Constitué par saint Louis en faveur de son fils Pierre, mort en 1284, l’apanage d’Alençon renaît en 1290 lorsque le roi Philippe le Bel l’octroie à son frère Charles de Valois. Sept comtes, puis ducs à partir de 1415, lui succéderont jusqu’en 1525. Cousins des rois et pairs de France, les Valois-Alençon ont fait de cet apanage normanno-percheron le cœur d’une principauté étendue du pays de Caux aux rivages de la Loire, des marches de Bretagne au pays chartrain.Les principats de Pierre II (1367-1404) et de son fils Jean Ier, mort à Azincourt en 1415, marquent l’apogée de cette œuvre politique soutenue par le roi. Désormais enracinés sur l’apanage, les Alençon réforment l’administration des territoires, s’entourent d’officiers polyvalents et dotent leur principauté des institutions traditionnellement dévolues au gouvernement des états : une chancellerie active, une trésorerie générale, une Chambre des comptes et même un Échiquier réputé souverain. Au palais neuf d’Argentan, l’Hôtel comtal accueille quelque deux cent trente officiers et serviteurs et brille d’un éclat jusqu’alors insoupçonné. La démarche prosopographique, qui étudie les caractéristiques sociologiques et les réseaux d’influence façonnant les carrières des agents du pouvoir, guide ici la découverte des administrations princières.Hommes liges du parti d’Orléans, les Alençon paient toutefois au prix fort leur engagement politique. L’occupation lancastrienne (1417-1450) et l’exil, les rançons et l’obstruction durable du duc Jean II à la politique du roi minent leur autorité. La faillite menace et contraint les princes aux pires expédients. Leur incurie aggrave l’isolement qui les frappe jusqu’à ce qu’en 1515 l’avènement au trône de France de François d’Angoulême, « frère » par alliance du dernier duc Charles IV, offre à cette principauté un ultime et éphémère rayonnement. / Formed by Saint Louis in favour of his son Pierre, who died in 1284, the Alençon appanage revived in 1290 when King Philippe le Bel bestowed it upon his brother Charles de Valois. Seven princes, who became dukes as of 1415, succeeded him till 1525. Cousins to Kings and Peers of France, the Valois-Alençons turned the Norman-Percheron appanage into the heart of a principality stretching from the Pays de Caux to the banks of the Loire river, from the « Marches de Bretagne » to the Chartres area.The principates of Pierre II (1367-1404) and his son Jean I, who died in Azincourt in 1415, marked the heyday of this political piece of work supported by the King. Henceforth, rooted in this appannage, the Alençons reformed the administration of territories, surrounded themselves with versatile officers and endowed their principality with institutions traditionally devoted to the governance of states: an active chancellery, a general treasury, an exchequer and even a deemed sovereign court of justice. At the new castle of Argentan, the prince court hosted some two hundred and thirty officers and servants, and sparkled with a so far unsuspected lustre. The prosopographic approach, which studies the sociological features and the influence networks shaping the careers of the agents of authority, herein guides the discovery of the princely administration.

Submitted by André Luiz Rodrigues Lustosa da Costa (andrelustosa2007@gmail.com) on 2016-01-05T19:22:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação André Lustosa FINAL SRARJ.pdf: 658971 bytes, checksum: a24234ea9b6756224334729a38ba59b9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2016-01-08T13:11:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação André Lustosa FINAL SRARJ.pdf: 658971 bytes, checksum: a24234ea9b6756224334729a38ba59b9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-01-11T11:03:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação André Lustosa FINAL SRARJ.pdf: 658971 bytes, checksum: a24234ea9b6756224334729a38ba59b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-11T11:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação André Lustosa FINAL SRARJ.pdf: 658971 bytes, checksum: a24234ea9b6756224334729a38ba59b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-24 / This study aimed to analyze how was the decentralization of budget management in the National Health Agency in its Coordination of Brasilia and Sao Paulo and to what extent it is possible to replicate it to other Regional Centers scattered throughout the country. To this end, leaned on a set of data / evidence gathered from the literature review, desk research and field research involving participant observation and application of interviews and questionnaires. As a research strategy was used the case study, as this was the analysis of an intervention in an organization, if the National Health Agency, in order to clarify how and why decisions were implemented and with what results. For understanding the phenomenon studied, it needed to explore the concepts of decentralization, understand the specifics that affect the degree of decentralization, investigating the experience accumulated in cores having Decentralized Administration Coordination and identify the CADs installation feasibility in other nuclei. Despite the problems observed and reported on the implementation of the process, it is visible the gains from decentralization, both in the perception of managers involved as the servers of decentralized units. The documentary analysis also proved that efficiency and management gains were obtained in these units, but corrections should be made. By analyzing the data presented, it appears that the decentralization of other units is possible, and solve some of the problems reported by servers, creating a more participative management that suits the local conditions, but the replication of this model to other nuclei first pass by an effective evaluation and adjustment of units already deployed. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar como se deu a descentralização da gestão orçamentária na Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar em suas Coordenadorias de Brasília e São Paulo e em que medida é possível replicá-la aos demais Núcleos Regionais espalhados em todo território nacional. Para tanto, apoiou-se em um conjunto de dados/evidências levantados a partir da revisão da literatura, pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo envolvendo observação participante e aplicação de entrevistas e questionários. Como estratégia de pesquisa foi utilizado o estudo de caso, visto tratar-se da análise de uma intervenção em uma organização, no caso a Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar, com o intuito de esclarecer como e por que as decisões foram implementadas e com quais resultados. Para a compreensão do fenômeno estudado, necessitou-se explorar os conceitos da descentralização, compreender as especificidades que afetam o grau de descentralização, investigar a experiência acumulada nos Núcleos que possuem Coordenadorias de Administração Descentralizada e identificar a viabilidade de instalação de CADs nos demais Núcleos. A despeito dos problemas observados e relatados na implementação do processo, é visível os ganhos obtidos com a descentralização, tanto na percepção dos gestores envolvidos quanto dos servidores das unidades descentralizadas. A análise documental também comprovou que ganhos de eficiência e gestão foram obtidos nessas unidades, mas correções devem ser realizadas. Mediante a análise dos dados apresentados, verifica-se que a descentralização das demais unidades é possível, e resolveria alguns dos problemas relatados pelos servidores, criando uma gestão mais participativa que se adeque as especificidades locais, mas a replicação desse modelo aos demais núcleos passa primeiramente por uma efetiva avaliação e ajustes das unidades já implantadas.

Submitted by Priscilla Araujo (priscilla@ibict.br) on 2016-10-06T19:53:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Lizzie Karen do Carmo Neri_Mestrado_2016.pdf: 3855588 bytes, checksum: 9224c9538499fb6ec9a7d0869c819877 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T19:53:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Lizzie Karen do Carmo Neri_Mestrado_2016.pdf: 3855588 bytes, checksum: 9224c9538499fb6ec9a7d0869c819877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-18 / Submitted by Priscilla Araujo (priscilla@ibict.br) on 2016-10-06T19:53:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Lizzie Karen do Carmo Neri_Mestrado_2016.pdf: 3855588 bytes, checksum: 9224c9538499fb6ec9a7d0869c819877 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T19:53:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Lizzie Karen do Carmo Neri_Mestrado_2016.pdf: 3855588 bytes, checksum: 9224c9538499fb6ec9a7d0869c819877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-18 / A sociedade e os diversos tipos de organização precisam gerar, processar e aplicar a informação, de forma eficiente, baseada em conhecimentos, para obtenção apropriada de produtividade e de competitividade. Com o entendimento de que uma regulação eficiente do mercado de saúde suplementar exige informação e conhecimento profundo de sua dinâmica, a pesquisa, que teve como objetivo levantar e analisar as mudanças de planos de saúde realizadas pelos consumidores entre 2010 e 2014, com base nas informações enviadas pelas operadoras de planos de saúde à Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS), além de discutir como essa informação pode contribuir para a regulação da saúde suplementar, propõe a utilização dos sistemas de informação da ANS para o tratamento e análise de dados relacionados às mudanças de plano de saúde dos beneficiários entre as operadoras para colaborar para o conhecimento do mercado de planos privados de assistência à saúde e auxiliar no estabelecimento de prioridades e na formulação de diretrizes na área da saúde. A coleta dos dados foi realizada com auxílio de consultas SQL, nas bases de dados da ANS, com base nas especificações pré-determinadas, ou seja, a partir da prévia definição dos critérios, filtros e delimitações de campos, das tabelas e do intervalo de tempo para as extrações dos dados. Foi realizada a extração de dados das bases de dados de beneficiários de planos de saúde, de operadoras e de produtos, para análise e discussão dos dados relacionados às mudanças de planos de saúde no Brasil. Além disso, foram levantadas as estatísticas de acesso ao guia de planos da ANS e os resultados das buscas por termos selecionados, por haver relação com o tema mudança de plano de saúde na web com auxílio da ferramenta “google trends”. Esta pesquisa constatou a importância da grande base cadastral de beneficiários de planos de saúde, que pode ser analisada sob diversas óticas, para a compreensão do mercado da saúde privada, com a utilização de inúmeras variáveis e com focos diferentes. Como demonstraram os resultados, é possível a utilização dessa base para a compreensão da dinâmica das mudanças de plano de saúde e consequentemente para o aumento do conhecimento da saúde suplementar, o que traz importantes benefícios para o estabelecimento de diretrizes na área da saúde. / The society and the various types of organization need to generate, process and apply efficiently knowledge-based information appropriate for achieving productivity and competitiveness. With the understanding that effective regulation of the health insurance market requires information and thorough understanding of its dynamics, the research aimed to survey and analyze the health plan changes made by consumers between 2010 and 2014 based on the information sent by health insurance providers to the National Agency of Supplemental Health (ANS – Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar), and discuss how this information can contribute to the Regulation of Health Insurance, proposes the use of ANS information systems for the processing and analysis of data related to plan changes health of beneficiaries among operators to contribute to the knowledge of the private health plans market and assist in setting priorities and formulating guidelines in healthcare. Data collection was performed using SQL queries in the ANS database based on predetermined specifications, i.e. from the previous definition of the criteria, filters and boundaries of fields, tables and time interval for the extraction of data. It was held extraction of data in databases of health plans, providers and products for analysis and discussion of data related to health insurance changes in Brazil. In addition, they raised access statistics to guide the ANS plans and results of searches for selected terms to have relation with the theme health plan change on the web with the help of google trends tool. This survey found the importance of large cadastral base of beneficiaries of health plans, which can be analyzed in various, optical and understanding of the private healthcare market, and with the use of numerous variables and with different focuses. As shown by the results, using this basis for understanding the dynamics of health plan changes and consequently to the increase in supplementary health knowledge is possible, which has important benefits for the establishment of guidelines in health care.

Submitted by Fernanda Souza (nandaufrj@hotmail.com) on 2014-01-04T19:10:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese MEX Fernanda versão final.pdf: 975650 bytes, checksum: f5fc8a3a5c71fe3e2618d63e1af60131 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-01-24T11:49:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese MEX Fernanda versão final.pdf: 975650 bytes, checksum: f5fc8a3a5c71fe3e2618d63e1af60131 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-01-24T11:49:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese MEX Fernanda versão final.pdf: 975650 bytes, checksum: f5fc8a3a5c71fe3e2618d63e1af60131 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-01-24T11:50:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese MEX Fernanda versão final.pdf: 975650 bytes, checksum: f5fc8a3a5c71fe3e2618d63e1af60131 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-19 / Culture is a broad concept, which brings historical contexts, shared values and perceptions that, in the social environment, influence collective and institutional interactions. Thus, merger and acquisition, as much as having a particularly economic substance in its origin, operations are directly impacted by cultural issues, considering that these are conducted by ordinary people, who learn how to interact and express themselves through their cultures. This paper aims to make a theoretical survey of how the authors understand the influence of culture in mergers and acquisitions, according to the theoretical foundations of psychology, anthropology and sociology, providing or limiting the scope of the desired results. To understand the setting in which the concept of culture has been investigated, we also did a theoretical survey of the major cultural differences raised in mergers and acquisitions, which were analyzed in the light of the concepts of culture introduced in this paper. We realized that, by not having a concern in correctly defining the object of culture research, results about this influence remain confused and contradictory. With this, it becomes hard to properly address the prospects for action in individual and collective field. / A cultura é um conceito amplo e que traz consigo contextos históricos, valores e percepções partilhadas que, no âmbito social, influenciam as interações coletivas e institucionais. Desta forma, operações de fusão e aquisição, por mais que tenham particularmente uma essência econômica em sua origem, são diretamente impactadas por questões culturais, tendo em vista que estas são realizadas por pessoas, que aprendem a interagir e se expressar através de suas culturas. Este trabalho se propõe a fazer um levantamento teórico de como os autores entendem a influência da cultura nas operações de fusões e aquisições, de acordo com as bases teóricas da psicologia, antropologia e sociologia, propiciando ou limitando o alcance dos resultados desejados. Para compreender o cenário em que o conceito de cultura é investigado, também fizemos um levantamento das principais diferenças culturais levantadas em operações de fusão e aquisição, e que foram analisadas à luz dos conceitos de cultura abordados neste trabalho. Constatamos que, por não haver uma preocupação em se definir corretamente o objeto de pesquisa de cultura, os resultados acerca desta influência permanecem confusos e contraditórios. Com isso, torna-se difícil endereçar corretamente as perspectivas de ação no campo individual e coletivo.

Cette thèse porte sur le rythme musical considéré sous l’angle particulier de son mouvement et entreprend une approche empirique de cette notion abstraite, en l’absence de consensus sur la définition du rythme et d’une théorie scientifique sur le mouvement en musique. Différentes conceptions théoriques du mouvement sont exposées suivant que le rythme musical est considéré comme un objet, un phénomène ou une forme dynamique. Ces points de vue sont enrichis de données empiriques sur la description du rythme par les mouvements de l’auditeur. A l’appui de ce cadre de référence, la forme dynamique est saisie comme outil conceptuel et méthodologique qui permet de cerner les qualités dynamiques du rythme suivant l’évolution temporelle de ses éléments dynamo-agogiques, supposés porteurs d’informations de vitesse du mouvement, et d’analyser cette forme dynamique musicale par les formes dynamiques graphiques tracées par l’auditeur lors de l’écoute du rythme. Cet outil est testé dans une expérience exploratoire durant laquelle on enregistre les traçages effectués avec un stylo numérique par 33 enfants de 5 ans, sujets enactifs, lors de la représentation graphique de 24 brefs patterns percussifs. Les 792 traçages avec l’environnement sonore sont étudiés avec deux méthodes de comparaison de l’évolution temporelle du graphisme et du rythme. L’analyse de l’appariement de ces formes dynamiques rythmiques et graphiques met en évidence des liens solides entre des propriétés d’intensité et de durées des rythmes et des propriétés formelles et dynamiques des graphismes des auditeurs. / Given the lack of a consensual definition of rhythm and of a scientific theory of musical motion, this dissertation approaches empirically the abstract notion of the motion conveyed by musical rhythm. We present several theoretical conceptions of motion, musical rhythm being alternatively considered as an object, a phenomenon or a dynamic form. These points of view are completed with empirical data describing rhythms through listener’s movements. Within this framework, we use the dynamic form as a conceptual and methodological tool giving insights into the rhythm dynamics according the way their dynamo-agogic elements, assumed to convey information regarding motions' speed, change over time. It also allows the analysis of this musical dynamic form through the graphical dynamic form drawn by the listeners as they listen to a rhythm. This tool was tested in an exploratory experiment on 33 five-year-old enactive subjects, during which the movements of an electronic pen were recorded as the children were asked to draw an enactive graphical representation of 24 brief percussive patterns. The 792 tracing samples thus generated as rhythms unfold are studied with two methods comparing the respective temporal changes of tracing movements vs rhythms. Pairing these graphical and rhythmic dynamic forms for analysis exhibited strong links between the properties of intensity and duration of rhythms on one hand, and dynamic and formal properties of the graphical patterns generated by the listeners on the other hand.

Guerres et paix ont jalonné le duel franco-britannique, une des trames essentielles des relations internationales au XVIIIe siècle. Or c’est ce même siècle des Lumières qui a célébré l’idée d’équilibre européen, d’équilibre des puissances, pour limiter les conflits et « préserver la paix ». Le présent travail se situe pendant la courte période de paix qui sépare deux conflits européens majeurs où s’affrontèrent la Grande-Bretagne et la France, la guerre de Succession d’Autriche (1740-1748) et la guerre de Sept Ans (1756-1763). Il s’agit d’étudier, au milieu du siècle, les pratiques de la paix, utilisées ou révélées à l’occasion des négociations franco-anglaises sur les limites territoriales étendues aux espaces maritimes et coloniaux, et de s’interroger sur les représentations diplomatiques et les visions géostratégiques du monde qui guidèrent, à la cour de Versailles comme à celle de Saint-James, l’action politique des diplomates dans la sphère coloniale. / The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle which ended the War of Austrian Succession in 1748 threw into relief the linkage between the europeans and colonial issues. It returned the european claims in North America and in the West Indies to the statu quo ante bellum settled by the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713. A boundary commission was established to study the claims, to determine what areas were considered as belonging to the British or to the French Crowns, and to define clear boundaries separating the colonial dominions. Not solely episode of the Anglo-French rivalry, these inter-war years took place in the middle of the Age of Enlightenment, which celebrated the idea of balance of powers. Despite their failure, these negotiations could be envisaged as attempts to regulate colonial and maritime disputes by international agreements and as experiences by both Courts of a far diplomacy.

Les confins méridionaux et orientaux de la Champagne, correspondant approximativement à la Haute-Marne actuelle, ont été touchés de plein fouet par la guerre de Trente Ans, en raison de leur position frontalière avec deux redoutables ennemis, la Franche-Comté et la Lorraine. La guerre ouverte entre la France et les Habsbourg en 1635 ne s’est d’ailleurs pas interrompue en 1648, aux traités de Westphalie, mais s’est prolongée jusqu’en 1659-1660 contre l’Espagne et le duc Charles IV de Lorraine.Après vingt-cinq années de conflit, on peut s’interroger sur le degré de destruction subi par le Bassigny et la Montagne langroise. Le célèbre Journal du curé d’Hortes Clément Macheret, qui narre les désastres survenus pendant cette période, demeure pour l’historien un témoignage incontournable, mais il subsiste de nombreuses autres sources archivées qui permettent d’approfondir l’enquête. Le règne personnel de Louis XIV, qui s’étend de 1661 à 1715, correspond à la phase de reconstruction de la Champagne méridionale. Plusieurs questions demeuraient à ce jour sans réponse : - Quelle a été l’ampleur des dévastations et des pertes démographiques suite à la guerre de Trente Ans ? - Quel a été le rythme du relèvement après 1660, et à partir de quelles ressources humaines et économiques ? - Comment s’est opérée la reconstruction matérielle de la région ? Il s’agit de comprendre quels facteurs ont favorisé, ou au contraire freiné, le redressement champenois durant cette période. La comparaison avec d’autres provinces dévastées au cours de cet interminable conflit, comme la Lorraine, l’Alsace ou la Franche-Comté, peut également être éclairante. Peu étudiée par les historiens de la Champagne, cette récupération laborieuse de la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle a pourtant, à bien des égards, enfanté le bel essor démographique et économique du siècle des Lumières. / Champagne’s southern and eastern borders, approximately within today’s Haute-Marne, were severely hit by the Thirty Years’War, due mainly to their frontier position with two fearsome foes, Franche-Comté and Lorraine. The open war between France and the Habsburgs in 1635 didn’t however come to an end in 1648, after the Peace of Westphalia, but dragged on until 1659-60 against Spaniards and Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine. Following a twenty-five-year old conflict, the point at issue is to what extent Bassigny and the Plateau de Langres were destroyed. Historians can rely on the famous Journal by the parish priest of Hortes Clément Macheret relating that period’s disasters, but many other archives can lead on to further research. Louis XIV’s personal reign (1661-1715) spans the reconstruction period of southern Champagne. Several questions still remain unanswered today : - How important were the devastations and demographic losses caused by the Thirty Years’War ?- How fast was the recovery after 1660, and from what human and economic resources ? - How did people manage to rebuild their region ? The question at stake is to understand what factors have favoured or, on the contrary slowed down the reconstruction of Champagne during that period. The comparison with other damaged provinces, such as Lorraine, Alsace or Franche-Comté throughout that endless conflict, may be also helpful. Although it hasn’t been much studied by the historians of Champagne, this difficult recovery during the second half of the 17th century has, in many ways, given birth to the fine demographic and economic surge of the Enlightenment.

Cette étude analyse le rôle des négociations westphaliennes (1643-1648) dans le développement du cérémonial diplomatique au XVIIe siècle en s’appuyant sur les correspondances entre les diplomates et leurs princes. La perspective des acteurs a été privilégiée pour mieux comprendre l’importance des différentes querelles et leurs logiques. Sur le plan méthodologique, nous nous interrogeons sur les implications et les limites des concepts utilisés pour appréhender le « cérémonial » en tant que phénomène historique. Une analyse se fondant sur la fonction représentative des diplomates laisse de côté plusieurs problèmes importants. La démonstration du rang princier ne constitue pas l’unique motif des querelles de cérémonial. Les diplomates provoquent en effet de nombreuses altercations non pas pour défendre le statut de leur prince mais plutôt pour asseoir le leur. Le cérémonial utilisé lors des négociations westphaliennes mélange ainsi le statut du représentant et celui du représenté. En outre, la signification des signes utilisés au cœur du cérémonial fait l’objet d’une discussion permanente et permet aux acteurs d’interpréter les incidents de différentes manières. Or, au cours du XVIIe siècle, le cérémonial renvoie de plus en plus à une signification précise, ce qui entraine une multiplication des querelles. Par ce processus, le cérémonial constitue désormais un instrument qui révèle moins la hiérarchie entre les différents princes que leur appartenance au cercle des Souverains. / This dissertation analyses the role of the westphalian negotiations (1643-1648) in the development of the diplomatic ceremonial in the 17th century through the examination of correspondence between diplomatic representatives and their princes. In order to better appreciate the importance of the different conflicts and their inherent logic, the study focuses on the actor’s perspective. Methodologically, the concepts utilized for understanding and describing the historical phenomenon « ceremonial » are critically analysed with respect to their implications and limits. This research suggests that an analysis solely based on the representative role of the diplomats would neglect important aspects given that the demonstration of rank is not the only motive in ceremonial conflicts. As such, the diplomats studied provoked many altercations not to confirm their prince’s status, but rather first and foremost to define and cement their own. Thus, the ceremonial of the westphalian negotiations blends the statuses of representative and represented. Furthermore, as the meanings of the signs used in the context of the ceremonial were not commonly defined, the various actors are able to interpret the events differently. In the course of the 17th century however, the ceremonial significations become more and more fixed and unified, which in turn leads to a multiplication of conflicts. This process lead to a situation where the function of the ceremonial was no longer to reveal the specific hierarchy among prince, but rather to display their adhesion to a group of Sovereigns.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’analyser Les enfants du capitaine Grant (1868) et Un capitaine de quinze ans (1878) de Jules Verne à l’aide de la théorie de l’initiation littéraire proposée par Simone Vierne, afin de comprendre les rouages du processus initiatique en fonction du lectorat ciblé. Un chapitre théorique, intitulé Théorie de l’initiation littéraire, propose une définition détaillée du concept d’initiation, autant dans son sens anthropologique que littéraire. Ce chapitre offre aussi une réflexion sur les effets de la violence dans la littérature pour la jeunesse – violence que Jules Verne, comme plusieurs autres auteurs et chercheurs – juge salutaire. Les deux chapitres suivants sont consacrés à l’analyse du contenu initiatique des Enfants du capitaine Grant et d’Un capitaine de quinze ans. Ces romans font pour la première fois l’objet d’une étude comparative approfondie qui s’attache à l’initiation sous ses trois principaux aspects : 1) les personnages, 2) les épreuves initiatiques, 3) la violence et la peur. En effet, ces deux romans à portée initiatique présentent plusieurs ressemblances au niveau des personnages, des univers diégétiques et de l’intrigue, mais on remarque néanmoins qu’Un capitaine de quinze ans, qui présente un novice adolescent, comporte des scènes beaucoup plus effrayantes et violentes que Les enfants du capitaine Grant, roman qui met en scène un héros enfant. Par la violence des épreuves et la variation de certaines données initiatiques, les deux romans s’adressent vraisemblablement à deux publics qui se distingueraient nettement dans l’esprit de Jules Verne : les enfants et les adolescents.

La turbulence atmosphérique générée par une différence de température entre le sol et l'atmosphère, provoque des effets sur les ondes optiques et présente un grand intérêt scientifique depuis de nombreuses années. Les distorsions du front d'onde optique induites par le résultat de la turbulence atmosphérique génèrent un étalement du faisceau au-delà de celles dues à la diffraction pure, à des variations aléatoires de la position du centre de gravité du faisceau, et à une répartition aléatoire de l'énergie du faisceau qui conduit à des fluctuations de l’irradiance.Ces effets ont des conséquences sur les communications optiques en espace libre (OFS), la désignation de cible, le LiDAR hyper spectral, et d'autres applications qui nécessitent la transmission d'ondes optiques dans l'atmosphère sur une grande portée.Tout au long de cette thèse, nous introduisons le concept général de la turbulence, en se concentrant sur la turbulence atmosphérique. Diverses expériences ont été réalisées, par exemple, la propagation de deux faisceaux parallèles dans les conditions de l'optique géométrique pour l'étude des paramètres de turbulence optiques. La même configuration optique a été utilisé pour étudier la meilleure fréquence d'échantillonnage pour la turbulence optique. En outre, nous avons indirectement mesuré l'évapotranspiration de couverts végétaux, pour laquelle nous tenons compte des fluctuations de l'indice de réfraction de la turbulence à travers les variations d’intensités du faisceau laser. Enfin, certaines expériences qui considèrent de nouvelles formes spatiale ou spectrale du faisceau ont également été développées, telles que le saut de mode et un super continuum spectral respectivement, montrant une réduction expérimentale des fluctuations de l'irradiance induite par la turbulence. Ces faisceaux ont une meilleure performance comme émetteur d'informations pour la communication optique en espace libre. / Atmospheric turbulence, generated by a differential temperature between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere, causes effects on optical waves that have been of great interest to scientists for many years. Wave front distortions in the optical wave induced by atmospheric turbulence result in a spreading of the beam beyond that due to pure diffraction, random variations of the position of the beam centroid, and a random redistribution of the beam energy within a cross section of the beam leading to irradiance fluctuations. Those effects have far-reaching consequences on astronomical imaging, free space optics (FSO) communications, remote sensing, laser satellite communication, astronomical imaging, adaptive optics, target designation, hyperspectral LiDAR, and other applications that require the transmission of optical waves through the atmosphere. Throughout this thesis, we introduce a globally concept of turbulence, focusing in atmospheric turbulence.Diverse experiments have been carried out, for instance, the propagation of two parallel thin beams under geometrical optics condition for studying the parameters of optical turbulence, and besides, the same optical configuration was used to investigate the best sampling rate for optical turbulence. Furthermore, we have measured evapotranspiration by remote sensing, in which we have heeded the fluctuations of the refractive index through the intensities of the turbulence. Finally, experiments which involve a new beam are also developed, such as phase-flipped Gaussian beam. This beam shows an experimental reduction on its irradiance fluctuations induced by the turbulence, which means that it has a high performance in optical communications. The experimental reduction aforementioned is proved through the comparison with the theory developed.