Orientador: Mateus Batistella / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T06:13:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Farinaci_JulianaSampaio_D.pdf: 25078012 bytes, checksum: bfb51f4cb7269e777aa723d4f1d6b182 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: No Brasil, embora as taxas de desmatamento sejam maiores que as de recuperação da cobertura florestal, é possível que em certas regiões o aumento da cobertura supere o desmatamento, caracterizando uma transição florestal. A Teoria da Transição Florestal busca explicar os processos que levam a essa reversão, relacionando-os fundamentalmente ao desenvolvimento econômico associado à industrialização, à urbanização e à intensificação do uso da terra que ocasionariam o abandono de terras em áreas menos favoráveis a atividades agropecuárias, deixando-as disponíveis para replantio e regeneração da cobertura florestal. A diversidade de fatores envolvidos na transição florestal inclui uma complexa teia de interações institucionais, sociais, biológicas, culturais e físicas. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar evidências de transição florestal em áreas do estado de São Paulo, identificando fatores sociais e biofísicos relacionados à recuperação da área de mata nativa em diferentes escalas espaciais e discutindo a aplicabilidade da Teoria da Transição Florestal. Foram utilizados levantamentos de dados existentes na literatura, técnicas de geoprocessamento baseadas em classificação de imagens de satélite em média e alta resolução, questionários aplicados em propriedades rurais em uma amostra de municípios, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação direta. Os resultados permitiram concluir que há evidências de uma transição florestal em São Paulo e contextualizar as trajetórias da variação da cobertura de mata nativa nos níveis analíticos frente aos cenários mais amplos da economia, política e ambientalismo no Brasil. Crises e estagnação econômica, num período em que o desenvolvimento sustentável passou a fazer parte do discurso político em diferentes setores da sociedade, parecem ter contribuído para a transição florestal na década de 1990. A observação da trajetória da cobertura florestal nos municípios estudados leva a questionar o futuro dessa transição se nos pautarmos apenas na tese de que o desenvolvimento econômico se encarregará de impulsioná-la. A redução do desmatamento e o aumento da cobertura florestal nas áreas estudadas não é motivada primariamente pelo desenvolvimento econômico ou pela escassez de produtos florestais, mas principalmente pela falha dos sistemas de produção em garantir os modos de vida da população rural. As vias explicativas mais satisfatórias para compreender os processos observados relacionam-se às políticas públicas florestais e à globalização dos mercados e da informação. São discutidos mecanismos de estímulo ao aumento da cobertura florestal que atendam ao desenvolvimento econômico e social de pequenos, médios e grandes proprietários rurais aliado à conservação ambiental / Abstract: In Brazil, although deforestation rates are greater than forest recovery, it is possible that in some regions the forest increase overcomes deforestation, characterizing a forest transition. Forest Transition Theory seeks to explain the processes leading to this reversal, relating them to economic development associated to industrialization, urbanization, and land use intensification, which result in agricultural land abandonment in less favorable areas and reforestation through natural regeneration and tree planting. The diversity of factors involved in a forest transition includes a complex network of institutional, social, biological, cultural and physical interactions. This research aims to present evidence of a forest transition in areas in the State of São Paulo, identifying social and biophysical factors related to the recovery of native forest area at different spatial scales and discussing the applicability of the Forest Transition Theory. A collection of data was used from the literature, geoprocessing techniques based on medium and high resolution imagery classification, questionnaires in rural properties from a sample of municipalities, semi-structured interviews and direct observation. The results allow one to conclude that there is evidence of a forest transition in São Paulo and to contextualize the trajectories of variation in native forest cover considering the broader economic, political and environmentalist scenarios in Brazil. Economic crises and stagnation, on a period when sustainable development became part of the political discourse from different sectors of society, seem to have contributed to forest transition in the 1990's. Observing the forest cover trajectories in the studied municipalities leads to questioning the future of this transition if we rely only in the thesis that economic development will drive it forward. Deforestation decrease and forest increase in the studied areas is not primarily motivated by economic development or by forest scarcity. Instead, it is mainly motivated by failure of productive systems in supporting rural livelihoods. The most satisfactory explanatory pathways to understand the observed processes relate to State forest policy and to globalization of markets and information. I discuss mechanisms to stimulate forest cover increase, which attend to economic and social development of small, medium and large landholders allied with environmental conservation / Doutorado / Aspectos Biológicos de Sustentabilidade e Conservação / Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade

The daunting tasks of responding to climate change and ensuring sustainable development (SD) are high on the political agenda among world leaders. From the onset, the clean development mechanisms (CDM) outlined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol (KP), state that CDM activities should contribute to SD in the host country while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Nevertheless, many scholars have criticized CDM for failing to deliver on its twin objectives. In Ethiopia in particular, there was lack of afforestation/reforestation (A/R) CDM research specific to the nation; specifically, research as to whether A/R-CDM met the stipulated twin objectives of SD and mitigation (reducing GHG). This study was conducted in the Humbo district of Wolyaita Zone, Southern Nations - Nationality and People Regional (SNNPR) state of Ethiopia, where A/R-CDM was implemented in pursuit of these twin objectives. Humbo is located between 6°46’48.47 and 6°41’04.28N; and between 37°48’35.44 and 37° 55’14.51E, between altitudinal gradients 1200 and 1900 m.a.s.l. The climate of the study area is characterized by annual temperatures between 25°C and 28°C, and by total annual rainfall between 800 to 1000 mm. The objectives of the study were to quantify the change of above ground and below ground carbon pools of native tree species; to assess the attractiveness of FMNR forestry practices; to examine A/R-CDM contributions to community level SD; and to assess the effectiveness of climate change mitigation policy founded on native tree species-based A/R-CDM. Data regarding above ground biomass (AGB) and below ground biomass (BGB) carbon pools of native tree species was collected through non-destructive techniques to quantify the change in carbon sequestration and associated carbon trading. A multi-stage random cluster household (HH) sampling approach was used to assess the attractiveness of farmer managed natural regeneration (FMNR) forestry practice. To examine the contribution of A/R-CDM to community level SD, three dimensions of SD were evaluated, namely; (local) environmental, social, and economic. Two indicators were considered per each dimension. With regard to local environmental SD, community access to natural resources, as well as changes to the local climate were considered. With regard to the social dimension, job creation and changes to social support structures were considered. With regard to the economic dimension, economic activities of the area and local skill development were considered. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used to triangulate the survey as well as to assess policy perspectives. Results revealed that the Humbo native tree species based A/R-CDM, which employed FMNR forestry practices, sequestered a net total of 73,138; 84,848; 103,769 and 111,657 tCO2e along 2011, 2014, 2015 and 2016 years, respectively, across 2,728 ha. In terms of carbon leakage due to fuel wood collection activity displacement, a net zero was found since the average volume of fuelwood collected from the project area, after the area was closed off, was found to be 5.1 - 6.1 M3, while before the area was closed off, that number was 4.3 M3. This was due to the project employing FMNR forestry practices. Similarly, the leakage due to livestock grazing activity displacement also was found to be a net zero, since the number of animals grazing on land adjacent to the project area after four years of the area’s being closed off reached 11,383 cattle, 429 donkeys and 4,108 goats, unlike 8,684 cattle and 2,288 goats before the project. In other words, the number of livestock owned by farmers on the land adjacent to the project site was not adversely affected by the closing off of the site, which prevented grazing on the area allocated to A/R-CDM. The livestock management training provided by project developer improved the farmers’ rearing efficiency. Another expected leakage due to soil pitting for A/R was also found to be nil since soil disturbance did not take place because of FMNR practices. These results indicated that systematic regeneration of native tree species through FMNR forestry practices is an effective method to develop carbon sinks. From the point of view of FMNR attractiveness, the results revealed that the practice improved land cover change. The use of FMNR avoided the projected eight years reforestation investment cost of US$ 2,751,312.00 which could have been used if plantation forestry was undertaken. This showed that Humbo A/R-CDM might not have happened if FMNR is had not been introduced, as CDM has no pre-finance mechanism. With regard to community level SD contributions, the establishment of forest protection and development farmers’ cooperatives, as well as the granting of communal land-user rights certification, resulted in legal ownership of the land to the community, whereas before, the land was considered “no man’s land,” and subject to open access. The land-user rights and carbon ownership in turn empowered the community to sign a contract with an international carbon credit buyer. In terms of the local microclimate, the regeneration of native tree species was correlated with increased rainfall in the area in June, July, August and September (JJAS) and March, April and May (MAM). This suggested that the native tree species based A/R-CDM project played a role in improving the local microclimate. In terms of sociological SD, the study showed that new employment opportunities were created including tree pruning, thinning, forest guarding, and jobs at the community warehouse and community flourmill. The availability of employment opportunities was significantly higher for those who participated in the Humbo A/R-CDM, when compared to those who didn’t. In terms of social support structures, in less than ten years, seven Humbo A/R-CDM project owner farmers’ cooperatives, initially established as owners of the project, evolved into one forest protection and development Union. This enabled the institutionalization of grassroots organizations towards a common communal and international agenda of care for the environment. In terms of economic effects, the project enabled a carbon credit contract worth a total of US$ 3,873,298.00, signed at the sell rate of US$ 4.4 per tCO2e, for a total of 880,295 tCO2e across a 30 year crediting period. This is a new business model for the community, the country, and global businesses, all doing their part in climate change mitigation - CDM. As of the first A/R-CDM verification, the community received a total of US$ 321,807.2 in 2011. Consequently, the community received 373,331.2 in 2014, 456,583.6 in 2015 and 491,290.8 in 2016. In terms of revenue from logging, selective harvesting is planned to take place in years 12, 24 and 36. The community is projected to earn at least US$ 15,150.00 per ha1 (a total of US$ 3.9 million) from the first forest harvest in year 12 alone. These benefits in emission reduction (ER) and SD suggest that massive cross-dimensional benefits were foregone due to the country’s refusal to welcome A/R-CDM in its first commitment period, despite having 36,434,400 ha of land eligible for A/R. The research results in the area of policy perspectives indicated that the Humbo A/R-CDM project, the only one of its kind in Ethiopia, was made possible by environment related constitutional provisions, especially those pertaining to land-user rights, and the existence of a nationally standardized definition of forest that complies with international range. Additionally, the timely ratification of the Kyoto Protocol (KP), the establishment of a designated national authority (DNA) and a letter of approval by the DNA to the project developer were found to be enablers. Yet, defining land use, clarifying carbon ownership rights and bringing an inclusive benefit sharing mechanism for forest carbon are among the key instruments the country has yet to put in place to prove local readiness for such development opportunities. The Humbo A/R-CDM also undertook voluntary assessments to obtain additional certification in the form of the Climate Community Biodiversity (CCB) certification, and was certified to be of gold standard for its premium. However, there were no benefits to the host community and project developer from the CCB gold standard certification. Such ambiguity could have been cleared from the onset. This implied whenever going for market and/or result based climate change mitigation, it is necessary to understand the provisions. This study revealed that the Humbo native tree species-based A/R-CDM via FMNR forestry practices met the CDM twin objectives as specified in Article 12 of the KP in 1997, namely the double aims of achieving mitigations of GHG emissions and assisting developing countries inSD. Yet, more research is needed to understand all eligible A/R carbon pools sequestered at Humbo A/R-CDM site. / Environmental Sciences / Ph. D. (Environmental Management)

Tesis por compendio / Abstract Forest ecosystems are likely to shift faster in response to climate change than their maximum natural rate at which they can migrate and establish. This thesis introduces an interdisciplinary approach to develop a proactive management strategy towards climate change through assisted populations’ migration for two pine species; Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) and Black pine (Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii). The main objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate plantation performance and phenotypic plasticity in the broad context of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) of these pine seed sources out-planted in contrasting trial sites to test a hypothetical northwards migration for further selection under specific conditions, (2) compare the efficiency of joint regression and Additive Main effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) models in elucidating seed sources adaptation patterns in each site then, (3) explain the basis of the differential response of seed sources to induced drought and cold stresses through the physiological, metabolomic and proteomic analyses. This study reproduced real conditions of reforestation in potential future climatic conditions either in field or under phytotron controlled conditions. The selective use of the intraspecific variability was demonstrated to have a potential contribution to alleviate adverse climate change impacts on forest ecosystems. For both species, certain seed sources were able to cope better with specific climate perturbations than others in response to the northwards shifts; seedlings not belonging to the target site could be selected for facing current climate irregularities in different environments. Abstract Here, provenances moved from slightly different transfer distance metrics were the best performers. The main problem is the high expected seedlings mortality due to freezing events and drought stress mainly for seedlings belonging to warmer provenances. Seed sources phenotypic plasticity was low to moderate for height and diameter growth and the environmental effect had a great influence on their performance variation. The AMMI models demonstrated higher adequacy to analyse complex GEI than the joint regression analysis. An important finding is that specific adaptation to adverse environmental conditions was coupled with low phenotypic plasticity responses. Differences among Aleppo pine seed sources subjected to induced drought conditions were significant for chlorophyll fluorescence, pigments and soluble sugars contents. However, induced cold stress changes transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, pigments and glucose contents. The decrease in photosynthesis under drought, unlike to cold stress, was due to stomatal closure. At the considered metabolomic level, drought tolerance was related to the decrease of glucose and fructose and the increase of sucrose contents in needles. However, the cold tolerance was associated to the decrease of glucose and the increase of sucrose and fructose contents. At the proteomic level, most of the identified proteins were related to the transcriptional machinery and sugar metabolism. The presence of enzyme related to the sulphur amino-acids metabolism could be the limiting factor for drought stress in Aleppo pine. Keywords Assisted population migration, Reforestation, Pinus halepensis, Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii, Seed Sources, Out-planting performance, Survival, Growth, Phenotypic Plasticity, Genotype by Environment Interaction, Adaptation, Physiology, Metabolomic, Proteomic. / Taïbi, K. (2014). Integrated approach for addressing assisted population migration programs in forest management to climate change: out-planting performance, genotype by environment interactions, physiological and molecular response [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48467 / Compendio

[ES] ¿Cuántas veces hemos realizado o participado en una repoblación forestal y pasados los años no hemos encontrado rastro de los árboles plantados? Y en muchas ocasiones nos habremos preguntado por qué e incluso sentido frustración de creer que no lo hemos cuidado adecuadamente. La respuesta no es sencilla como veremos en este trabajo. En las últimas décadas, las repoblaciones forestales o reforestaciones, enmarcadas dentro de planes de restauración, han experimentado altas tasas de mortalidad, sobre todo en nuestro ámbito mediterráneo donde predominan las tierras secas. Esta tasa alta de mortalidad en numerosas ocasiones se relaciona con las condiciones meteorológicas, pero existen multitud de aspectos que pueden influir en alcanzar o no el objetivo final de la repoblación. Para poder conocer cuáles son los aspectos que influyen en mayor o menor medida en la supervivencia y crecimiento adecuado de las plántulas puedas en campo, se plantea la puesta en marcha de un protocolo de control holístico o integral de repoblaciones y el estudio y seguimiento de la puesta en práctica en una repoblación real durante 10 años. El control de calidad en sí mismo se ha contemplado sobre las distintas fases de la repoblación: desde la revisión de las decisiones tomadas en proyecto, pasando por la ejecución en obra, la evaluación de los lotes de planta empleados, la caracterización de sitio o estación, hasta la realización del seguimiento climatológico, ambiental y de la propia repoblación (en términos de supervivencia y crecimiento). En base a distintos planteamientos experimentales y de toma de muestras dentro de una repoblación real, en condiciones cambiantes y con sequias extremas, se ha podido estudiar pormenorizadamente la calidad de planta o stock y la idoneidad de las especies utilizadas (Pinus sp., Quercus sp., Arbutus Unedo, Juniperus phoenicea y Fraxinus ornus) para posteriormente evaluar la repoblación tras 10 años en conjunto y por tanto, los demás aspectos y sus interacciones que influyen en el establecimiento, como: la calidad de ejecución, la calidad de sitio o estación, la idoneidad del tubo protector, etc. A grandes rasgos, los resultados tanto en las parcela experimental como en la repoblación, siendo en ellas las condiciones meteorológicas las mismas, no ha sido muy satisfactoria tras los 10 años. Al margen de conocer que las sequias extremas acontecidas han tenido gran influencia e interaccionan demás factores (acrecentando los efectos negativos), se ha podido evaluar que existen especies de dudosa idoneidad para determinados sitios; que la correcta ejecución juega un papel importante; que se requiere de una mejor zonificación; y que cuidados culturales post plantación como el tubo protector, pueden influir notablemente en la consecución de la repoblación. Así, además de identificar cuáles son los aspectos más influyentes en esta repoblación en particular, se han adquirido cuestiones prácticas tanto a la hora de aplicar el control de calidad como a la hora de como plantearnos, desde la redacción del proyecto, las nuevas repoblaciones, teniendo muy en cuenta el nuevo contexto de cambio climático. / [CAT] Quantes vegades hem realitzat o participat en una repoblació forestal i passats els anys no hem trobat cap rastre dels arbres plantats? I moltes vegades ens haurem preguntat per què i fins i tot, sentit frustració de creure que els hem cuidat adequadament. La resposta no és senzilla com veurem en aquest treball. En les darreres dècades, les repoblacions forestals o reforestacions, emmarcades dins de plans de restauració, han experimentat altes taxes de mortalitat, sobretot al nostre àmbit mediterrani on predominen les zones àrides. Aquesta taxa alta de mortalitat normalment es relaciona amb les condicions meteorològiques, però hi ha multitud d'aspectes que poden influir en assolir o no l'objectiu final de la repoblació. Per poder conèixer quins són els aspectes que influeixen en major o menor mesura en la supervivència i el creixement adequat de les plàntules posades camp, es fica en marxa un protocol de control holístic o integral de repoblacions, i l'estudi i el seguiment de la posada en pràctica en una repoblació real durant 10 anys. El control de qualitat en si mateix s'ha contemplat sobre les diferents fases de la repoblació: des de la revisió de les decisions preses en projecte, passant per l'execució en l'obra, l'avaluació dels lots de planta emprats, la caracterització de lloc o estació, fins a la realització del seguiment climatològic, ambiental i de la pròpia repoblació (en termes de supervivència i creixement). En base a diferents plantejaments experimentals i de presa de mostres dins una repoblació real, en condicions canviants i amb sequeres extremes, s'ha pogut estudiar detalladament la qualitat de planta i la idoneïtat de les espècies utilitzades (Pinus sp., Quercus sp., Arbutus Unedo, Juniperus phoenicea i Fraxinus ornus) per posteriorment avaluar la repoblació després de 10 anys en conjunt i per tant, els altres aspectes i les seves interaccions que influeixen en l'establiment, com ara: la qualitat d'execució, la qualitat de lloc o estació, la idoneïtat del tub protector, etc. A grans trets, els resultats tant a les parcel·les experimentals com a la repoblació, sent en elles les condicions meteorològiques les mateixes, no ha estat gaire satisfactòria després dels 10 anys. Al marge de saber que les sequeres extremes esdevingudes han tingut gran influència i interaccionen altres factors (augmentant els efectes negatius), s'ha pogut avaluar que hi ha espècies de dubtosa idoneïtat per a determinats llocs; que la correcta execució juga un paper important; que es requereix una millor zonificació; i que els tractaments culturals postplantació com el tub protector, poden influir notablement en la consecució de la repoblació. Així, a mes a més de conèixer quins són els aspectes més influents en aquesta repoblació en particular, s'han adquirit qüestions pràctiques tant a l'hora d'aplicar el control de qualitat com a l'hora de plantejar-nos, des de la redacció del projecte, les noves repoblacions, tenint molt en compte el nou context de canvi climàtic. / [EN] How many times have we carried out or participated in a reforestation and over the years we have not found a trace of the planted trees? On many occasions, we will have wondered why and even felt frustrated to believe that we have not taken care of it properly. The answer is not simple as we will see in this work. In recent decades reforestations, framed within restoration plans, have experienced high mortality rates, especially in our Mediterranean area where drylands predominate. This high mortality rate is often related to weather conditions, but there are many aspects that can influence the final objective of the reforestation. In order to know which are the aspects that influence the survival and adequate growth of seedlings in the field, the implementation of a holistic control protocol for reforestation is proposed, as well as the study and monitoring of the put into practice in a real reforestation for 10 years. The quality control itself has been contemplated on the different phases of the reforestation: from the review of the decisions taken in the project, through the execution on site, the evaluation of the stock quality of plant used, the site characterization, until climatological, environmental and reforestation monitoring (in terms of survival and growth). Based on different experimental approaches and sampling within a real reforestation, with changing conditions and extreme droughts, it has been possible to study in detail the quality of the plant and the suitability of the species used (Pinus sp., Quercus sp., Arbutus Unedo, Juniperus phoenicea and Fraxinus ornus). Then has been evaluated the repopulation after 10 years as a whole, knowing the other aspects and their interactions that influence the establishment, such as: the quality of execution, the site quality, the suitability of shelter tube, etc. Broadly speaking, the results in the experimental plot and in the reforestation, being the same the weather conditions, have not been very satisfactory after 10 years. Apart from knowing that the extreme droughts that have occurred have had a great influence and their interactions with other factors (increasing the negative effects), it has been possible to evaluate that there are species of doubtful suitability for certain site conditions; that correct execution plays an important role; that better zoning is required; and post-planting cultural treatment, such as the protective tube, can significantly influence the establishment of reforestation. Thus, apart from identify which are the most influential aspects in this particular reforestation, practical questions have been acquired when applying quality control from the project drafting of the new reforestations taking into account the new context, the climate change. / Segura Orenga, G. (2023). Estudio del establecimiento de repoblaciones forestales en el ámbito mediterráneo mediante un análisis holístico de factores técnicos y ecológicos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192666

O presente estudo investiga as condições que dão suporte à habitabilidade em cidades e em regiões áridas no Peru. Através da avaliação de uma realidade concreta pretende-se revisitar raciocínios sobre a ocupação dos solos áridos, a utilização de recursos e as condições naturais disponíveis, empregados nos últimos 1.500 anos na história local; e, a partir deste estudo, evidenciar a forma como ainda hoje representam e estimulam alternativas projetuais para habitar solos desérticos no Sul do Peru. / The present study investigates the conditions that support habitability in arid cities and regions in Peru. Through the evaluation of a concrete reality we intend to revisit reasonings about the occupation of the dry soils, the use of resources and the available natural conditions, used in the last 1,500 years in the local history; and, based on this study, to highlight the way in which they still represent and stimulate alternative projects for inhabiting desert soils in southern Peru.

O presente estudo investiga as condições que dão suporte à habitabilidade em cidades e em regiões áridas no Peru. Através da avaliação de uma realidade concreta pretende-se revisitar raciocínios sobre a ocupação dos solos áridos, a utilização de recursos e as condições naturais disponíveis, empregados nos últimos 1.500 anos na história local; e, a partir deste estudo, evidenciar a forma como ainda hoje representam e estimulam alternativas projetuais para habitar solos desérticos no Sul do Peru. / The present study investigates the conditions that support habitability in arid cities and regions in Peru. Through the evaluation of a concrete reality we intend to revisit reasonings about the occupation of the dry soils, the use of resources and the available natural conditions, used in the last 1,500 years in the local history; and, based on this study, to highlight the way in which they still represent and stimulate alternative projects for inhabiting desert soils in southern Peru.

A restauração ecológica visa o estabelecimento de ecossistemas semelhantes aos que originalmente ocupavam uma determinada área que foi degradada. Todavia, os resultados dos esforços envolvidos na restauração e no retorno dos processos ecológicos naturais são difíceis de serem medidos, pois faltam métodos apropriados. Os bioindicadores são ferramentas baratas e confiáveis para o diagnóstico das características ambientais e ecológicas, cujo princípio consiste em medidas simples de grupos biológicos especialmente sensíveis às mudanças no meio. Os Arthropoda que ocorrem no solo e na serapilheira, em especial as formigas, mediam processos ecológicos importantes e apresentam características que os tornam bioindicadores potenciais, mas seu uso ainda necessita de conhecimentos específicos. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo testar o potencial indicador da comunidade de Arthropoda edáfico-epígea na restauração ecológica, com maior enfoque sobre as formigas. Foram avaliadas as comunidades de um gradiente sucessional formado por doze reflorestamentos com diferentes idades e três remanescentes florestais, localizados nas bacias dos rios Pardo e Mogi-Guaçu. O objetivo foi identificar quais os parâmetros que melhor refletem a resposta dessas comunidades ao desenvolvimento florestal. Os resultados indicaram que tanto a mirmecofauna como o restante da comunidade são influenciadas pelos estádios de desenvolvimento florestal. As comunidades variaram em composição e estrutura. A evolução das comunidades mostrou-se direcional, formando um padrão convergente de acordo com o avanço da sucessão. Os resultados indicaram forte efeito da sazonalidade e das técnicas de coleta na interpretação dos resultados. A comunidade edáfico-epígea encontrada no período seco mostrou-se especialmente sensível ao desenvolvimento florestal, enquanto a resposta da mirmecofauna foi mais evidente durante o período chuvoso. Os resultados indicaram também que as comunidades de diferentes regiões, Mogi-Guaçu e Ribeirão Preto, responderam ao processo sucessional, embora tenham apresentado diferenças na composição e no padrão de resposta. As análises com formigas classificadas em grupos funcionais indicaram que a resposta da mirmecofauna ao desenvolvimento florestal ocorre também no nível funcional. As mudanças nos padrões da comunidade e seus módulos estão relacionadas às mudanças nos filtros ambientais e à disponibilidade de nichos. Em conclusão, (1) a riqueza de espécies da fauna edáfico-epígea encontrada na serapilheira do período seco foi um bom preditor geral do desenvolvimento florestal; (2) a riqueza de grupos raros proporcionou o melhor modelo de prognóstico do estádio sucessional, indicando ainda que os reflorestamentos tendem a atingir patamares semelhantes aos encontrados nos remanescentes florestais por volta dos 27 anos após o plantio; (3) na comunidade edáfico-epígea, o avanço no desenvolvimento florestal levou à convergência entre padrões de composição, (4) enquanto na mirmecofauna a convergência ocorreu para os padrões de estrutura, sendo que em ambos os casos (3 e 4), quanto mais avançado o estádio sucessional, mais parecidos entre si são os padrões de locais diferentes; (5) a Equabilidade J das formigas amostradas por iscas decresceu ao longo do desenvolvimento florestal, sendo considerado também um indicador do processo sucessional (6) as classificações funcionais das formigas também permitiram boa predição dos estádios sucessionais, com destaque para formigas capturadas com iscas quando classificadas pelo sistema proposto por Andersen (1995), devido a boa relação custo/benefício. Portanto, foi confirmado o potencial bioindicador da mirmecofauna de comunidade edáfico-epígea geral, que podem ser utilizados como ferramentas de diagnóstico e monitoramento do processo sucessional. O uso mais apropriado deve ser feito por métodos comparativos, através de parâmetros provenientes de ecossistemas referência, ou por medidas repetidas ao longo do tempo, pela observação do deslocamento dos padrões da comunidade e interpretação da proporção dos grupos. / Ecological restoration objective is to promote the return of chemical, physical and biological natural properties as those similar to the native features as possible. However, the restoration projects cannot be well evaluated due to the fact that there are no appropriated tools to do that. Plantations using native species are a prominent technique used in São Paulo state, promoting the fast rising of a plant community, but it is very expensive and hard to measure if ecological processes are returning. Bioindicators are cheap tools to evaluate environmental conditions and ecological processes because they respond to all ecosystem characteristics acting together and the responses of a single group make possible to infer properties of the total biodiversity or the full ecosystem health. Epigeic and hipogeic Arthropoda, especially ants, are potential bioindicators, due to their high abundance, ubiquitousness and their straight relationship to some important ecological processes, even to other community components, but they have not been used because it lacks information about the local scale responses to successional process and which standards can be used as parameters. Hence, we have tried to understand the main standards and responses from soil and litter community, as well as the mirmecofauna responses, under a successional gradient constituted by twelve planted forests in different ages and three forest remainders (semi-deciduous forest), all located at the hydrographic basins, Pardo and Mogi-Guaçu, searching for trustful bioindicators of forest development. General fauna was sampled from litter and soil and ants were additionally sampled by attractive baits, using glucose and sardine. Results have showed that forest development makes influence on structure and composition of general communities and ant communities found in restoration sites, so that over time, these community parameters progressively have become more similar to those found in forest remainders, consisting in a directional shifting. Epigeic and hipogeic general fauna showed to be more sensitive to forest development through dry season, while ants presented critical responses in wet season. Communities from different regions were influenced by successional process but they have presented differences among fauna compositions. The analyses using ants classified in functional groups indicated that forest development makes influence also on fauna functional pattern. Groups occupying specialized niches tend to increase their relative amount throughout forest development. The shifting of ant community functionality may be related to changes in environmental filters plus the increase of niche availability through forest development. As conclusions, under experiment features (1) species richness of litter fauna of dry season is a good predictor of forest development; (2) the richness of rare taxa allowed the best prognosis about sucessional stage, also indicating that fauna found in forest plantations reaches similar fauna standards of forest remainders close to 27 years after the deployment; (3) over time, the composition of general edaphic-epigeic community found in restoration sites becomes more similar to composition of communities found in forest remainders, (4) while for ant communities, the structure standards found in restoration sites progressively become more similar of respective parameter found in forest remainders. (5) the Equitability J of ants communities sampled using baits decreases over forest development and it may be considered a bioindicator of sucessional process; (6) ant functional groups also provided good prediction of sucessional stages, highlighting ant sampling using baits and ant functional classification according to Andersen (1995), due to best benefit-cost ratio. For appropriated application of all bioindicators, the use of comparative techniques may be considered, including ecosystem references, and rather than it uses fixed values of fauna parameters (as fixed goals to be achieved), it is better to consider which parameters of the community are changing over time and if their tendencies are in accordance to the expected.

A redução da cobertura florestal e o uso agrícola intensivo do solo resultam na necessidade de adoção de intervenções de restauração bastante onerosas, o que restringe a expansão dessa atividade e a mitigação dos impactos das atividades humanas na biodiversidade e nos serviços ecossistêmicos. Nesse sentido, a exploração de madeira em florestas em processo de restauração pode ser uma alternativa para a viabilização econômica dessa atividade. Em particular, merece destaque as oportunidades oferecidas pela exploração de espécies arbóreas exóticas de ciclo curto, que antecipam o retorno econômico da restauração e podem auxiliar na amortização dos custos de implantação dos reflorestamentos. No entanto, embora o cultivo intercalado de árvores exóticas seja autorizado pela legislação ambiental como um método de recomposição ambiental, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos negativos do uso dessas espécies nos modelos de restauração. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto ecológico e silvicultural do uso e colheita de eucalipto consorciado com espécies arbóreas nativas para a restauração da Mata Atlântica. Avaliamos três experimentos implantados nos estados da Bahia e Espírito Santo, os quais adotaram o eucalipto como espécie pioneira comercial, utilizada para gerar renda no primeiro ciclo de corte (em torno de 4 a 5 anos) e ser então removida da floresta em restauração. Em geral, o uso do eucalipto nesses experimentos foi menos prejudicial do que o esperado. Não houve influência negativa do consórcio de eucalipto com espécies nativas, em comparação com plantios exclusivos de espécies nativas, na sobrevivência e crescimento de espécies nativas madeireiras, bem como na regeneração natural de espécies nativas no sub-bosque dos plantios. Nós avaliamos também os impactos da exploração da madeira do eucalipto em dois desses experimentos, onde verificamos que a operação de colheita do eucalipto gera danos nas árvores nativas plantadas e uma abertura significativa do dossel florestal (considerando que o eucalipto representa 50% dos indivíduos plantados e 90% da área basal nos modelos avaliados), porém esses danos já foram parcialmente minimizados em apenas quatorze meses após a colheita. Assim, concluímos que para as condições ambientais avaliadas, o uso do eucalipto em modelos de restauração florestal não prejudicou o desenvolvimento das árvores de espécies nativas plantadas em consórcio e não prejudicou a expressão da regeneração natural, o que torna seu uso válido para essas condições. Mais estudos são necessários, no entanto, para que se acompanhe as trajetórias sucessionais de modelos de restauração florestal a médio e longo prazo, a fim de validar a recomendação do seu uso a partir de bases científicas mais consolidadas. / The reduction of forest cover and the intensive agricultural use of the soil result in the necessity of adopting expensive restoration interventions, which restrict the expansion of this activity and the mitigation of the impacts of human activities on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Thus, the exploitation of wood in restoration forests may be an alternative for the economic viability of this activity. Particularly noteworthy are the opportunities offered by the exploitation of short rotation exotic tree species, which anticipate the profit obtained from restoration and may contribute to the amortization of implantation costs. However, even though the intercropping with exotic trees is authorized by the current environmental legislation as a method for forest restoration, little is known concerning the possible negative effects of the use of these species in restoration models. This research aimed to evaluate the ecological and silvicultural impacts of the use and harvest of Eucalyptus temporarily mixed with native tree species in the restoration of the Atlantic Forest. We evaluated three experiments in the states of Bahia and Espírito Santo, which used Eucalyptus as a commercial pioneer species to generate income after the first rotation (around 4-5 years) and then removed from the system. Eucalyptus had no negative influence over native species\' survival and growth when compared to pure native species plantations, as well as over natural regeneration of native species in the understory. We also evaluated the impacts of harvesting Eucalyptus in two of these three experiments and found that the Eucalyptus harvesting operation causes significant damage to planted native trees and results in opening of the forest canopy (considering that Eucalyptus represents 50% of the individuals planted and 90% of the basal area), but these damages were partially minimized within only 14 months after harvesting. Thus, we conclude that for the environmental conditions evaluated, the mixture with Eucalyptus in this alternative forest restoration approach did not affect the development of native tree species neither the expression of natural regeneration, which makes its use valuable. Further studies are necessary, however, to follow the succession trajectories of forest restoration models in the medium and long runs, to validate the recommendation of their use with more consolidated scientific basis.

1. The resource management issue under consideration is the conservation and ecological restoration of natural lowland forest and its associated plant and animal communities (referred to here as native bush), which have considerable human-use and intrinsic values. 2. Within the issue of native bush conservation in New Zealand, the topic of this research is the phenomenon of citizens’ involvement as pro-active volunteers, tackling ‘bush restoration’ on public or trust-owned sites. This phenomenon is not rare but is little researched. Some key initial questions are: How extensive is citizen-led bush restoration as a means of environmental management? What motivates the volunteers and what factors advance or hinder their efforts? Why is this phenomenon not more widespread in New Zealand society, and how could it be? 3. The research strategy adopted to address the selected topic is firstly a scoping study to define the issue in context, including multi-disciplinary literature review, followed by a structured qualitative telephone survey of a representative sample of restoration project spokespeople. An analysis of these information sources provides insights and understanding related to the research questions, and raises additional questions. 4. Conclusions offer a potential contribution to the national and local-scale policy agenda in support of citizen-led bush restoration. Recommendations seek to recognise the value of voluntary bush restoration, better enable the committed volunteers, promote new voluntary action and improve the skills of volunteers with a view to enhanced quality of work.

Auf repräsentativen Kippenstandorten des Niederlausitzer Braunkohlenrevieres wurden typische Forstökosysteme der ersten Generation analysiert. Gegenstand der Untersuchung waren mittelalte Bestände (46- bis 70 Jahre) der Rekultivierungsbaumarten Kiefer (n = 22) und Birke (n = 12) sowie 24- bis 45jährige Jungbestände der Baumarten Trauben- (n = 7) und Roteiche (n = 2). Die Roteichenbestände dienten primär vergleichenden Untersuchungen. Für altersspezifische und standortsvergleichende Betrachtungen wurden Ergänzungsbestände auf Kippenstandorten und Vergleichsbestände auf unverritzten Waldstandorten zusätzlich einbezogen. Die untersuchten Erstaufforstungen stocken auf Kippenkomplexen, die klimatisch, hydrologisch und geomorphologisch vergleichbar sind und baumartenweise weitestgehend identischen bodenmeliorativen Maßnahmen sowie waldbaulichen Behandlungsverfahren unterzogen wurden. Ziel der Untersuchung war die Qualifizierung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Kippenstandort und aufstockendem Bestand. Als Leitgrößen für die Wirkung standörtlicher Merkmale auf die Baumarten dienten wachstums- (Leistungsparameter) und ernährungskundliche Kenndaten (Vitalitätsweiser). Quantität und Qualität der Humusauflage sowie die bodengenetische Entwicklung wurden als Indikatoren für die Rückwirkungen der bestandesbildenden Rekultivierungsbaumarten auf den Standort verwendet. Besondere Berücksichtigung fand das lokale Depositionsgeschehen.