When we produce meaning within the various contexts in which we found ourselves, we are assessing the world around us, either positively or negatively. However, we do not just evaluate through typical elements such as attributes and adverbial structures. We also evaluate though the engagement we built upon the texts of others. Linguistic resources as the negative marker "no", an indicator of negative polarity (HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004 2014) also constitutes itself an element with highly evaluative potential. From the modality system the negative item no provokes dialogic contraction, whose rhetoric effect is the closing of the dialogic space in relation to the proposition that it accompanies: the speaker uses the negation to devalue, take in as untrue or invalidate propositions produced previously to his/her text. In this study, we aim to locate, analyze and categorize the frequency of usage of the lexicogrammar item "no" in 107 speeches from Brazil‟s the ex-president Lula Inácio Lula da Silva, made in the first semester of his first mandate (2003-2006) and through criteria established, we selected one speech, called Speech of the President of the Republic, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, when visiting Itaici s Retirement House CNBB, delivered on May 1st 2003. Processed by WordSmith Tools 6.0 (SCOTT, 2006), it was found 175 occurrences of the word "no" and it was classified the most used word in the text. From these data and through the studies of the negation phenomenon in Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) Martin and White (2005), Pagano (1994), Tottie (1987), we proposed five types of negation through the functional usage of the negative marker "no": when the locus of negation is upon a projecting clause, Lula chose between direct/propositional negative or transferred/modal negation; when the locus of negation is upon a projected clause, Lula chose amongst direct/propositional negation, transferred/modal negation or gradual negation. Then, we provided hypotheses about the textual persona that Lula created through such speeches with the meaningful usage of negation and identify the political strategies, regarding to his ethos that helped him achieve 87% of popularity and satisfaction amongst the Brazilian population. Our first hypothesis is that the meaningful usage of negation is the invalidation that the new former president does on the acts of previous government. When denying, Lula reinforces the thesis that his government, once affiliated to the Workers‟ Party, is different from others. Such idea feeds the public the hope that under his management, Brazil can become a more democratic nation, in which the errors of the past will not be repeated and that lower classes will be remembered by the Public Power. Textual persona and ethos are also presented as aware of problems and conditions of social and economical areas of society: the constant usage of negation reveals that Lula urges to correct his public in terms of knowledge about Brasil, bringing awareness of issues that were never mentiored or discussed before by politicians. / Ao produzirmos significados, nos vários contextos nos quais nos encontramos, estamos sempre avaliando o mundo ao nosso redor, seja de forma positiva ou negativa. Porém, não avaliamos apenas através de elementos típicos como atributos e advérbios, mas também através do engajamento que construímos com os textos de outros indivíduos. Recursos linguísticos como o marcado negativo "não", indicador de polaridade negativa (HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004, 2014), constitui, para Martin e White (2005), um item léxico-gramatical com potencial semântico altamente avaliativo. Partindo do sistema de modalidade, o "não" provoca contração dialógica, cujo efeito retórico é o fechamento do espaço dialógico em relação à proposição que acompanha: serve para que o locutor desvalorize, tome como não verdade ou invalide proposições produzidas anteriormente ao seu texto. No presente estudo, coletamos 107 discursos que o ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva proferiu no primeiro semestre de seu primeiro mandato e, através de critérios estabelecidos, selecionamos o discurso do então Presidente da República, comumente chamado de Lula, em visita ao Retiro de Itaici CNBB, proferido em 1º de maio de 2003. Processado pela ferramenta computacional WordSmith Tools 6.0, o "não" apresentou a ocorrência de 175 vezes, sendo o elemento léxico-gramatical mais recorrente no texto. A partir desses dados e através dos estudos sobre o fenômeno de negação, em Halliday e Matthiessen (2004, 2014), Martin e White (2005), Tottie (1987) e Pagano (1994), foi possível delinear quatro tipos de negação por meio do uso funcional do marcador negativo "não": quando o locus de negação é a oração projetante, Lula recorre à negação direta/proposicional ou à transferida/modal; quando o locus de negação é a oração projetada, Lula recorre ou à direta/proposicional, transferida/modal ou à gradual. Desta análise, delineamos a persona textual que o presidente constrói, através desses discursos significativamente permeados da negação, e identificamos as estratégias políticas, referentes ao seu ethos, que o ajudaram a atingir um índice de popularidade e satisfação de 87%, ao longo dos seus dois mandatos, segundo dados do CNT/SENSUS. Os resultados indicam que o uso intenso da negação é a tentativa de invalidação que o então novo presidente faz dos atos dos governos anteriores ao seu. Ao negar, Lula reforça a tese de que seu governo, uma vez petista, é diferenciado dos outros, alimentando, no público, a esperança de um país melhor; a partir de sua gestão, o Brasil poderá ser uma nação mais democrática, na qual os erros do passado não serão repetidos, e que as camadas menos favorecidas da sociedade receberão mais atenção do Poder Público. A persona textual e o ethos também são apresentados enquanto conhecedores dos problemas e das condições das áreas sociais e econômicas da sociedade: o constante uso da negação reveleva que Lula almeja corrigir o conhecimento de seu público putativo em relação ao Brasil, trazer à tona problemas que antes não eram discutidos por sujeitos políticos.

Den här studien syftar till att bidra med ökad kunskap om arbetsmotivation kopplat till utvärdering i form av medarbetarsamtal. Branschen som valts är konsultbolag inom IT, och detta för att bidra med kunskap inom ett område som är högaktuellt i dagens samhälle men där det också saknas forskning. Inom tidigare forskning på det bredare området utvärdering- prestation kan urskiljas två läger – vissa forskare hävdar att utvärdering påverkar arbetsmotivationen positivt och andra forskare har hävdat motsatsen. Vi ämnade därmed bidra med mer kunskap till denna diskussion. Studiens huvudfråga, “Vilka faktorer i utvärderingsinstrumentet medarbetarsamtal påverkar enligt medarbetarna arbetsmotivationen”? besvarades genom följande underfrågor “Vilka samtalsämnen och faktorer i medarbetarsamtalet upplever konsulterna höjer motivationen för arbetsprestation?” samt “Vilka samtalsämnen och faktorer i medarbetarsamtalet upplever konsulterna inte är motiverande?” Studien var baserad på en kvalitativ metod. Åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer låg till grund för studiens analys, och materialet analyserades utifrån Herzbergs motivations- och hygienfaktorteori. Resultatet visade att utvärdering i form av medarbetarsamtal är motiverande beroende på vilka samtalsämnen och faktorer som diskuteras, samt att vad som påverkar arbetsmotivationen skiljer sig mellan individer. Det största resultatet av studien visade att personliga och karriärmässiga utvecklingsmöjligheter i stor utsträckning upplevs som en väldigt motiverande aspekt av medarbetarsamtalet. Därför har en teoriutveckling gjorts där författarna benämner utvecklingsmöjligheter som en motivationsfaktor inom ramen för utvärdering. / This study aims to contribute and increase knowledge about performance appraisal and its effect on work motivation. The industry chosen is consultant companies within IT, to contribute with knowledge within a current area of todays’ society, but also to the lack of research. The previous research of evaluation and performance in general is divided into to separate sides. Some researchers claim that evaluation affects work motivation in a positive way, and some researchers claim the opposite. Therefore, we wanted to add a contribution with knowledge to this discussion. The key question of this study, ”What factors in the evaluation instrument performance appraisal effects, according to the employees, their work motivation?” was answered by the following sub questions; ”What conversation subjects and factors in the performance appraisal are experienced as motivating for the consultants work motivation?” and ”What conversation subjects and factors in the performance appraisal are experienced as not motivating for the consultants work motivation?” The study was based on a qualitative research method. Eight semi structured interviews were conducted and used for the analysis of the study, and the material was analyzed in the perspective of Herzbergs motivation and hygiene theory. The result showed that evaluation in the shape of performance appraisal is motivating depending on what conversation subjects and factors discussed, and that what effects the work motivation differs between individuals. The major result of the study indicated that personal and career possibilities were experienced as very motivating parts of the performance appraisal. Therefore, the theory has been developed by the writers of this study, by claiming development possibilities as a motivation factor within the area of evaluation.

Magister Artium - MA / This research is interested in the linguistic choices people use to express and negotiate subjective, inter-subjective and ideological positions through the graffiti within the confines of selected men's and women's toilets on the UWC main campus. The focus is on attitudes, one aspect of appraisal theory. The aim of investigating the attitudes inherent in the toilet graffiti is to obtain an insight into the evaluative discourse of men and women with regard to their emotional, judgmental and evaluative stance in their writings. This form of analysis is on the level of meaning. Differences with regard to the attitudinal content in terms of occurrence (quantitative) and content (qualitative) are investigated. The data shows that 'male' (gender) are implicit when expressing emotions, whereas female is explicit in its expression of emotions. In addition, in terms of the evaluation of emotions, the data indicates that 'females' are insecure in terms of their emotional disposition, whereas males mostly express emotions of unhappiness in the toilet graffiti analysed. Both males and females have a tendency to judge each other with regard to their capacities. In terms of judgement of behaviours and things, males can be said to have interesting and even creative ways of evaluation, which include punctuation, taboo varieties and pictures. / South Africa

Magister Artium - MA / This research is a discourse analysis of a christian “coloured” youth group, from the area of Mitchell‘s Plain, Cape Town. The aim of the analysis is to explore the ways in which the interlocutors construct their identities and gender positions and how they are able to affirm, challenge and perpetuate dominant discourses. The role of this context, namely the social and religious context is pivotal to shaping this interaction. The analysis of the data uses the appraisal framework particularly the attitudinal and engagement systems to analyse how the interlocutors strategically communicate their attitudes, evaluations, feelings and judgements. Ultimately, this research shows how the males and females use language to negotiate identities and socially position themselves. In addition, the research indicates that the male interlocutors in most instances exert a strong influence on the discussions, which result in females showing tendencies to allow for the male ideologies to dictate, thus perpetuating the dominant ideologies about male and female behaviour

For the evaluation of mineral development projects, it is imperative to consider the risks involved in mineral exploration and development and to bear in mind that an adjustment for these risks is a common practice which implies raising the minimum discount rate. A company may for instance use different discount rates depending on the different risks involved so as to compensate for the variability of success. In determining a discount rate, an organization should follow this rule “The greater the risk, the higher the discount rate should be. The discount rate will have a great influence on the economic evaluation of mineral projects. All other factors used for calculating the NPV (Net Present Value) being equal, the project at hand may be accepted or rejected depending upon the discount rate, and the fluctuation of the NPV from positive to negative. It must be pointed out that the determination of the discount rate is the most difficult and vital aspect of “cash-flow analysis.” In practice however the discount rate is usually fixed by top management and then delegated to the respective departments responsible for actual economic evaluation of the investment alternatives. A major problem in determining the appropriate discount rate is that it effectively depends more on subjective perception of the degree of risk or other past experience factors than on a systematic approach. By using a risk-free rate of return, plus a subjectively determined risk premium, a discount rate may be developed, which is expected to compensate the investor for the extra risk involved. In practice the selection of risk-free rate of return is relatively simple. In most cases, the yield on government bonds, under non-inflationary conditions, is adopted as the risk-free rate of return. The real problem lies in the choice of the risk premium which must be adequately adapted to compensate for the additional risks associated with the investment under consideration. Consideration of proper conditions in respect of a specific project under economic evaluation should help to determine the risk premium. The risk premium should be entirely dependent on the risks influencing the mineral development project. All possible risks affecting a mineral development project under consideration should be taken into account, when determining an appropriate risk premium. This is a stupendous task and will imply a large number of risks, which will no doubt make the determination very difficult to tackle and use. Furthermore, there are naturally numerous difficulties in structuring an analysis with many factors, because it is complex and multi-faceted. In order to facilitate the implementation of the determination, there are usually a definite number of key risks to be observed. Risks, crucial for success of the mineral development project, are classified as follows: -- Technical risk - reserve, completion, production -- Economical risk – price, demand, foreign exchange -- Political risk – currency conversion, environment, tax, nationalization From the review of factors influencing the determination of discount rate carried out (Section 4), it is concluded that the quantitative methodology for discount rate should be a process of identifying potential factors (risks), analyzing factors to determine those that have the greatest impact on mineral development, and determining discount rate. It is therefore imperative to find a method whereby all mining risks, together with their probability and impact, and an understanding of the combined effect of all risks attached to the cash flow and the rate of return. Thus then a way of a procedure calculating risk scores is required. Existing knowledge should therefore be used optimally to determine discount rate. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Mining Engineering / unrestricted

The current study aimed to evaluation of a Rural Development project in this case the (Kabelo Trust), by evaluating the factors that contributes to its sustainability even though 70% of the members did not undergo high school education. Qualitative research methods was employed in gathering accurate information from the project members about the strategies that they are employing in sustaining the project while many government funded project does not last for even a year. The involvement of the stakeholders like Setsoto Local Municipality, the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, the role they played in the project was also explored. It was therefore suggested by the researcher that the main stakeholder which is the Department of Agriculture should assist the project in establishing market for products in other countries.

The South African Revenue Service has since 2009 introduced “reference pricing” as a tool to detect undervaluation of customs values of imported clothing and textiles. The term “reference pricing” is not defined in the Customs and Excise Act No.91 of 1964 which is the legislation that governs the importation of goods into the Republic of South Africa. The mandate of the South African Revenue Service, amongst others, is to facilitate legitimate trade. By applying the reference pricing guidelines the South African Revenue Service will target all importers who declare customs values which are less than the reference price for a targeted tariff heading associated with an item of clothing or textile. The Customs and Excise Act No.91 of 1964 is clear in that the transaction value which is the price paid or payable for the imported goods shall be the value used for customs duty purposes. The Customs and Excise Act No.91 of 1964 also requires that the interpretation of the sections 65, 66 and 67 of the said Act shall be subject to the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (Valuation Agreement). Part I of the Valuation Agreement deals with the rules for customs valuation. Article 17 of part 1 allows for customs administrations to satisfy themselves as to the truth or accuracy of any statement, document or declaration presented for customs valuation purposes. The Technical Committee on Customs Valuation of the World Trade Organisation decided the following in so far as Article 17 of the aforesaid agreement is concerned: “1. When a declaration has been presented and where the customs administration has reason to doubt the truth or accuracy of the particulars or of documents produced in support of this declaration, the customs administration may ask the importer to provide further explanation, including documents or other evidence, that the declared value represents the total amount actually paid or payable for the imported goods, ....” It would appear that the South African Revenue Service is using reference prices as a tool to support its reason for doubting the truth or accuracy of the declared customs values. The indiscriminate use of reference pricing, it is submitted, affects legitimate trade adversely. This treatise provides an understanding of how the customs value should be determined in terms of the Customs and Excise Act No.91 of 1964 and the Valuation Agreement. It then provides a background to reference pricing and how reference pricing will be used to detect undervalued imports of clothing and textiles, the advantages and disadvantages of using reference pricing and a comparative analysis of the approach adopted by the Mexican Tax Administration Service in so far as the use of reference pricing is concerned. It was established that the reference price cannot replace the customs value of an imported clothing item as the customs value is based on the price actually paid or payable for it and not on some arbitrary or fictitious value. The reference price can only be used as a tool to identify importers that are possibly undervaluing the customs values. The disadvantages far outweigh the advantages of using reference pricing. The treatise further provides a background to the use of a valuation database as a risk assessment tool and compares this to the use of reference pricing. The use of reference pricing and its impact on trade facilitation is then discussed as well as whether the use of reference pricing is consistent with the risk management principles as discussed in the World Customs Organisation Risk Management Guide. It was established that the South African Revenue Service has not disclosed the basis of arriving at the reference price per tariff heading that it targets and the use of reference pricing is not sanctioned by any international guideline or agreement. It was also established that the use of reference pricing targets compliant importers unnecessarily and this practice goes against the principles of trade facilitation. The use of reference pricing can be used as a tool to detect undervalued imports of clothing but should not be used as a basis to stop every consignment of clothing simply because the customs value declared is less than the reference price. It should not be used as a stand-alone tool but rather enhanced further with the recommendations provided. In the final analysis, recommendations are provided which seek to enhance the reference pricing mechanism and to further identify and exclude compliant importers and limit the use of reference pricing to target non-compliant importers who undervalue the customs value of imported clothing and textile items.

project. It did this by reviewing relevant literature in development communication. The review done showed that literature is replete with arguments critical of the dominant paradigm due to its top-down nature of communication. Scholars critical of dominant paradigm argue that participatory communication should be given a prominent role to ensure that stakeholders work in concert to realise the stated objectives of their development project. The study highlighted many contentious issues surrounding the nature and practices of participatory communication. It pointed out that the issues have played themselves out in literature in the form of different typologies of participatory practices, which were dealt with extensively in this study. The discussion of participatory communication in literature is also mindful of different models of communication and the space they occupy in participatory communication practices. In this study, there was a discussion of transactional communication models as depicted by Nair and White (1993:52) and Steinberg (1997:19). Both scholars emphasise that participatory communication will not achieve its stated purpose without mutual agreement of the parties in communication. They equally stress the recognition of the possible effects of some contextual factors which may have bearing on the prevailing nature of communication. A review of different communication tools used by participatory development communicator was given in the study. These different communication tools were discussed in view of how these tools can be used to advance participatory practice in a development project, especially with reference to the project examined in this study. Using qualitative research method, different and appropriate interview methods such as semi-structured, focus group and post-survey interviews were used to collect data from the respondents in this study. The analysis and discussion of the data revealed that different challenges on the ground could affect participatory communication practices in a development project. With regard to the project examined in this study, the analysis showed that there is a weak stakeholder relationship, especially stakeholders identified in this study as field officers. The study highlighted that stakeholders such as the agricultural extension officers and animal health technicians are not very active in the implementation process of the project. Some of the reasons pointed out is the fact that the secondary stakeholder such as the Provincial Department of Agricultural (PDoA) to which these field officers belong is not playing active role in ensuring that they complement the efforts of other field officers such as the IDC representatives. The second reason is the fact that the participatory focus of the project was not properly communicated to the beneficiaries. This also transpired in their inability to reflect participatory practice in their relationship with the beneficiaries and other stakeholders of the project. Other challenges, among others, as pointed out in the analysis showed that participatory communication practice requires expert personnel to be successful. In the case of the project examined, apart from the fact that there is shortage of manpower to handle the challenges mentioned in the study, there is no communication expert among the few active personnel in the field. The findings of this study showed that there was no clear role and identification of responsibilities let alone coordination of all actors involved in the project. Through the selected case study, this study has not only provided avenue to explore both theoretically and practically participatory communication, but has added to participatory communication discourse that there is no easy answer to challenges field officers encounter in practice. This is the reason the different participatory practices characterising nature of the project this study has investigated was given.

This graduation theses is focused on education of the employees and measuring effectiveness of education in company XY. I made literary research in theoretical part, which is connected with this theme. I have shortly describe company and its education structure. Last part is focused on education of technicians. I described there analysis of education needs, aims of education, course form and adopted method for measuring effectiveness. Part of this theses is questionare investigation, which should clear up, if employees use learned knowledge in practice. Last chapter include evaluation process proposal, which include recommendations.

Employee Appraisal System design.