus hellénisés des groupes, tout en se montrant les plus conservateurs. Les Pharisiens sont synthétistes, modérément hellénisés et moins conservateurs. Les Esséniens sont des syncrétistes. Ils sont simultanément conservateurs et hellénisés, innovateurs et anti-hellénistiques. Les Zélotes sont les plus anti-hellénistiques sans toutefois observer les principes de pureté. Les Judéo-chrétiens connaissent une forme d'acculturation synthétiste et créent une nouvelle culture, appelée tiers-culture. La tendance dans les phénomènes d'acculturation universelle est d'exhiber une relation directe entre surenchère de légalisme, d'une part, et adoption d'éléments étrangers, d'autre pan. Or, chez les Juifs, elle est contraire. Les plus conservateurs sont simultanément les plus hellénisés. Les moins hellénisés sont les moins conservateurs. Ce phénomène s'explique, en partie, par le fait que la culture gréco-romaine est une culture exceptionnelle à caractère universel qui atteint les Juifs par-delà sa présence politique et économique. Sa richesse culturelle attire les différentes classes de Juif à différents niveaux : les Sadducéens sont attirés par son aspect matériel, les Pharisiens, par sa composante intellectuelle, les Esséniens, sa composante philosophique, les Judéo-Chrétiens par son idéalisme et pragmatisme socio-spirituels. Le jeu des absorptions et des rejets désagrège l'unité interne de la nation juive la préparant, par conséquent, à être englobée par les forces externes. / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2013

[pt] O presente trabalho procura apresentar algumas questões que envolvem a trajetória de Eça de Queirós na construção de sua atividade literária ao longo da segunda metade do século XIX, analisando o projeto de modernização de Portugal utilizado pelo escritor, a fim de cumprir o seu propósito inicial, anunciado nas Conferências do Casino: regenerar Portugal através da literatura, cujas marcas principais são a denúncia e a intervenção. A partir da análise de textos, produzidos entre os anos de 1871 e 1888, a tese busca indagar sobre o papel do intelectual exercido por Eça de Queirós. Por intermédio da crítica mordaz da primeira fase, associdada à fina ironia dos seus romances mais maduros, Eça inaugura o romance moderno português, como parte do seu projeto de tornar Portugal uma nação reconhecidamente européia. O riso sarcástico, a ambiguidade e a galeria de tipos reconhecidamente portugueses são marcas de seu estilo, e constituem ferramenta fundamental para a evidência do seu papel como intelectual das letras em Portugal no século XIX. / [en] The present work aims to present some questions that involve Eça de Queirós s trajectory in the construction of his literary production during the second half of the 18th century, by analyzing the modernization project of Portugal used by the writer, in order to accomplish his initial purpose, announced in the Conferences of the Casino: to regenerate Portugal through literature, whose main marks are denunciation and intervention. Starting from the analysis of texts, produced from 1871 to 1888, the thesis attempts to investigate the role of the intellectual played by Eça de Queirós. Through the bitter criticism of his first phase, along with the fine irony of his riper romances, Eça inaugurates the Portuguese modern romance, as part of his project of turning Portugal into a recognized European nation. The sarcastic laughter, the ambiguity and the gallery of typically Portuguese characters are marks of his style, and offer a fundamental tool to the evidence of his role as an intellectual in the arts of Portugal in the 18th century. / [fr] Le propos de cette Thèse est de présenter quelques aspects de la trajectoire de Eça de Queiroz dans la construction de son activité littéraire au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, en faisant l examen du projet de modernisation du Portugal utilisé par l écrivain en vue de remplir son objectif initial, annoncé dans les Conférences du Casino : régénérer le Portugal à travers la littérature, dont les principales marques sont la plainte et l intervention. Dès l analyse de textes produits entre les années 1871 et 1888, la thèse vise à renseigner sur le rôle d intellectuel joué par Eça de Queiroz. Grâce à la critique acerbe de la première phase, associée à l ironie de ses romans d âge mûr, Eça inaugure le roman portugais moderne, dans le cadre de son projet de rendre le Portugal une nation reconnue comme Européenne. Le rire sarcastique, l ambiguïté et la galerie de types caractéristiquement portugais sont des marques de son style, et sont un outil fondamental pour la preuve de son rôle d intellectuel des lettres au Portugal au XIXe siècle.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study postulates a unifying rhetorical function for the book of Lamentations during the Persian period. After the destruction of the temple in 587 BCE, the people of Judah were geographically scattered and religiously and culturally fragmented. Lamentations, with its ahistorical, timeless character, its acrostic form, its posture of protest, and its totalizing references to all the different classes and groups of Judahites, became a rallying point for Jews seeking restoration after the exile, as well as a perpetual reflection on YHWH’s role in human suffering for oppressed Jews in many places and at many times through history. The historical component of this study seeks to establish the fragmentation of Judah and the goals of the various Judahite groups during the Persian period. The literary component attempts to demonstrate Lamentations’ suitability as a portable, timeless expression of suffering before YHWH, and as a source of imagery and motivation for Jewish restoration hopes. This study contributes to the understanding of the formation of Jewish identity, which since the destruction of the first temple has been shaped by minority status in nearly every cultural context, and by the evolution of a portable, textual religion. This study concludes that the preservation of the book of Lamentations was both a reflection of and a contribution to these two aspects of Jewish identity. This study also contributes to the interpretation of Lamentations—and the genre of communal lament—as literature and liturgy. It also explores the possibility of literary connections between Lamentations, Isaiah 40-55, and the genre of penitential prayers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie postuleer ‘n verenigende retoriese funksie vir die boek Klaagliedere gedurende die Persiese periode. Na die vernietiging van die tempel in 587 vC was die inwoners van Juda geografies versprei en godsdienstig en kultureel gefragmenteer. Klaagliedere se ahistoriese en tydlose karakter, die akrostiese vorm, die geneentheid tot protes, en die totaliserende verwysings na al die verskillende klasse en groepe van Judeërs, het ‘n aanhakpunt geword vir Jode wat heropbou na die ballingskap nagestreef het, asook vir die voortgaande nadenke by onderdrukte Jode in baie plekke en tye deur die geskiedenis, oor Jahwe se rol in menslike lyding. Die historiese komponent van hierdie studie probeer die fragmentering van Juda gedurende die Persiese periode vasstel, asook die doelwitte van die verskillende groepe in Juda. Die literêre komponent poog om te illustreer dat Klaagliedere uitermate geskik was as oordraagbare, tydlose uitdrukking van lyding voor Jahwe, en dat dit ‘n bron van verbeelding en motivering vir die Joodse heropbou-hoop was. Die studie dra by tot die verstaan van die vorming van Joodse identiteit wat sedert die vernietiging van die eerste tempel sterk beïnvloed is deur hul minderheidstatus in byna elke kulturele konteks, maar ook deur die ontwikkeling van ‘n oordraagbare, tekstuele godsdiens. Hierdie studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat die bewaring van die boek Klaagliedere beide ‘n nadenke oor en ‘n bydrae tot hierdie twee aspekte van Joodse identiteit was. Die studie maak ook ‘n bydrae tot die interpretasie van Klaagliedere—asook die genre van gemeenskaplike klag—as literatuur en liturgie. Dit ondersoek ook die moontlike literêre verhoudings tussen Klaagliedere, Jesaja 40-55 en die genre van boetepsalms.

Les urodèles amphibiens, dont fait partie l’axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), ont la capacité de régénérer leurs organes et membres suite à une amputation, tout au long de leur vie. La patte est l’organe dont le processus de régénération est le mieux caractérisé et ce dernier est divisé en deux phases principales. La première est la phase de préparation et commence immédiatement suite à l’amputation. Elle renferme des étapes essentielles au processus de régénération comme la guérison de la plaie et la formation d’une coiffe apicale ectodermique. Par la suite, les fibroblastes du derme et certaines cellules musculaires vont revenir à un état pluripotent via un processus appelé dédifférenciation cellulaire. Une fois dédifférenciées, ces cellules migrent et s’accumulent sous la coiffe apicale pour former le blastème. Lors de la phase de redéveloppement, les cellules du blastème se divisent puis se redifférencient pour régénérer la partie amputée. Fait intéressant, la régénération d’un membre ou la guérison d’une plaie chez l’axolotl ne mène jamais à la formation d’une cicatrice. Afin d’en apprendre plus sur le contrôle moléculaire de la régénération, les gènes Heat-shock protein-70 (Hsp-70) et Transforming growth factor-β1 (Tgf-β1) ont été sélectionnés. Ces gènes jouent un rôle important dans la réponse au stress et lors de la guérison des plaies chez les mammifères. HSP-70 est une chaperonne moléculaire qui est produite pour maintenir l’intégrité des protéines cellulaires lorsqu’un stress se présente. TGF-β1 est une cytokine produite suite à une blessure qui active la réponse inflammatoire et qui stimule la fermeture de la plaie chez les amniotes. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse démontrent que Hsp-70 est exprimé et régulé lors du développement et de la régénération du membre chez l’axolotl. D’autre part, nos expériences ont mené à l’isolation de la séquence codante pour Tgf-β1 chez l’axolotl. Nos résultats montrent que Tgf-β1 est exprimé spécifiquement lors de la phase de préparation dans le membre en régénération. De plus, le blocage de la voie des Tgf-β avec l’inhibiteur pharmacologique SB-431542, lors de la régénération, mène à l’inhibition du processus. Ceci démontre que la signalisation via la voie des Tgf-β est essentielle à la régénération du membre chez l’axolotl. / Urodele amphibians, such as the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), have the unique ability, among vertebrates, to perfectly regenerate many parts of their body throughout their life. Among the complex structures that can be regenerated, the limb is the most widely studied. Limb regeneration is divided in two main phases. The preparation phase, which begins right after amputation, includes wound healing and the formation of an apical ectodermal cap. During this phase, dermal fibroblasts and muscle cells will lose their characteristics and become pluripotent through a process called cellular dedifferentiation. The dedifferentiated cells migrate and accumulate under the apical ectodermal cap to form the blastema. During the redevelopment phase, the cells in the blastema proliferate and redifferentiate to regenerate the lost structures. It is interesting to highlight the fact that regeneration never leads to scar formation in the axolotl. In order to learn more about the molecular control of limb regeneration, the genes Heat-shock protein-70 (Hsp-70) and Transforming growth factor-β1 (Tgf- β1) were selected for their important roles in stress response and wound healing in mammals. HSP-70 is a molecular chaperone which is produced to protect cellular proteins when the cell faces a stress. TGF-β1 is a cytokine produced after wounding that activates the inflammatory response and stimulates wound closure in amniotes. Results presented in this thesis show that Hsp-70 is expressed and regulated during limb development and regeneration in the axolotl. We were also able to isolate the cDNA coding for axolotl Tgf-β1 and our results show that this gene is expressed specifically during the preparation phase of limb regeneration. Treatment of regenerating axolotls with a specific inhibitor of Tgf-β signalling, SB-431542, led to complete inhibition of regeneration. This directly implies that Tgf-β signalling is essential for limb regeneration in axolotl.

The thesis aims to explore the artistic personality of Hunter S. Thompson, one of the most distinctive cultural figures of post-war America, and his genesis as an author, journalist, and a counterculture idol of the 1960s. The era is now widely regarded as a turning point in contemporary American history as its deep-rooted values and norms were, over the course of a decade, gradually transformed by the young generation of social and political activists toward allegedly a more tolerant and liberal kind of community. Crucial in such an endeavor was the role of the countercultural movement that produced some of the most capable intellectual minds of the time, including Thompson. The paper thus analyzes the role and nature of the alternative culture in America as perceived by one of its most observant participants. Also, the thesis focuses on the author's role in establishing a new genre called New Journalism which can be linked with the era's countercultural efforts as well. In general, Thompson, in his texts, examines various phenomena surrounding the counterculture and provides us with a distinctive portrayal of the era's zeitgeist. However, unlike some of his contemporaries, he also remembers to examine numerous flaws and fallacies existing within contemporary American society, the American Dream...

The left-wing terrorism in Italy in the 1970s and the Red brigades as its most significant symptom resulted in the long-term view from the fight between the partisans and the fascists in the Second World War and from the short-term view from the students' and labourers' protests in the end of 1960s. The Red brigades were founded in 1970 and were composed mainly by students from Trento (Curcio, Cagol), communists from Reggio Emilia (Franceschini, Gallinari) and labourers from Milano (Moretti). They began in the first years of their functioning with agitation in the factories, burning the cars of the high managers and kidnapping. The thesis follows gradual radicalisation of the group and the change of their aims - from this moment on mostly politicians, judges, state magistrates. The transformation of the Red brigades related to the personal changes in the leadership - after Curcio and Franceschini were arrested and Cagol killed, radical Moretti became very influential. The organisation under his leadership started to kill intentionally its victims and the wave of brutal attacks culminated in the spring 1978 in kidnapping and murder of former Prime Minister Aldo Moro. The Red brigades however became strongly socially isolated and several ideological differences among the members of the administration...

Polidutos, tanques de armazenamento de combustíveis e outras estruturas metálicas estão em constante contato com diferentes tipos de solos, diversos horizontes ou camadas, expostos à ação corrosiva nessa interação. Isso possibilita a ocorrência de danos de conseqüências expressivas ao ambiente e à expectativa de trabalho, podendo implicar em contaminações derivadas por vazamento dos produtos de estocagem, derramamento durante transporte, acidentes causados por tubulações sem adequada manutenção além das perdas financeiras associadas. Conhecer a dinâmica de interações entre as superfícies metálicas e o entorno é fundamental a fim de prever comportamentos e desenvolver materiais melhor aplicados. Os aços classe API são utilizados em tubulações de alta e baixa pressão mantendo características de elevada resistência mecânica e à corrosão e, ainda assim, são suscetíveis de ocorrências do processo corrosivo, dado que, estão em contanto com diferentes ambientes desde regiões de mangue até atmosferas industriais. No presente caso, avaliou-se como se comportam aços API 5L X70 em contato com diferentes horizontes de alguns solos no Brasil. O estudo correlacionou a presença de espécies químicas como íons formados em solução, minerais primários e secundários. Além disso, foram avaliadas as características físicas e químicas como pH, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos, entre outras, com as respostas quanto à resistência e formas de corrosão. Para tanto, foram utilizadas técnicas como difratometria de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, fluorescência por raios X por reflexão total, análise de injeção de fluxo além de análises de granulometria e gravimetria, dentre outras. Isto foi feito com a finalidade de obter a caracterização dos solos, a identificação dos produtos de corrosão, a análise da solução dos solos, a avaliação dos metais ensaiados e a classificação das formas e tipos de corrosão. Os resultados demonstraram que diferentes horizontes dos solos, assim como os diversos tipos de solos analisados, produzem um ataque diferenciado na estrutura metálica evidenciando essa seletividade. Também, o estudo demonstrou que tais respostas podem ser rapidamente obtidas com o emprego da solução do solo como meio analítico em comparação às avaliações usuais. / Pipelines, fuel storage tanks and other metallic structures are in permanent contact and exposed to different types of soils, of horizons or layers, or of soil aggressiveness. This interaction may cause expressive damages to the environment and to the planned work. Contamination may occur due to leakage of stored products, splitting during transportation, accidents caused by pipelines without extensive maintenance. The result of these accidents could be, among others, some financial losses. In order to recognize the dynamic interactions between metallic surfaces and the environment it is crucial to have preventive actions and to develop better-applied materials. API steel 5L X70 has been used in structures of low and high pressure with high mechanical strength and corrosion and, even so, it is susceptible to etching corrosion since it is in contact with different environments from mangrove regions to industrial environments. The present case evaluated the role of 5L X70 API steel in contact with different soil horizons representative of the Brazilian soil. This investigation correlated chemical species with solute ions in soil solution, secondary and primary phase minerals besides physical and chemical characteristics as pH, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, among others, to the results of corrosion resistance and ways of corrosion. The evaluation was carried out using x-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, total reflection x-ray fluorescence, fuel injection flow besides texture and gravimetric analyses to soil characterization and mineralogy, identification of corrosion products, soil solution analyses, evaluation of tested materials and classification of ways and types of corrosion. This was an attempt to integrate the data to a better understanding of the process involving reagents and products. The results showed that different soil horizons such as different types of analyzed soils produce specific etching in metallic structures showing this selectivity. The study also shows that these results can be readily obtained with soil solution as an analytical means in comparison with nowadays evaluations.

[pt] Discutir de forma crítica a produção e a recepção da música popular brasileira ao longo dos anos 70 é o objetivo central deste trabalho. De maneira oposta ao que ocorreu com a bossa nova, o tropicalismo e o rock dos anos 80, a reflexão sobre esse período de grande importância da nossa música parece ser dispersa e fragmentada, sem apresentar a consistência das análises sobre os movimentos citados. Essa consistência não se baseia numa interpretação homogênea dos casos. Pelo contrário, a diversidade de interpretações é o que confere a eles uma posição privilegiada no campo dos Estudos Culturais no Brasil. A proposta dessa dissertação é justamente se juntar a essa dispersa e fragmentada produção teórico- reflexiva sobre os anos 70 oferecendo mais uma voz, um olhar, um corpo escrito que de alguma forma possa interceder nos debates sobre a cultura brasileira e sua vitalidade naquele momento. Levando em consideração a especificidade de uma conjuntura política de autoritarismo e de violento cerceamento a liberdade de expressão e opinião, porém sem aceitar qualquer forma de leitura determinista sobre essa condição, minha proposta é discutir questões que tenham, de algum modo, afetado a classe artística, o público e a crítica desta década. / [en] The central objective of this work is to critically discuss the production and reception of Brazilian popular music during the seventies. Opposite to what happened to bossa nova, tropicalism and the 80s rock movement, the reflections about this period of great importance in our music seem to be disperse and fragmented, not presenting the consistency of the analyses of the aforementioned movements. This consistency is not based on an homogeneous interpretation of the cases, on the contrary, the diversity of interpretations is what confers to them a privileged position at the Cultural Studies field in Brazil. The exact proposal of this dissertation is to join this disperse and fragmented theoretical-reflexive production about the 70s presenting one more voice, an outlook, a written body that somehow may intercede in the debates on Brazilian culture and its vitality at that moment. My proposal is to discuss questions that somehow affected the artists, audiences and critics of this decade, taking in consideration the specificity of a political context of authoritarism and violent restrictions of freedom of speech and opinion, whilst not accepting any form of determinist reading of this condition.