A presente dissertação se dedica a refletir sobre o corpo e o grotesco na arte e na comunicação contemporâneas. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o grotesco na cena da dança contemporânea com o intuito de compreender como se dá a relação entre o modo de apreensão do grotesco na atualidade e o modo como ele se apresenta cenicamente. Assim, procurou-se investigar que representações da cultura contemporânea podem estar associadas às manifestações do fenômeno grotesco; como a mídia e o consumo de massa participam na disseminação desta estética; e como o corpo cênico na dança se aproxima/reflete estas representações presentes no cotidiano. O fenômeno grotesco, objeto de estudo desta pesquisa, foi investigado em duas companhias de dança: a Lia Rodrigues Companhia de Danças (RJ) e o Grupo Cena 11 de Dança (SC), onde foram observados o tratamento artístico e os dispositivos utilizados para construção do efeito corpo-grotesco nos espetáculos e o posicionamento dos artistas com o uso da estética grotesca nas obras. O embasamento teórico do estudo investiu na compreensão do fenômeno grotesco nos âmbitos histórico, estético/artístico e social e sua contextualização na contemporaneidade. Partiu-se do entendimento de que o corpo é mídia primária, "espaço" de comunicação e de linguagem e a dança cênica é um fenômeno urbano, que espelha as transformações representacionais do início deste século XXI. As abordagens teóricas de Mikhail Bakhtin sobre o realismo grotesco; de Wolfgang Kayser, sobre o grotesco romântico e os estudos de Muniz Sodré e Raquel Paiva, sobre o grotesco na comunicação contemporânea fundamentaram as discussões. Foi relevante refletir sobre as mudanças de paradigmas sociais que vêm se desenhando na atualidade, sobretudo com a influência do desenvolvimento tecnológico e midiático sobre as corporeidades e os processos de subjetivação. As qualidades fluidas e polifônicas associadas à contemporaneidade nortearam o entendimento desses novos paradigmas estéticos do corpo - atribuídos como corporeidades móveis contemporâneas - e, serviram para denominar/compreender como "grotesco líquido" a presença múltipla e volátil dos fenômenos grotescos na atualidade. / This dissertation is dedicated to reflecting on the body and the grotesque in the contemporary art and communication. The aim of this study was to investigate the grotesque in contemporary dance scene in order to understand the relationship between the way of apprehension of the grotesque nowadays and how it is presented scenically. This way, we sought to investigate representations of contemporary culture that may be associated with manifestations of the grotesque phenomenon; how the media and mass consumption take part in the dissemination of this aesthetic; and how, in the dance, the scenic body approaches/reflects these representations present in everyday life. The grotesque phenomenon, object of this research, was investigated in two dance companies: Lia Rodrigues Companhia de Danças (RJ) and Grupo Cena11 de Dança (SC), where we observed the artistic treatment and equipment used for the construction effect on body-grotesque during the performances and the point of view of the artists using the grotesque aesthetic in their works. The theoretical grounds of this study invested in understanding the grotesque phenomenon in historical fields, aesthetic/artistic and social and its contextualization in contemporaneity. This started from the understanding that the body is primary media, "space" of communication and language, and the scenic dance is an urban phenomenon that mirrors the representational transformations from the beginning of the 21st century. The theoretical approaches of Mikhail Bakhtin on the grotesque realism; Wolfgang Kayser, on the romantic grotesque and the studies of Muniz Sodré and Raquel Paiva, on the grotesque in contemporary communication grounded the discussions. It was important to reflect on the changing of social paradigms that have been molding themselves nowadays, especially with the influence of technological development and media on corporeality and subjectivity processes. The fluid and polyphonic qualities associated with contemporaneity, guided the understanding of these new aesthetic paradigms of the body - assigned as contemporary mobile corporealities - and served to denominate/understand as "liquid grotesque" the multiple and volatile presence of the grotesque phenomena today.

A presente dissertação se dedica a refletir sobre o corpo e o grotesco na arte e na comunicação contemporâneas. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o grotesco na cena da dança contemporânea com o intuito de compreender como se dá a relação entre o modo de apreensão do grotesco na atualidade e o modo como ele se apresenta cenicamente. Assim, procurou-se investigar que representações da cultura contemporânea podem estar associadas às manifestações do fenômeno grotesco; como a mídia e o consumo de massa participam na disseminação desta estética; e como o corpo cênico na dança se aproxima/reflete estas representações presentes no cotidiano. O fenômeno grotesco, objeto de estudo desta pesquisa, foi investigado em duas companhias de dança: a Lia Rodrigues Companhia de Danças (RJ) e o Grupo Cena 11 de Dança (SC), onde foram observados o tratamento artístico e os dispositivos utilizados para construção do efeito corpo-grotesco nos espetáculos e o posicionamento dos artistas com o uso da estética grotesca nas obras. O embasamento teórico do estudo investiu na compreensão do fenômeno grotesco nos âmbitos histórico, estético/artístico e social e sua contextualização na contemporaneidade. Partiu-se do entendimento de que o corpo é mídia primária, "espaço" de comunicação e de linguagem e a dança cênica é um fenômeno urbano, que espelha as transformações representacionais do início deste século XXI. As abordagens teóricas de Mikhail Bakhtin sobre o realismo grotesco; de Wolfgang Kayser, sobre o grotesco romântico e os estudos de Muniz Sodré e Raquel Paiva, sobre o grotesco na comunicação contemporânea fundamentaram as discussões. Foi relevante refletir sobre as mudanças de paradigmas sociais que vêm se desenhando na atualidade, sobretudo com a influência do desenvolvimento tecnológico e midiático sobre as corporeidades e os processos de subjetivação. As qualidades fluidas e polifônicas associadas à contemporaneidade nortearam o entendimento desses novos paradigmas estéticos do corpo - atribuídos como corporeidades móveis contemporâneas - e, serviram para denominar/compreender como "grotesco líquido" a presença múltipla e volátil dos fenômenos grotescos na atualidade. / This dissertation is dedicated to reflecting on the body and the grotesque in the contemporary art and communication. The aim of this study was to investigate the grotesque in contemporary dance scene in order to understand the relationship between the way of apprehension of the grotesque nowadays and how it is presented scenically. This way, we sought to investigate representations of contemporary culture that may be associated with manifestations of the grotesque phenomenon; how the media and mass consumption take part in the dissemination of this aesthetic; and how, in the dance, the scenic body approaches/reflects these representations present in everyday life. The grotesque phenomenon, object of this research, was investigated in two dance companies: Lia Rodrigues Companhia de Danças (RJ) and Grupo Cena11 de Dança (SC), where we observed the artistic treatment and equipment used for the construction effect on body-grotesque during the performances and the point of view of the artists using the grotesque aesthetic in their works. The theoretical grounds of this study invested in understanding the grotesque phenomenon in historical fields, aesthetic/artistic and social and its contextualization in contemporaneity. This started from the understanding that the body is primary media, "space" of communication and language, and the scenic dance is an urban phenomenon that mirrors the representational transformations from the beginning of the 21st century. The theoretical approaches of Mikhail Bakhtin on the grotesque realism; Wolfgang Kayser, on the romantic grotesque and the studies of Muniz Sodré and Raquel Paiva, on the grotesque in contemporary communication grounded the discussions. It was important to reflect on the changing of social paradigms that have been molding themselves nowadays, especially with the influence of technological development and media on corporeality and subjectivity processes. The fluid and polyphonic qualities associated with contemporaneity, guided the understanding of these new aesthetic paradigms of the body - assigned as contemporary mobile corporealities - and served to denominate/understand as "liquid grotesque" the multiple and volatile presence of the grotesque phenomena today.

Le travail artistique ne se construit pas sur une question préalable mais sur l’émergence toujours renouvelée de questions imprévisibles.L’oeuvre d’art à l’époque de sa discrétion technique tire bien évidemment son titre du texte de Walter Benjamin L’oeuvre d’art à l’époque de sa reproductibilité technique. Dans son texte, Benjamin essaie d’envisager les conséquences esthétiques et politiques de la reproductibilité technique. Nous essayons (modestement) de reposer la même question à l’heure du numérique.Cette question n’était pas donnée d’emblée. Elle est apparue dans le tressage complexe de la pratique. Dans ce tressage de problématiques apportées par la pratique elle-même, deux temps sont aujourd’hui visibles :- le temps de la reproductibilité technique, du livre d’artiste et du don ;- le temps de la discrétion, du numérique et de la disponibilité.Ces questions sont apparues de proche en proche et jamais selon un plan préétabli. Le travail d’analyse, n’est donc pas la recherche d’une stratégie ou d’un plan préexistant mais le relevé a posteriori d’un territoire découvert par une marche dans un pays inconnu.Ce tressage continu de la pratique et de la théorie est présent dans l’écriture même de la thèse. S’y mêlent à égalité des oeuvres plastiques, des textes littéraires, des articles, des manifestes et des écrits théoriques. / Artistic work is not built on a previous question but always renewed by the emergence of unforeseen issues.The Work of Art in the Age of Technical Discretion obviously takes its title from the text of Walter Benjamin The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. In his text, Benjamin tries to consider the aesthetic and political consequences of technical reproducibility. We try (modestly) to ask the same question in the digital age.This question was not immediately given. It appeared in the complex braiding practice. In this weaving problems introduced by the practice itself, two times are now visible:- Time of technical reproducibility, artist’s book and gift;- The time of discretion, digital and availability.These questions have arisen step by step and not according to a predetermined plan. The analytical work, therefore, is not looking for a pre-existing strategy or plan, but the survey retrospectively territory discovered by a walk in an unknown country.This continuous braiding of practice and theory is in the writing of the thesis too. Mingle with equal plastic works, literary texts, articles, manifestos and theoretical writings.

Les premières photographies couleurs produites par Edmond Becquerel au Muséum d’Histoire naturelle à Paris en 1848 ont suscité un débat scientifique intense tout au long du XIXème siècle. La question de l’origine des couleurs de ces photographies a vu s’affronter les partisans d’une hypothèse pigmentaire et ceux d’une hypothèse interférentielle. Au cours du XXème siècle, cette question n’a pas été définitivement tranchée. Ce travail doctoral se propose d’appréhender la nature de ces images dites « photochromatiques » par une approche expérimentale. Nous nous sommes dans un premier temps intéressés aux étapes de sensibilisation du plaqué argent et d’exposition de la surface sensible aux rayonnements visibles, dans le but de répliquer le procédé Becquerel et de comprendre la photosensibilité de ces images. Les propriétés optiques des couches sensibles et colorées ont été caractérisées en spectroscopie UV-visible et mises en relation avec leurs compositions chimiques (étudiées en XAS) et leurs morphologies, de l’échelle micro- à nanométrique (étudiées en MEB et TEM). La grande sensibilité des échantillons aux faisceaux photoniques (UV-visible et rayons X) et électroniques a imposé un développement méthodologique afin de comprendre et de limiter les effets de sonde. Les résultats de cette recherche permettent de réfuter l’hypothèse de phénomènes interférentiels comme origine des couleurs des images photochromatiques, hypothèse qui prévaut dans la littérature depuis la fin du XIXème siècle. Les couches sensibles et colorées sont constituées de grains de chlorure d’argent micrométriques décorés de nanoparticules d’argent. Ces nanoparticules d’argent, que nous avons étudiées en EELS low loss, sont responsables de l’absorption dans le visible des couches sensibles et colorées par résonance de plasmons de surface. Ceci nous conduit à proposer une origine plasmonique aux couleurs des images photochromatiques, hypothèse discutée dans cette thèse. / The first colour photographs were produced in 1848 by Edmond Becquerel at the Museum of natural History in Paris. The origin of their colours motivated an intense debate between the scientists during the XIXth century. Two main hypotheses were proposed, namely a pigmentary hypothesis and an interferential hypothesis. Nowadays the question of the colours of those photochromatic images is still not settled and this doctoral research aims at addressing it by an experimental approach. We first studied the sensitizing of the silver plate and the exposure of the sensitive surface to light in order to replicate the Becquerel process and to gain information on the photosensitivity of these images. The optical properties of the sensitized and coloured layers were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy and related to their chemical composition (studied by XAS) and their morphologies, from the micro to the nanoscale (studied by SEM and TEM). A methodological development was necessary to understand and overcome the sensitivity of the samples to photonic beams (UV-visible and X-rays) and electronic beams. The results allow us to reject the interferential hypothesis, which prevailed since the end of the XIXth century. The sensitized and coloured layers consist in micrometric silver chloride grains decorated by silver nanoparticles. Besides, these nanoparticles, which we investigated by low loss EELS, are responsible for the visible absorption of sensitized and coloured layers through surface plasmon resonance. We suggest that the photochromatic images colours have a plasmonic origin and hereby discuss this hypothesis.

Cette thèse est consacrée aux questions de réception et d'institutionnalisation de la photographie documentaire et de la photographie de reportage à partir de 1937 jusqu'aux années 1970 au Museum of Modem Art (MoMA) de New York. Le premier chapitre revient sur la genèse et les enjeux de l'instauration de la straight photography comme canon d’une tradition esthétisante du médium et éclaire l’influence de la critique formaliste dans l'émergence d'un modernisme documentaire, exemplifié par la production de Walker Evans. De nombreux photographes dont les pratiques ne correspondaient pas aux idéaux de perfection technique de la straight photography ont de exclus des circuits de légitimation institutionnelle, en particulier les membres de la Photo League de New York. La photographie documentaire urbaine, développée en dehors de la doxa moderniste, fait l'objet du deuxième chapitre de cette étude. A. cet égard, une attention particulière est consacrée à l'œuvre critique d'Elizabeth McCausland, principale porte-parole de la fonction sociale de la photographie. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur la période de l’après-guerre. Dans ce nouveau contexte, les Américains sont à la recherche de nouveaux canons artistiques, qu'ils trouvent dans la photographie de reportage française, dont Henri Cartier-Bresson représente le chef de file. Ce chapitre dévoile les intérêts diplomatiques du modernisme dans les échanges transatlantiques avec la France, ainsi que ses intérêts économique à travers l'exemple d'André Kertész dont l'exposition au MoMA suscite l'envol de sa cote sur le marché naissant de la photographie dans les années 1970. / This thesis is dedicated to questions of reception and institutionalization of documentary photography and reportage photography from 1937 through to the 1970s at the New York Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). The first chapter looks at the development and objectives of the advent of straight photography as a canon or an aestheticizing tradition of the medium, and sheds light on the influence of formalist criticism in the emergence of a form of documentary modernism, exemplified by the works of Walker Evans. Many photographers whose practices do not correspond to the ideals of technical perfection of straight photography were excluded from the circuits of institutional legitimization, particularly the members of the New York Photo League, Urban documentary photography, developed outside of the modernist doxa will be the subject of the second chapter of this study. In this respect, particular attention is paid to the critical work of Elizabeth McCausland, a major spokesperson for the social function of photography. The third chapter focuses on the post-war period. ln this new context. The Americans were looking for new artistic canons, which they found in French reportage photography, with Henri Cartier-Bresson leading the fray. Finally, this chapter reveals the diplomatic interests of modernism in Transatlantic exchanges with France, as well as its economic interests, taking André Kertész, as an example, whose exhibition at MoMA caused his works to suddenly rise in value on the inchoate photography market of the 1970s.

The Chassidic Chabad movement is one of Judaism’s most successful and influential groups interms of missionary presence around the world and distributed missionary material online.Chabad’s final Rebbe is still regarded by his followers to be the long-awaited final redeemerand Messiah, despite his clinical death in 1994. The aim of this study is to describe how theChabad-followers, through the movement’s publications, maintain the belief in the Rebbe asthe Jewish Messiah, and the theological interpretive tools utilized in order to ‘survive’ as aunited movement. The study indicates that Chabad is still a united and radical messianicmovement, wherein, internal theological mechanisms interpret the Rebbe as corporally alivebut concealed by illusion, and will soon be revealed or imminently resurrected to complete theredemption of the world. The study also discusses the movement’s extreme right-wingedpolitical stance in regards to the ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict, the movement’s Holocausttheology as means to further understand how the group ‘survived’ the cognitive dissonance thedeath of the Rebbe created and the theological similarities between Chabad and earlyChristianity. / Den Chassidiska Chabadrörelsen är en av judendomens mest framgångsrika och inflytesrikanya religiösa rörelser när det gäller missionär närvaro runt om i världen och missionärt materialonline. Chabads sista Rebbe anses av hans anhängare att vara världens sista försonare ochMessias, trots hans uppenbara kliniska död år 1994. Denna studie beskriver hurChabadanhängare, genom rörelsens egna tryckta och online publikationer, upprätthåller tron påRebbe som den judiska messias och de teologiska tolkningsverktyg som rörelsen använder föratt ‘överleva’ som en enad grupp. Studien indikerar att Chabadrörelsen, ändå till våra dagar, ärenad och radikal-messianistisk där man genom interna teologiska mekanismer tolkar Rebbensom levande i materiell kropp, gömd genom illusion men snart uppenbarad eller snartåteruppväckt från de fysiskt döda och i båda fallen för att fullgöra världens försoning där Gudförsonar människan i den materiella världen. Studien diskuterar också rörelsens extremahögerpolitik, i synnerhet när det gäller Israel-Palestina konflikten och förintelseteologi som ettsätt att vidare förstå hur gruppen ‘överlevde’ den kognitiva dissonansen Rebbens död skapadei termer av misslyckad profetia och de teologiska likheterna mellan Chabadrörelsen och tidigkristendom.Nyckelord: NRR,

方秀瑩. / "2008年1月" / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2008. / 參考文獻(p. 128-135). / "2008 nian 1 yue" / Abstract also in English. / Fang Xiuying. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2008. / Can kao wen xian (p. 128-135). / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 沈德潛的生平及學詩歷程 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 沈德潛詩論硏究槪況 --- p.3 / Chapter 第三節 --- 硏究目的及方法 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二章 --- 沈德潛對李杜詩的品評 --- p.8 / Chapter 第一節 --- 沈德潛論李白詩 --- p.8 / Chapter 1. --- 李白詩的宗旨 --- p.9 / Chapter 2. --- 李白詩的體裁 --- p.16 / Chapter 3. --- 李白詩的風格 --- p.22 / Chapter 4. --- 李白詩的詩法 --- p.26 / Chapter 5. --- 小結 --- p.29 / Chapter 第二節 --- 沈德潛論杜甫詩 --- p.30 / Chapter 1. --- 杜甫詩的淵源 --- p.32 / Chapter 2. --- 杜甫詩的宗旨 --- p.43 / Chapter 3. --- 杜甫詩的體裁 --- p.52 / Chapter 4. --- 杜甫詩的風格 --- p.56 / Chapter 5. --- 杜甫詩的題材 --- p.67 / Chapter 6. --- 杜甫詩的詩法 --- p.78 / Chapter 7. --- 小結 --- p.85 / Chapter 第三章 --- 沈德潛兼宗李杜詩的意義 --- p.87 / Chapter 第一節 --- 移易詩壇風氣 --- p.87 / Chapter 第二節 --- 提升人格素質 --- p.90 / Chapter 第三節 --- 全面的詩體觀 --- p.94 / Chapter 第四節 --- 兼重詩才與學力 --- p.98 / Chapter 第五節 --- 格調中包容神韻 --- p.100 / Chapter 第四章 --- 沈德潛李杜詩論的影響 --- p.107 / Chapter 第一節 --- 沈德潛的弟子及同里的詩論 --- p.107 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《唐宋詩醇》與沈德潛詩說之關係 --- p.115 / Chapter 第三節 --- 桐城派繼承沈德潛詩說考 --- p.118 / Chapter 第四節 --- 蘇文擢《說詩晬語詮評》及其詩學觀述評 --- p.121 / Chapter 第五章 --- 結語 --- p.126 / 參考書目 --- p.128 / 附錄：沈德潛選李杜詩詩目 --- p.136 / 《唐宋詩醇》引沈德潛李杜詩論輯錄 --- p.154 / 高步瀛引沈德潛李杜詩論輯錄 --- p.159

Die neue Broschüre widmet sich der Bildsammlung des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Sachsen. Der Nachlass des in der Broschüre vorgestellten Fotografen Paul Wolff, oder »Lichtbildners«, wie er sich selbst bezeichnete, ist mit über 6 000 Negativen der umfangreichste und bedeutendste Fundus dieser Sammlung. Paul Wolff war ein Fotograf, der seine Zeit auf seine persönliche Weise portraitierte. Neben der klassischen Architekturfotografie, die vor allem in seinen Kunstmappen und Ansichtskarten Ausdruck findet, dokumentiert er mit seinen Aufnahmen das Leben der Bevölkerung in der Stadt und auf dem Land. Redaktionsschluss: 01.10.2021

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This dissertation considers whether photography as a language translates a transient moment into an embodied image. This is considered to be a mimesis of the moment as an aid for memory. By following a dialectic approach I posit a thesis based on the common sense perception of photography which states that photography is an artefactual mimesis aiding memory. After reflecting on Plato’s concept of writing as a pharmakon and Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction theory I establish an antithesis which proclaims that a photograph aids memory but also leads to the illusion of remembering past experiences. The synthesis is then presented which resolves the opposing ideas. This component argues that a photograph is a mimetic device that aids memory by presenting embodied fragmented reflections of time which can be used to create new meanings and memories. The dissertation concludes with a discussion that supports and integrates this argument with visual research. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M.A. (Visual Arts)