No description available.

No description available.

Postoperative pulmonale Komplikationen (PPC) stellen den Hauptgrund für erhöhte Morbidität und Mortalität sowie eine längere stationäre Liegedauer nach chirurgischen Eingriffen dar. Die Elektrische Impedanztomographie (EIT) ermöglicht als strahlungsfreie Methode die bettseitige Visualisierung der regionalen pulmonalen Ventilation in einem thorakalen Querschnittsbereich über den zeitlichen Verlauf. Die Hauptfragestellung dieser Studie war die perioperativen Veränderungen der regionalen pulmonalen Ventilation bei spontanatmenden Patienten nach abdominalchirurgischen Eingriffen in Allgemeinnarkose bis in die späte postoperative Phase zu untersuchen. Zusätzlich untersuchten wir die Lungenfunktion mittels Spirometrie. Wir nahmen eine Verschiebung der pulmonalen Ventilation in dorso-ventraler Richtung an, sowie eine postoperativ reduzierte Vitalkapazität, z.B. durch Atelektasen oder Pleuraergüsse. In die prospektive Observationsstudie wurden 36 erwachsene Patienten eingeschlossen, die sich einem elektiven abdominalchirurgischen Eingriff unter Allgemeinanästhesie unterzogen und ein mittleres Risiko gemäß ARISCAT Score für die Entwicklung von PPC aufwiesen. Präoperativ, sowie am 1. und 3. postoperativen Tag erfolgte die Untersuchung der pulmonalen Ventilation mittels EIT in Spontanatmung, Errechnung des Center of Ventilation (COV), sowie eine Lungenfunktionsprüfung mittels Spirometrie. Nach abdominalchirurgischen Operationen kam es zu einer statistisch signifikanten und bis zum 3. postoperativen Tag anhaltenden Verschiebung der pulmonalen Ventilation nach ventral (COVy präop. 16,5; 1. Tag postop. 17,8; 3. Tag postop. 17,4). Zudem zeigte sich eine anhaltend reduzierte Forcierten Vitalkapazität in % vom Sollwert (FVC%Soll): präop. 93%; 1. Tag postop. 58%; 3. Tag postop. 64%. Am 3. postoperativen Tag bestand unter forcierter Atmung eine negative Assoziation zwischen der Änderung des COVy und der Änderung der FVC%Soll. PPC traten bei 10 Patienten in Form von respiratorischer Insuffizienz, Atelektase und Pleuraerguss auf. Bei diesen Patienten zeigte die EIT keine komplikationsspezifischen Bilder. Abdominalchirurgische Operationen hatten hat einen relevanten Einfluss auf die postoperative regionale Lungenventilation und somit auf die Entstehung von PPC. Die EIT hilft die Entstehung von PPC besser zu verstehen und Strategien zur Vermeidung solcher im klinischen Alltag zu implementieren. / Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) are the main reason for increased morbidity, mortality and length of stay in hospital after surgical interventions. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a radiation-free method that can visualize regional pulmonary ventilation within a transversal section of the lung in real-time. Main goal of this study was the examination of perioperative change in regional pulmonary ventilation until the late postoperative period in spontaneously breathing patients after abdominal surgery receiving general anesthesia. In addition we examined pulmonary function using spirometry. We hypothesized a shift of pulmonary ventilation in dorso-ventral direction and a postoperatively decreased vital capacity e.g. as a result of atelectasis or pleural effusion. In this prospective observational study 36 adult patients that underwent elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia were included. According to ARISCAT score they showed an intermediate risk for the development of PPC. Preoperative, at the 1st and 3rd postoperative day there was the examination of pulmonary ventilation using EIT, calculation of the center of ventilation (COV) and examination of pulmonary function using spirometry. After abdominal surgery there was a significant shift of pulmonary ventilation in ventral direction. This continued until the 3rd postoperative day (COVy preop. 16.5, 1st postop. day 17.8, 3rd postop. day 17.4). In addition forced vital capacity in %predicted (FVC%predicted) was decreased: preop. 93%, 1st postop. day 58%, 3rd postop. day 64%). On the 3rd postoperative day changes in COVy were negatively associated with changes in FVC%predicted during forced breathing. 10 patients developed PPC (respiratory insufficience, atelectasis, pleural effusion). These patients did not show any characteristic image in EIT-imaging. Abdominal surgery had a relevant influence on postoperative regional pulmonary ventilation and as a result of that on the development of PPC. EIT helps to understand the development of PPC in a better way and to implement strategies for avoiding PPC in everyday clinical work.

Novel designs of printed slot antennas have been investigated in this dissertation. For the linearly polarized designs, the study of single-feed dual-frequency printed slot antennas with an open-ring conducting strip is first presented. In addition, a novel design of dual-frequency dual-loop printed slot antenna is described. As for the broadband printed slot antenna designs, a printed semicircular slot antenna with a microstripline feed is shown. The impedance bandwidth obtained reaches about 46%. For the circularly polarized designs, we propose a circularly polarized microstrip antenna with an asymmetry of the antenna structure. By choosing a suitable meandered slot, CP operation can be obtained. Finally, we apply the design concept of CP operation using a shorted section to achieve a circularly polarized printed slot antenna design. The obtained CP bandwidth of this design is greater than 8%.

Vita. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Este trabalho tem como preocupação primeira investigar a formação de futuros professores de português no que se refere ao trabalho com a escrita. Seu principal objetivo é analisar, a partir de uma abordagem discursiva ancorada, sobretudo, nos pressupostos teóricos da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa (AD), o processo de reescrita textual, particularmente daquela reescrita que se circunscreve a situações tipicamente escolares, ou seja, informada pela intervenção de natureza didática em que o professor - ou alguém que assume tal posição - propõe a atividade de reelaboração textual. O corpus é formado por textos que correspondem às respostas fornecidas por formandos em Letras a uma das questões discursivas de Lingüística e Língua Portuguesa solicitada, no ano de 2001, pelo Exame Nacional de Cursos (ENC) - o Provão, atual ENADE. Nessa questão, solicitou-se aos formandos que, com o apoio de noções lingüísticas, apresentassem três soluções para o problema dos elos coesivos presente em um texto originalmente produzido por uma menina de 10 anos. Desse contexto é que surgiu uma das formas de resposta dos formandos à solicitação do Exame: a reescrita como forma de correção daquilo que foi identificado pelos escreventes como \'erro\'. Foram utilizados dois procedimentos de análise: a) a consideração das relações dialógicas estabelecidas entre os formandos e o textobase, a qual resultou em um tipo de intervenção eminentemente resolutiva dos supostos \'problemas\' apresentados pela produção da menina; e b) a busca das operações lingüísticas presentes nos processos de reescrita textual. Em razão das condições em que se produziram, mas também em função do apagamento de aspectos discursivos apreensíveis nos efeitos de sentido existentes no texto reescrito pelos formandos (para além, portanto, dos objetivos inicialmente colocados pelo Provão), as reescritas analisadas resultaram em textos menos expressivos se comparados com aquele que lhes serviu como pontos de partida. Tal constatação, evidenciada nas análises, aponta para o fato de que todo processo de reescrita tenderá ao fracasso, se tão-somente vinculado a questões de ordem lingüística, uma vez que, determinantes da expressividade de todo e qualquer texto, são também os aspectos relativos aos efeitos de sentido e às condições em que um dado discurso se produz. / This research\'s first concern is to investigate the formation of future Portuguese teachers, regarding work with writing. Its main objective is to analyze, starting from a discursive approach anchored especially on the theoretical assumptions of the French Discourse Analysis (DA), the processes of textual writing, particularly rewriting involved in typical school situations, i.e., informed by the intervention of a didactic nature in which the teacher - or someone assuming this position - proposes the activity of textual rewriting. The corpus is formed by texts which correspond to the answers given by Language & Literature students to one of the discursive questions of Linguistic and Portuguese Language requested by the National Course Exam (ENC) in 2001, the so-called \"Provão\", currently ENADE. In this question, with the support of linguistic notions, the students were requested to present three solutions for the problem of cohesive links present in a text originally produced by a 10-year old girl. This context generated one of the students\' answers to the Exam\'s request: rewriting as a form to correct what had been identified by the students as a \"mistake\". Two analytical procedures have been used: a) the consideration of the dialogic relations established among the students and the base-text, which resulted in a type of intervention mainly resolutive of the supposed \'problems\' presented by the girl\'s production; and b) the search for the linguistic operations present in the textual rewriting processes. Due to the conditions in which they were produced, but also due to the erasure of discursive aspects noted in the meaning effects existing in the text rewritten by the college students (therefore, beyond the objectives initially presented by the ENADE), the analyzed rewriting resulted in less expressive texts in comparison to that used as their starting point. This realization, shown in the analyses, indicate the fact that all rewriting processes will tend to fail, if only linked to linguistic issues, as the aspects related to the meaning effects and the conditions in which a certain discourse is produced are also determinants of the expressiveness of any text.

Este trabalho tem como preocupação primeira investigar a formação de futuros professores de português no que se refere ao trabalho com a escrita. Seu principal objetivo é analisar, a partir de uma abordagem discursiva ancorada, sobretudo, nos pressupostos teóricos da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa (AD), o processo de reescrita textual, particularmente daquela reescrita que se circunscreve a situações tipicamente escolares, ou seja, informada pela intervenção de natureza didática em que o professor - ou alguém que assume tal posição - propõe a atividade de reelaboração textual. O corpus é formado por textos que correspondem às respostas fornecidas por formandos em Letras a uma das questões discursivas de Lingüística e Língua Portuguesa solicitada, no ano de 2001, pelo Exame Nacional de Cursos (ENC) - o Provão, atual ENADE. Nessa questão, solicitou-se aos formandos que, com o apoio de noções lingüísticas, apresentassem três soluções para o problema dos elos coesivos presente em um texto originalmente produzido por uma menina de 10 anos. Desse contexto é que surgiu uma das formas de resposta dos formandos à solicitação do Exame: a reescrita como forma de correção daquilo que foi identificado pelos escreventes como \'erro\'. Foram utilizados dois procedimentos de análise: a) a consideração das relações dialógicas estabelecidas entre os formandos e o textobase, a qual resultou em um tipo de intervenção eminentemente resolutiva dos supostos \'problemas\' apresentados pela produção da menina; e b) a busca das operações lingüísticas presentes nos processos de reescrita textual. Em razão das condições em que se produziram, mas também em função do apagamento de aspectos discursivos apreensíveis nos efeitos de sentido existentes no texto reescrito pelos formandos (para além, portanto, dos objetivos inicialmente colocados pelo Provão), as reescritas analisadas resultaram em textos menos expressivos se comparados com aquele que lhes serviu como pontos de partida. Tal constatação, evidenciada nas análises, aponta para o fato de que todo processo de reescrita tenderá ao fracasso, se tão-somente vinculado a questões de ordem lingüística, uma vez que, determinantes da expressividade de todo e qualquer texto, são também os aspectos relativos aos efeitos de sentido e às condições em que um dado discurso se produz. / This research\'s first concern is to investigate the formation of future Portuguese teachers, regarding work with writing. Its main objective is to analyze, starting from a discursive approach anchored especially on the theoretical assumptions of the French Discourse Analysis (DA), the processes of textual writing, particularly rewriting involved in typical school situations, i.e., informed by the intervention of a didactic nature in which the teacher - or someone assuming this position - proposes the activity of textual rewriting. The corpus is formed by texts which correspond to the answers given by Language & Literature students to one of the discursive questions of Linguistic and Portuguese Language requested by the National Course Exam (ENC) in 2001, the so-called \"Provão\", currently ENADE. In this question, with the support of linguistic notions, the students were requested to present three solutions for the problem of cohesive links present in a text originally produced by a 10-year old girl. This context generated one of the students\' answers to the Exam\'s request: rewriting as a form to correct what had been identified by the students as a \"mistake\". Two analytical procedures have been used: a) the consideration of the dialogic relations established among the students and the base-text, which resulted in a type of intervention mainly resolutive of the supposed \'problems\' presented by the girl\'s production; and b) the search for the linguistic operations present in the textual rewriting processes. Due to the conditions in which they were produced, but also due to the erasure of discursive aspects noted in the meaning effects existing in the text rewritten by the college students (therefore, beyond the objectives initially presented by the ENADE), the analyzed rewriting resulted in less expressive texts in comparison to that used as their starting point. This realization, shown in the analyses, indicate the fact that all rewriting processes will tend to fail, if only linked to linguistic issues, as the aspects related to the meaning effects and the conditions in which a certain discourse is produced are also determinants of the expressiveness of any text.

The designs of various feeding networks for microstrip antennas have been investigated in this dissertation. In the active microstrip antenna designs, an amplifier-type microstrip antenna integrates a two- port amplifier circuitry to the various passive antennas through a 50£[ inset microstrip feed line which can function in broadband operation¡ACP operation and dual-frequency operation. As for the broadband circularly polarized microstrip antenna with a dual-perpendicular feed design, antenna with a dual-perpendicular feed which was formed by a Wilkinson power divider with a quarter-wavelength section of microstrip line for providing equal splitting of the input power and 90¢X phase difference to the two feed points has been presented. The broadband CP bandwidth can be achieved due to the good isolation between the two output lines of the feed network. In the microstrip antennas with CPW feed designs, we first proposed a microstrip antenna with three-dimensional CPW feed. A separate feed substrate is used which can provide a large-area space for the layout of complicated microwave circuitry. In addition, the feed substrate can also be oriented to the patch substrate with various angles, resulting in more flexibility in the proposed three-dimensional feed design. Finally, we proposed a design with two slot lines located at both sides of the coupling slot which can lengthen the excited patch surface current path, thus the resonant frequency is reduced and an antenna size reduction up to 40% has been obtained.

The two battles for Fallujah took place in 2004. Earlier research states that air power was a key reason for the success following the second operation, and as a critical omission during the first operation. Following this statement that air power changed the way urban operations should be conducted it should be possible to use an air power theory to explain the different outcomes of the battles. The purpose of this study is to see if Robert Pape’s theory of denial strategy is applicable as an explanation for the two operations differences of outcome.   The method used for this study is a comparative case study of the two operations in which the operations are compared by analysing then using the framework of Pape’s theory.    The result of this study shows that the outcomes partly can be explained from Pape’s theory, but the results differ between the two components which leads to a discussion of what this means for the theory. The result contributes to the existing research and gives reason for criticism of the earlier research which states that it was Close Air Support (CAS) that was successful during the second operation. This study shows that CAS was mostly used during the first operation and only partly used during the second, successful, operation. This study states that it was the use of operative interdiction, one of the three components of Pape’s theory, which led to the second operations success.

Introduktion: Samverkan i team ingår som en av kärnkompetenserna inom hälso- och sjukvården. Inom operationssjukvården är teamarbete en förutsättning för att kunna utföra ett arbete med patientens bästa i fokus. En effektiv och patientsäker vård bygger på ett samspel mellan de olika professionerna inom operationsteamet.  Teamarbete och patientsäkerhet är direkt kopplade till varandra och därför är det viktigt att uppmärksamma vad som utmärker teamarbete.   Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva upplevelser av vad som utmärker det perioperativa teamarbetet.   Metod: Studien utformades som en kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats. Datainsamlingen gjordes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer i tre fokusgrupper bestående av operationssjuksköterskor, anestesisjuksköterskor och undersköterskor. Varje yrkeskategori bildade en enskild fokusgrupp. Sammanlagt deltog 14 individer i studien som utfördes på en operationsavdelning i södra Sverige. Data analyserades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Bearbetning av data resulterade i en huvudkategori: Ett komplext samarbete med patienten i centrum, samt tre generiska kategorier: Förutsättningar för säker vård, Samspel mellan kollegor och Planering och struktur. Kategorierna sammanfattar upplevelserna av teamarbetet på operationssalen och vad som var viktigt för att kunna utföra ett effektivt och patientsäkert arbete.   Konklusion: Resultatet visar att teamarbete bygger på planering och struktur i arbetet, samspel mellan kollegor och en säker och patientcentrerad vård. Alla behövs i teamet för ett effektivt och patientsäkert arbete. Ytterligare studier behövs för att belysa teamarbetet ur ett bredare perspektiv exempelvis hur samarbetsproblem löses i teamet.