Nesta tese, analisamos um corpus formado por questões de Língua Portuguesa do ENEM de 2010, 2011, 2012 e 2013, para observação de como gramática e leitura estão implicadas na compreensão do texto. Consideramos a hipótese de que componentes gramaticais são geralmente negligenciados em descrições e em estudos do processamento da leitura, porque alunos demonstram menor desempenho em questões que implicam a gramática. Com fundamentação em Azeredo (2013a/b, 2007a/b, 2004), Kleiman (2013, 2006, 2004a/b), Marcuschi (2008, 2006, 2003), Travaglia (2013, 2009, 2004, 2002) e em orientações oficiais para o ensino (PCN, PCNLP, OCNEM), descrevemos como conteúdos gramaticais são mobilizados na produção de sentidos pela leitura. A Matriz de Habilidades do SAEB é empregada como referencial para explicitação de habilidades, na análise das questões do ENEM, que são aplicadas em avaliações do Ensino Médio de duas turmas, resultando em percentuais de aproveitamento. Esses resultados constituem índices do nível de desenvolvimento da leitura desses alunos. Propomos, então, uma nova descrição de procedimentos em questões de gramática, considerando noções de compreensão, reconhecimento e aplicação gramatical / In this thesis, we analyze a corpus composed of Portuguese Language issues of ENEM from the years of 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, to note how grammar and reading are involved in understanding the text. We consider the hypothesis that grammatical components are usually neglected in descriptions and reading processing studies, since students have shown less performance on issues involving the grammar. With justification in Azeredo (2013a/b, 2007a/b, 2004), Kleiman (2013, 2006, 2004a/b), Marcuschi (2008, 2006, 2003), Travaglia (2013, 2009, 2004, 2002) and in official guidelines for teaching (NCPS, PCNLP, OCNEM) we describe how grammatical content are deployed in production of senses by reading. The array of Skills from SAEB is employed as a reference for explanation of skills, in the analysis of the issues from the ENEM, which are applied via tests in two different high school classes, resulting in a percentage of utilization. These results constitute the level of development of students reading. We propose, then, a new description of procedures on issues of grammar, considering notions of understanding, recognition and grammatical application

This thesis aimed to address two main questions. First, considering that personality is frequently associated with cognitive abilities in humans, do chimpanzees’ personalities and cognitive capacities covary in ways similar to what is observed in humans, as well as older evolutionary cousins, rhesus macaques? Second, given that human and animal personality have previously been shown to relate to health and longevity, does personality in chimpanzees also relate to various measures of health? Chapter 1 provides an introduction to and brief history of comparative personality psychology, particularly in the context of intelligence research and psychosomatic medicine. Chapter 2 describes three studies with a group of 19 zoo-housed chimpanzees who interacted with touchscreen tasks over the course of 3 years of research. We found that high Conscientious chimpanzees were more likely to stick with the tasks, and performed better as a results, but once their extra experience was taken into account, their performance advantage disappeared. However, we also found associations between better interest and performance with high Openness, high Extraversion, and low Agreeableness. In Chapter 3 we examine performance in conjunction with personality, with 9 rhesus macaques. The macaques also engaged with touchscreen tasks, but were expert subjects and displayed plateau performance. We found consistent associations between many measures of performance and both high Openness and high Friendliness (which is similar to Extraversion). With Chapter 4 we transition to our studies of personality and health. Chapter 4 examines personality and longevity in a sample of 538 personality rated, captive chimpanzees. These chimpanzees were followed for between 6 and 23 years after being rated. We found that high Agreeableness chimpanzees were more likely to live longer, but no other personality traits had a significant impact on longevity. In Chapter 5, we compared biomarkers from samples of 177 chimpanzees housed at the Yerkes National Primate Research Centre, and 29,314 humans from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Both samples had been tested for the most common haematological and metabolic blood biomarkers, and we used these to assess stress in the form of allostatic load, between species. We found a similar structure of biomarkers in across humans and chimpanzees. In Chapter 6, we took our allostatic load measure from chapter 5 and looked at how it was associated with personality, in the same chimpanzee sample from the Yerkes Primate Centre, and in the longitudinal Midlife in the United States and Midlife in Japan biomarker study samples, which consisted of 993 and 382 individuals, respectively. We found that Agreeableness was associated with allostatic load in both human samples, whereas Dominance was associated with allostatic load in chimpanzees. Finally, Chapter 7 summarises the results presented in these five empirical chapters, and places our findings in the context of the existing literature. We discuss the limitations of the research, and offer some suggestions for future study.

The thesis deals with the managerial competencies. The aim is to define and identify key competencies to carry out the functions of senior managers in the Czech republic on the basis of theoretical ground and questionnaire survey extended by personal interviews. The relationships between particular competencies are determined in this thesis and consequently, these competencies are compared with competencies of the students of The Faculty of Economics in České Budějovice. For these students, reccomendations leading to increase their competency potentional are proposed.

Nesta tese, analisamos um corpus formado por questões de Língua Portuguesa do ENEM de 2010, 2011, 2012 e 2013, para observação de como gramática e leitura estão implicadas na compreensão do texto. Consideramos a hipótese de que componentes gramaticais são geralmente negligenciados em descrições e em estudos do processamento da leitura, porque alunos demonstram menor desempenho em questões que implicam a gramática. Com fundamentação em Azeredo (2013a/b, 2007a/b, 2004), Kleiman (2013, 2006, 2004a/b), Marcuschi (2008, 2006, 2003), Travaglia (2013, 2009, 2004, 2002) e em orientações oficiais para o ensino (PCN, PCNLP, OCNEM), descrevemos como conteúdos gramaticais são mobilizados na produção de sentidos pela leitura. A Matriz de Habilidades do SAEB é empregada como referencial para explicitação de habilidades, na análise das questões do ENEM, que são aplicadas em avaliações do Ensino Médio de duas turmas, resultando em percentuais de aproveitamento. Esses resultados constituem índices do nível de desenvolvimento da leitura desses alunos. Propomos, então, uma nova descrição de procedimentos em questões de gramática, considerando noções de compreensão, reconhecimento e aplicação gramatical / In this thesis, we analyze a corpus composed of Portuguese Language issues of ENEM from the years of 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, to note how grammar and reading are involved in understanding the text. We consider the hypothesis that grammatical components are usually neglected in descriptions and reading processing studies, since students have shown less performance on issues involving the grammar. With justification in Azeredo (2013a/b, 2007a/b, 2004), Kleiman (2013, 2006, 2004a/b), Marcuschi (2008, 2006, 2003), Travaglia (2013, 2009, 2004, 2002) and in official guidelines for teaching (NCPS, PCNLP, OCNEM) we describe how grammatical content are deployed in production of senses by reading. The array of Skills from SAEB is employed as a reference for explanation of skills, in the analysis of the issues from the ENEM, which are applied via tests in two different high school classes, resulting in a percentage of utilization. These results constitute the level of development of students reading. We propose, then, a new description of procedures on issues of grammar, considering notions of understanding, recognition and grammatical application

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_tm_me_bauru.pdf: 1152444 bytes, checksum: dac608c19dca09704c5e3c318b86a345 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O chumbo, utilizado em larga escala em processos industriais, é um dos principais poluentes ambientais do planeta. Os efeitos de sua exposição vem ser tornando problema de saúde pública, com descobertas sobre danos cognitivos em níveis de contaminação cada vez mais baixos. Em Bauru, em 2002, uma fábrica de baterias automotivas provocou um acidente ambiental em que foram contaminadas 314 crianças de zero a 12 anos de idade, o que uniu profissionais de diversos segmentos para diagnósticos e tratamentos multiprofissionais específicos. O setor de psicologia da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) formou um grupo de pesquisa, cujo projeto inicial denominado Atendimento emergencial à crianças de zero a 12 anos de idade contaminadas por chumbo, vem gerando sub-projetos e pesquisas, dentre as quais a presente. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, que compara quantitativa, qualitativa e estatisticamente, resultados de avaliação intelectual de crianças contaminadas por chumbo, com plumbemia entre 15.40'mü'g/dl e 30'mü'g/dl na avaliação e entre 10.30'mü'g/dl a 21.90'mü'g/dl, na reavaliação. O instrumento utilizado foi o WISC-III, adaptado e padronizado para a população brasileira. Foram reavaliados 10 participantes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 7a 5 m a 9a 9m na avaliação e 11a 8m a 13a 8m na reavaliação; com escolaridade entre 1ª e 3ª série na avaliação e 5ª e 7ª série na reavaliação, cujo critério de seleção era ter sido avaliado... / Lead, which is broadly used in industrial processes, is one of the main environmental pollutants of the planet. The effects of being exposed to lead, is becoming a public health problem, considering that it was found some cognitive damage even in levels of contamination relatively low. In Bauru, in 2002, an automotive battery plant caused an environmental accident in which 314 children, from 0 to 12 years of age were contaminated. This fact reunited professionals of several areas for specific treatment. The psychology department of São Paulo State University (UNESP), formed a research team denominted Emergy attendance for children from 0 to 12 years, contaminated by lead, which has been arising sub-projects and researches, including the present one. This is a longitudinal study, which compares quantitative, qualitative and statistical outcomes of the intellectual assessment of Bpb children, ranging from 15.40'mü'g/dl and 30'mü'g/dl on the evaluation and ranging from 10.30'mü'g/dl to 21.90'mü'g/dl on the reevaluation. The instrument applied was WISC-III, which was adapted and standardized for the Brazilian people. Ten subjects from both sexes were evaluated; their ages ranged from 7 years and 5 months to 9 years and 9 months; when they were revaluated their ages ranged from 11 years and months to 13 years and 8 months. During the evaluation period these children were attending from first to third grades and on the reevaluation they were attending from 5th to 7th grades, in which the selection criteria was the assessment applying WISC - III in 2002 remaining with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Ercília Maria Carone Trezza / Banca: Ercília Maria Carone Trezza / Banca: Águeda Beatriz Pires Rizzato / Banca: Fabiana Cristina Frigieri de Vitta / Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo comparar o desenvolvimento das habilidades psicomotoras relativas à Estruturação Espaço-temporal em dois grupos de crianças com 6 anos completos, que freqüentam Escolas Municipais de Educação Infantil em Promissão, SP, em meio período e que diferem por: um grupo freqüentar creche no outro período (grupo A) e o outro grupo não (grupo B). Para a realização dessa pesquisa foram utilizados dois instrumentos, primeiramente a anamnese realizada com as mães, com a finalidade de responder aos critérios de inclusão da pesquisa, e a avaliação da Estruturação Espaço-temporal da Bateria Psicomotora de Vitor da Fonseca, 1996, que é composta por sete testes. Ao comparar os resultados dos grupos, observou-se que houve algumas diferenças significativas entre eles. A diferença de resultados entre os grupos permite levantar algumas hipóteses para explicá-la. Este é um trabalho inicial que tem o mérito de suscitar questões relativas à educação infantil nas creches e abrir caminhos para outras pesquisas. / Abstract: This research has by objective to compare the development of abilities psycomotors relative to Structuration Space-temporal in two groups of children with six years complete, that frequent Childlike Education Municipals Schools in Promissão, SP, in half period and that defer by a group to frequent crèche in the other period (group A) and the other group no (group B). For the accomplishment of this research two instruments had been used, first anamnese realized with the mothers, with the finality to answer to criterions of inclusion of research and the evaluation of Structuration Space-temporal of Vitor da Fonseca's Psicomotor Batery, 1996, that she is composed for seven tests. To compare the results of groups, were observed that it had some significatives diferences among them. The diference of results among the groups permit to raise some hypothesis to explain itself. This is a work initial that has the merit to arouse relatives questions to infantil education in the creches and to open walks to other researches. / Mestre

The thesis focuses on motor abilities of children from birth to the age of eight years. It outlines the development of gross motor skills, fine motor skills and micromotor skills, and methods how to help children develop these particular areas. The level of motor skills is determined by method of testing in first graders from Stonařov, Pavlov, Třešť and České Budějovice.

A tomada de decisão é uma atividade essencial que permeia todas as funções e processos administrativos. Neste contexto, a capacidade de tomar decisões pode ser considerada uma habilidade fundamental para o administrador. Estudar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem desta habilidade, principalmente durante os anos de formação acadêmica dos futuros executivos, parece ser de grande relevância tanto para o âmbito acadêmico como para o ambiente prático das empresas. Este trabalho aborda esta questão e tem como objetivo descrever e analisar como as habilidades relacionadas com a tomada de decisão na administração de empresas são desenvolvidas/aprimoradas durante o curso de graduação em Administração da FEA-USP. Para observar e analisar o fenômeno de maneira abrangente, realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico e uma pesquisa empírica. No levantamento bibliográfico foram apresentados os aspectos mais relevantes do processo de tomada de decisão e do processo de ensino-aprendizagem relacionados com o problema de pesquisa, a fim de se estabelecer um quadro de referência para o trabalho. Na pesquisa empírica realizada, procurou-se descrever e analisar, por meio da aplicação de um instrumento especialmente desenvolvido para o estudo e que tem como base a resolução de casos, como três habilidades decisórias (avaliação de informação, avaliação de alternativas e seleção de alternativas) foram desenvolvidas/aprimoradas durante os quatro anos do curso diurno de graduação em Administração da FEA-USP. Entre os resultados encontrados, destacam-se: a) ao longo do curso de graduação, os alunos dos quatro anos letivos não alteraram sua habilidade de avaliar a quantidade e a qualidade das informações a serem extraídas dos problemas propostos; b) aparentemente, os alunos perderam parte da capacidade de avaliar de maneira global as diferentes alternativas dos problemas; e c) os alunos desenvolveram, de maneira limitada no entanto, a habilidade de selecionar um entre os diversos cursos de ação alternativos de um problema com solução matemática única. Os resultados experimentais deste estudo mostraram que, aparentemente, as práticas de ensino em uso na administração de empresas fortalecem o aprendizado operacional (o 'como fazer') em detrimento do aprendizado conceitual (o 'como pensar') no campo da tomada de decisão. / Decision making is an essential activity that is constituent of all administrative functions and processes. In this context, the capacity to make decisions may be considered a fundamental ability to the business administrator. To study the process of teaching and learning this ability, specially during the formative academic years of the future executives, may be of great importance both to the academic field and to the practical corporate environment. The purpose of this dissertation is to describe and to analyze how the decision making abilities are developed/improved during the graduation course in Business Administration at FEA-USP. In order to examine the phenomenon broadly, this study encompassed a review of the related literature and an empirical research. The review of the literature presented the most important aspects of the decision-making process and of the teaching and learning processes related to the problem situation, in order to establish a conceptual framework for the study. The empirical research sought to describe and analyze, by using an instrument specifically developed for this study and based on problem case solving, how three decision abilities (information assessment, alternative evaluation and alternative selection) were developed/improved during the four years of the Business Administration graduation course at FEA-USP. The main findings were: a) along the graduation course, the students of the four years did not alter their ability at assessing the quality and quantity of information to be extracted from the provided problem cases; b) apparently the students lost part of their capacity of evaluating the different alternatives of the problems; and c) the students developed, but in limited way, the ability at selecting one among several courses of action in a problem with a single mathematical solution. The experimental results of this study showed that, apparently, the current teaching practices in business administration strengthen the operational learning ('how to do') to the detriment of the conceptual learning ('how to think') in the field of decision making.

Notre travail de recherche a pour objectif d'évaluer si, parmi les enfants avec des céphalées chroniques quotidiennes primaires (CCQ), la proportion d'enfants intellectuellement précoces est significativement plus importante que dans la population générale. L'objectif secondaire est de mesurer les facteurs de risque connus pour influencer les performances intellectuelles, notamment les comorbidités anxieuse et dépressive, afin de les prendre en compte lorsque nous évaluerons l'efficience intellectuelles des enfants souffrant de CCQ. Trois études transversales sont menées de façon successive à partir de deux échantillons de sujets sélectionnés respectivement sur 11 et 8 mois. Les patients sont inclus consécutivement, soit 368 pour le premier échantillon clinique et 48 pour le second. Ils doivent être âgés de 8 à 17 ans, primo-consultants, présenter un diagnostic de céphalées primaires (étude 1) et un diagnostic de CCQ (études 2 et 3) selon les critères de l'International Headache Society (ICHD-II). Une évaluation psychologique est effectuée à l'aide d'outils validés et étalonnés sur la population française : le WISC-IV (Efficience intellectuelle), la R-CMAS (Anxiété), la MDI-C (Dépression). Les résultats montrent que la proportion d'enfants avec un daignostic de CCQ à avoir un haut potentiel intellectuel est significativement plus importante que celle de la population générale (10,4 % vs 2,3 %, OR = 5,0). Le quotient intellectuel moyen de notre échantillon est statistiquement plus élevé que celui de population normative, et ce y compris après avoir corrigé les données en fonction du texte et de la catégorie socio-professionnelle des parents. Trois indices cognitifs sur quatre sont significativement supérieurs parmi les enfants avec des CCQ : les indices de compréhension verbale (ICV), de raisonnement perceptif (IRP) et de mémoire de travail (IMT) avec une nette supériorité de l'indice mesurant les habiletés verbales (ICV). Seul l'indice de vitesse de traitement (IVT) se situe dans la norme. L'absentéisme scolaire est la seule variable à être corrélée négativement avec le niveau intellectuel, et la variable "catégorie socio-professionnelle" des parents la seule à être corrélée positivement. Il n'existe pas de lien entre le niveau intellectuel et l'intensité douloureuse, la longueur de l'histoire des céphalées, le type de diagnostic de céphalées chroniques, le sexe, l'âge, l'anxiété et la dépression. Des résultats complémentaires montrent que les enfants céphalalgiques sont en moyenne plus anxieux et plus déprimés que les enfants tout-venant, sans différence entre les patients avec des céphalées chroniques et ceux avec des céphalées épisodiques. Lorsque des comorbidités anxieuse et/ou dépressive sont présentes, il s'agit le plus souvent de niveaux de symptologie légèrement supérieurs à la norme sans que cela corresponde à des troubles psychiatriques avérés. En termes d'impact fonctionnel, les enfants avec des CCQ manquent plus souvent l'école que ceux avec des céphalées épisodiques. En lien avec nos impressions de clinicien, un nombre significatif d'enfants avec des CCQ a des aptitudes cognitives reflétant une précocité intellectuelle, et ce, malgré la complexité des interactions entre ce diagnostic et de nombreux facteurs comorbides tels que l'anxiété et la dépression. / This research evaluated whether the prevalence of gifted children was higher in a sample of children with primary chronic daily headache (CDH) compared to the general population. As a secondary aim, we sought to measure anxiety and depression -risk factors known to influence intellectual performance - accounting for these psychological factors in cognitive assessments of children with CDH. Three cross-sectional studies were conducted at a children's migraine center with two samples of children and adolescents. The first sample consisted of 368 children recruited consecutively over an 11-month period and the second same consisted of 48 children recruited over an 8-month period. Study participants had to be between the ages of 8 and 17 years, consulting for the first time, and received an International Headache Society (ICHD-II) diagnosis of primary headache (study 1) or CDH (sudies 2 e t 3). A psychological assessment was conducted using validated measures that have been standardized with the French population : the WISC-IV (intellectual performance) ,the R-CMAS (anxiety) and the MDI-C (depression). Results from study 3 indicated that the proportion of children with a diagnosis of CDH to have high intellectual potential was significantly greater than that of the general population (10,4 % vs 2,3 %, OR = 5,0). The average intelligence quotient (IQ) in this sample was statistically higher than population norms, even after controlling for the child's sex and parental socioeconomic status. Three out of four cognitive indexes were significantly higher among children with CDH : verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) and Working memory Index (WMI), with a particularly strong superiority for the index measuring verbal skills (VCI). Only the Processing Speed Index (PSI) in CDH patients was similar to the population norm. School absenteeism was the only variable to be negatively correlated with it. No association was found between IQ and headache severity, duration of headache history, headache diagnosis, sex, age, anxiety, or depression. In addition, we found that children with headache were on average more anxious and depressed than healthy children, with no distinction found between patients with chronic headache and patients with episodic headache. When this comorbidity of anxiety and/or depression was present, it was most often due to anxious or depressive symptoms that were slightly above average rather than symptoms indicating clinical psychopathology. Finally, children with CDH were found more likely to miss school than children with episodic headache. In line with our clinical experience, this research found a significant proportion of children with CDH to have gifted levels of intellectual performance. This relationship was present despite the complexity of the CDH diagnosis along with its common comorbidity with anxious and depressive symptoms.

Control is a concept that has received surprisingly little attention in the philosophy of action and ethics, given its prima facie ties to freedom, responsibility, intentionality and agency more generally. In this collection I take the first step towards an account of agential control: the kind of control that agents commonly exercise over actions, events, and even other agents. In the introduction I give a sketch of the complete thesis on control: characterising agential control as consisting primarily in the restriction or guidance of some process, and secondarily in the continuous monitoring of that same process. I go on to suggest that the primary aspect of control involves an agent’s having the ability to effectively intervene in the process that they are controlling. The collection itself consists of three journal style papers that, whilst not being focussed explicitly on control themselves, begin to fill out the sketch in my introduction: roughly, I think that control requires an ability to intervene (effectively, an ability to do otherwise), I think that ability should be understood as a kind of disposition to effectively intervene in a process should an agent try, and I think that to build a satisfactory conditional account of dispositions we need to appeal to the recently proposed contextualist account of dispositions from David Manley and Ryan Wasserman. The three papers aim to support each of these thoughts: The first paper, ‘The Anti-Akrasia Chip’, presents a counterexample to the well-known Fischer-Ravizza account of guidance control and suggests that what that account lacks is an emphasis on an agent’s being able to effectively intervene in their own behaviour; the second paper, ‘Getting Specific with Manley and Wasserman’, uses a novel counterexample to motivate a particular reading on Manley and Wasserman’s contextualist account of dispositions; and the final paper, ‘Relevant Abilities’, involves a defence of dispositional compatibilism by introducing the notion of a relevant ability: one grounded by the contextualist account of dispositions developed in the previous paper.