The human brain is always searching for recognizable shapes, it is natural for us to always look for connections and try to get an overall sense of things and situations. But what if the form dissolves itself and instead creates a range between the more clear and intense to the blurred and defocused.By using an entanglement of lines that further out from the inner centre reduces its intensity, it will create an effect of a weak, unsettled edge that is hard to read. My project investigates this phenomena and how a mass of single components merge into a singular whole permeable structure that absorbs the program of the transit centre.By using the technique of this complex nested hierarchy of components will I create a variation of areas and nested pochés. These areas will work as the different climate zones that a transit station requires. / Den mänskliga hjärnan söker alltid efter igenkännbara former, det är naturligt för oss att alltid leta efter anslutningar och försöka få en övergripande känsla av saker och ting. Men vad händer om formen löser upp sig och skapar istället ett intervall mellan det mer tydliga och intensiva och det suddiga och oskarpa.Genom att använda en sammanflätning av linjer som längre ut från den inre kärnan minskar sin intensitet, kommer det att skapa en effekt av en svag, otydlig kant som är svår att läsa av. Mitt projekt undersöker detta fenomen och hur en massa enstaka komponenter kan slås samman till en hel genomsläpplig struktur som absorberar programmet för transit center. Genom att använda tekniken i denna komplexa kapslade hierarki av komponenter kommer jag att skapa en variation av områden och pochéer. Dessa områden kommer att fungera som de olika klimatzoner som ett resecentrum kräver.

Along the northern coast of the Bothnian Gulf between Umeå and Luleå live 65 percent of northern Norrland's population, yet there is no coastal railway that connects these cities with each other. In 2010, Botniabanan was completed, partially a new coastal railway between the cities of Sundsvall and Umeå. This was the first railway construction in Norrland in 80 years. Now it's time again, 2018 started the first construction phase of the Norrbotniabanan from Umeå in direction towards the city of Luleå. When the railway is completed, the line will pass through places that have not previously had a railway connection, including the small town Robertsfors. Robertsfors, with its strategic location between Umeå and Skellefteå, has a unique opportunity to expand its local labor market and increase its population when the railway arrives and shortens the time distance to Umeå and Skellefteå. This essay addresses how Robertsfors may change and develop with the establishment of a train station inside Robertsfors' central town. The result is based on assumptions by politicians and officials in the municipality and addresses issues such as work commuting and what makes Robertsfors attractive. The results show that the establishment of the railway raises hopes for an increase in population and has much to do with the increased freedom of movement and proximity to a larger labor market. However, there are also major challenges such as investment opportunities and accessibility to labor resources. Changes in Skellefteå and Umeå with increased housing prices and a shortage of housing and building land also open up opportunities for Robertsfors municipality as people can be expected to apply for housing in Robertsfors but work in Umeå or Skellefteå and commute to work by train.

This thesis is an effort to implement Reliability Centered Maintenance “RCM” for C20trains at Tunnelbanan Teknik Stockholm AB. In depth study is performed along withmaintenance team of TBT at center of excellence, a facility for maintenance workshop. RCM is a philosophy or framework to ensure efficient working of assets according todefined and required operating context. In general, the successful implementation ofRCM can achieve improvements through lesser maintenance, operating techniquechanges, and generating inclusive maintenance plan. RCM is also one of the best toolsavailable to identify and prevent equipment failures. Therefore TBT has decided tointroduce RCM to ensure effective services with great confidence and precision. The selection of critical system of C20 train was obligatory to initiate implementation ofRCM, and the door system was considered a very complicated system with maximumfailures that results in traffic disturbances and stoppages. Through literature study,depots & workshop visits, brainstorming engineers & train drivers etc, the requiredtasks to be performed were lay down. A template that illustrates details such as FMECA,risk analysis, current maintenance strategy and the recommended actions wasprepared and new maintenance regime along with the changes in work instructionswere proposed. The cost effectiveness as well as safety assessment was carried out.Moreover, the efficacy of RCM analysis is directly proportional to quality and accuracyof available failure data, and the proposed time scale for thesis was underestimated andthe reason behind was the convolution of CMMS as well as poor quality of failure data. The study results are officially approved by all stakeholders, i.e. SL, MTR Stockholm,MTR HK and TBT. This work can guide the officials to take imperative decisions foroptimization of maintenance practices, also the study for C20 door system can be theroadmap for comprehensive implementation of RCM at TBT Stockholm AB.

The thesis project wants to research the concept of Mongrel Geometries, the development of a spatial system that considering the processes of Form Finding as a design tool and their tight relationship with the model of efficiency and structural optimization, start questioning their problem/solving based procedure with the purpose of understanding which are the potentials of these methods to introduce within the built environment new atmospheric and programmatic qualities. / The intervention consists in the re-design of the Train Station and of the incorporated Bus Terminal, resolving the general connective tissue, and stimulating the public activity towards the sea side. The Terminal wants to be intended not only as a place of departure but also as an attractive place itself.

The effect of different vertical support stiffness of a frame railway bridge is investigated in this study. Due to the dynamic loads of the high speed trains that run over the railway bridges, the response of these structures is far from the static effects. The frame bridge chosen for this study is the Rössjö bridge, located on the Bothnia Line, the first high speed railway built in Sweden. Using a theoretical model of this bridge, the eigenfrequencies of the structure and the vertical accelerations of the deck are evaluated. Not only different vertical support stiffness, but also different trains and train speeds are studied. Finally, some real in-situ measurements are compared with the results from the theoretical model.

To deal with an increasing demand in transportation, trains are made longer and faster. Higher speeds imply higher impacts on bridges. Therefore, structures have to be designed to resist these new constraints. The Eurocode (2002) introduced additional checks for the design of high-speed railway bridges. Among them, the maximum vertical deck acceleration criterion often determines alone the design of the structure. Tests on shake table brought to the conclusion that vertical bridge deck acceleration should never exceed 3.5 m/s2 for ballasted tracks. This master thesis investigates the optimization of cross section parameters of single-track simply supported and double-span bridges based on the limit of the maximum vertical deck acceleration criterion. The first natural frequency is considered as a proof of the feasibility of the structure. The optimization is carried out through MATLAB for both types of bridges. The deck acceleration of simply supported bridges is analytically calculated using the Train Signature (ERRI D214 1999) in MATLAB. The dynamic calculations of double-span bridges are implemented through the finite element software ABAQUS. The implemented programs have been verified by comparison to values of simple cases found in the literature. Structures are tested under the influence of the ten HSLM-A trains of the Eurocode running at speeds between 150 km/h and 350 km/h. Optimization algorithms are presented and compared in this study but their applicability in such context is questioned. Indeed, as the problem contains several suitable minima, the algorithms, which end in one solution, are not adapted. To overtake this difficulty, a scanning of the interesting zone is advised. However, the latter is very time consuming, even more if the finite element analysis is used. Suggestions to decrease analysis time are presented in this report. Single span composite bridges with a span longer than 20 m appeared to be impossible to optimize within the objectives defined in this work (i.e. considering limits of deck acceleration and first natural frequency), which draws doubts about their suitability for high-speed railways. Nevertheless, simply supported bridges made of concrete seem more adapted for high-speed railways and their optimized parameters are presented in this work. Optimized parameters for double-span concrete bridges are also presented.

The economic and technologic development experienced by the society in the last decades has caused the demand of a new type of faster and more comfortable transport. This type of demand has been covered by the air transport, the road transport and the railway transport. This situation where the society demands an improvement in her quality of life is the best situation for the birth of the high speed trains. Different studies carried out in the transport field have demonstrated that for distances between four hundred and one thousand of kilometres, the high speed trains provide a lower travelling times than the rest of the transports. These types of high speed trains have increased the axle loads and the average speeds, thus generally a dynamic analysis is required by the ERRI in all the railway bridges when the train speed is higher than 200 Km/h. Besides, when the train speed is going to be higher than 200 Km/h, the vibrations induced in the bridge can reduce the service life of the vehicles and structure, and generally, this fact leads to become the dynamic effect in the principal factor to take into account in order to design the structure. Therefore, an important knowledge in railway bridges dynamic is required to not to oversize the structures with the consequent economic cost. The purpose of this thesis is to study the possibility of accurately predicting the dynamic response of an existing railway bridge, subjected to the high speed train Gröna Tåget, implementing a simplified 2D finite element model with the aid of the program Abaqus. The bridge chosen is the Lögdeälv Bridge, a two spans composite bridge, located along the Bothnia Line (the new Swedish high-speed line), between the localities of Nordmaling and Rundvik. The measured eigenfrequencies due to bending modes of vibration are used for updating the model and then, these frequencies and the accelerations measured are used to compare and validate the different 2D updated models. The parameters used to update the models are; the damping coefficient of the structure, the mass and the stiffness of the bridge, and the supports stiffness. Finally it is concluded that the best model is achieved when the rotational support stiffness is modified in the two extremes supporters of the bridge.

Research performed on the subject of dynamic soil-structure interaction (SS) concerning railway bridges is presented in this thesis with the focus on simply supported railway bridges supported by shallow foundations in soil strata on bedrock. The research aims to obtain insight into the SSI of high-speed railway bridges and to provide recommendations on how to model the soil-bridge system from a design perspective. A three-dimensional (3D) simply supported soil-bridge model was first developed and the effects from model assumptions made on the soil-foundation system was evaluated in a 3D setting (paper I). The soil-foundation system was then refined and a model assumptions study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of model assumptions on impedance functions, including the influence of the permanent load acting on the soil-foundation system (paper II). Finally, a study of the assembled soil-bridge system was performed in an extensive parametric study including a set of 2D bridge models in combination with a set of shallow foundations in soil strata on bedrock (paper III). A supplementary section related to paper III was also added in this thesis, showing the effects of the substructure mass. The model assumptions made when creating the soil-foundation model and the soil-bridge model can be very important and must be made with care. The permanent load acting on the soil-foundation systems of shallow foundations may alter the impedance functions significantly. The substructure mass may alter the behavior of the soil-bridge system depending on its magnitude, and neglecting it gives inaccurate results. The 3D effects of SSI do not cause high vibrations due to modes other than the first bending mode, and assuming a 2D bridge model is generally acceptable. The effects of SSI on the soil-bridge systems with shallow soil strata are largely dependent on the ratio between the natural frequency of the bridge and the fundamental frequency of the soil. Depending on the value of this ratio, the effect of including SSI in bridge models may contribute to the bridge obtaining a negligible, conservative, or non-conservative response, as compared to the bridge with the assumption of non-flexible supports. / Forskning i syfte att utröna effekten av dynamisk jord–struktur-interaktion (SSI)på järnvägsbroar presenteras i denna avhandling med huvudfokus på fritt upplagdabroar med stöd av plattgrundlagda fundament i jordar på fast berggrund. Forsknin-gen syftar till att ge förståelse för interaktionen mellan jord och järnvägsbroar samtatt ge rekommendationer på hur systemet kan modelleras ur ett designperspektiv.En tredimensionell (3D) fritt upplagd jord–bromodell utvecklades först och effek-terna av modellantaganden gjorda på jord–grundläggningssystemet utvärderadesi en 3D miljö (artikel I). Jord–grundläggningssystemet förfinades och en studiegenomfördes för att utvärdera effekterna av modellantaganden på impedansfunk-tioner, inklusive påverkan av den permanenta belastningen som verkar på jord–grundläggningssystemet (artikel II). Slutligen utfördes en omfattande parametriskstudie av det sammansatta jord–brosystemet där en uppsättning tvådimensionella(2D) bromodeller kombinerades med en uppsättning jordar (artikel III). Ett kom-pletterande avsnitt relaterat till artikel III lades till i denna avhandling som visareffekterna av massan av underbyggnaden på jord–brosystemet.De modellantaganden som görs vid skapandet av jord–grundläggningsmodeller ochjord–bromodeller kan vara mycket viktiga och bör utföras med varsamhet. Den per-manenta belastningen som verkar på jord–grundläggningssystemet kan väsentligtförändra impedansfunktionerna. Massan av underbyggnaden kan vidare ändra re-sponsen i jord–brosystemet, beroende på dess storlek, och att försumma den kan gefelaktiga resultat. De 3D effekterna av SSI orsakar inte höga vibrationer på grundav andra moder än den första böjmoden, och att anta en 2D bromodell är såledesgenerellt sett motiverat.Effekterna av SSI på jord–brosystemet i grunda jordar beror till stor del av kvotenmellan brons naturliga frekvens och jordens fundamentala frekvens. Beroende påvärdet på denna kvot kan effekten av att inkludera SSI i bromodeller bidra till attbron får en försumbar, konservativ, eller icke-konservativ respons, i jämförelse medbron med antagandet om fasta upplag. / <p>QC 20200903</p>

The goal of this research has been the development of an effective design tool for torsional analysis. In the hopes of achieving this goal the computer program, Torsion 1, has been created. This torsional transfer matrix program provides the user with the ability to easily model multi-rotor systems using a simple user-interface. The program is capable of modeling such components or system characteristics as continuously distributed mass, viscous and structural damping, vibration absorbers, and gear meshes with gear tooth flexibility. The analysis capabilities of the program include forcedresponse and free-vibration analyses. The forced-response analysis module is capable of determining a system’s response to a static or harmonic torsional load. The free-vibration analysis module allows is capable of determining the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for damped and undamped systems. This thesis includes an explanation of the multi-rotor transfer matrix technique employed in Torsion 1. The derivation of transfer matrices for visco-elastic vibration absorbers, pendulum absorbers, flexible gear meshes, and planetary gear trains are included in this work. Finally, the validity of the program results is verified with a set of benchmark examples. / Master of Science

Writing, a complex organizational process that makes excessive attentional demands, can be frustrating for handicapped students. These students seldom complete a finished written product because t he y are usually trying to master the mechanical aspects of writing . Teaching the secondary-aged student with learning problems to use and unify writ ing skills into a finished product may be an initial step in helping them acomplish more difficult writing tasks. The purpose of this Research and Development (R & D) study was (a) to develop and validate an expert system which suggests teaching and management strategies for special education teachers and (b) to develop a curriculum which provides the special education teacher with an effective method for teaching students to produce a business letter. The development of Written Language Consultant (WLC) followed an R & D model which included the following stages: (a) product definition and design, (b) product prototype and progressive revision, and (c) product validation. The summative evaluation was conducted in six secondary special education classrooms. Thirty-two students participated in the study. A non-equivalent control group design with counterbalancing was used so that all teachers could use and evaluate WLC and all students could receive the treatment. The teachers completed a series of Likert-type questionnaires. The teachers' responses indicated that they agreed the information in the expert system knowledge base was valid, accurate , and practical. That WLC assisted teachers in successfully teaching these students to write a business letter was supported by the observed statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups on parts A and B of posttest 1 after the initial treatment (p < . 01), the difference favoring the experimental group. Further supporting evidence was provided by the gains made by the control group after they received the treatment (pretest mean= 111, posttest mean= 375). An analysis of the students' performance by mastery level showed that once these students were taught the steps and procedures for writing a business letter they were able to produce a more acceptable product . When they were pretested, none of the students could write a business letter. After the students were taught to write a business letter by teachers using WLC, 21 of the 32 students (66%) could write a business letter at an 80% or better mastery level.