Η παρούσα εργασία χωρίζεται σε δέκα κεφάλαια. Αρχικά, αναλύονται οι χωρικές και αναπτυξιακές επιπτώσεις του προγράμματος ‘Ελλάδα 2004’. Έπειτα, αναφέρονται οι επιπτώσεις των έργων του Γ’ ΚΠΣ στη διοργάνωση των αγώνων και περιγράφεται περιληπτικά ο ελληνικός τουρισμός στην αρχή του νέου αιώνα. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 γίνεται πλήρης αναφορά στον τουρισμό πριν- κατά τη διάρκεια κ μετά τη λήξη των ΟΑ 2004. Στο κεφάλαιο 5 περιγράφεται η οικονομία, ομοίως. Στη συνέχεια, αναφέρονται αναλυτικά τα οφέλη από τη διεξαγωγή των ΟΑ Αθήνα 2004, όπως επίσης και κάποιες εκτιμήσεις –θετικές κ αρνητικές-. Το κεφάλαιο 8 αναφέρεται συγκεκριμένα στις επιπτώσεις των αγώνων στην Αθήνα. Έπειτα, γίνονται κάποια σχόλια και παρατηρήσεις όσον αφορά την περίοδο μετά το πέρας των ΟΑ και στο δέκατο κεφάλαιο, αναφέρονται μερικές στρατηγικές για την ίδια περίοδο. Τέλος, παρατίθεται ένα παράρτημα αναφορικά με τον τουρισμό και την περιφερειακή ανάπτυξη από το Σύνδεσμο Ελλήνων Περιφερειολόγων. / This subject refers to the Olympic Games Athens 2004 and it is divided in ten units. There is a description of the Greek tourism at the beginning of the new century. Furthermore, at unit four there is an analysis about tourism at the period of the games 2004. Also, at the next unit is analyzed the economy of the same period and all the effects. Moreover, all the benefits for our country of the Olympic Games Athens 2004 are described next. Also, at unit 8 all the benefits, for the city of Athens, are described. At last, some comments and strategies are referred.

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Στην παρούσα εργασία γίνεται μια ανασκόπηση της μεθόδου μέτρησης κινδύνου Value at Risk (VaR). Παρουσιάζουμε μερικούς βασικούς τρόπους μέτρησης του Value at Risk και εφαρμόζουμε σε δεδομένα ενός χαρτοφυλακίου συναλλαγματικών ισοτιμιών και στον γενικό δείκτη του χρηματιστηρίου Αθηνών διαφορετικά μοντέλα GARCH (IGARCH, TGARCH, EGARCH, GARCH) για την εκτίμηση του VaR με ορίζοντα μιας ημέρας (1- day ahead). Εφαρμόζουμε διαφορετικές υποθέσεις για την κατανομή των αποδόσεων (normal, student's-t, ged), χρησιμοποιούμε διαφορετικά μεγέθη δείγματος (250, 500, 750, 1000) και επίπεδα εμπιστοσύνης για το VaR (95% και 99%). Στην συνέχεια τα αποτελέσματα τού κάθε μοντέλου ελέγχονται με βάση τον έλεγχο του Kupiec για την καταλληλότητα τους. / In the present diplomatic essay we present a review of the method for risk measurement Value at Risk (VaR). We present a few basic ways of measuring Value at Risk and apply to data of an exchange rates portfolio and Athens stock exchange index different GARCH (IGARCH, TGARCH, EGARCH, GARCH) models for the estimation of the 1-day ahead VaR. We use various assumptions for the distribution of the returns (normal, student's-t, ged), various sample sizes (250, 500, 750, 1000) and VaR confidence levels (95% and 99%). Then the results of each model are tested using Kupiec test for their performance.

Η ανάπτυξη των μεγαλουπόλεων συνεπάγεται τεράστιες εκπομπές αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων και άλλων ρυπαντών ουσιών στην ατμόσφαιρα, το οποίο οδηγεί σε πολύ μεγάλη υποβάθμιση της ποιότητας του ατμοσφαιρικού τους αέρα. Η καταγραφή και μελέτη όλων αυτών των αέριων ρυπαντών βελτιώνει σημαντικά τη γνώση μας, προκειμένου να καταλάβουμε αλλά και να διαχειριστούμε σωστά τέτοιου είδους σοβαρά περιβαλλοντικά προβλήματα. Στην παρούσα εργασία επεξεργαζόμαστε στατιστικά τα δεδομένα από 16 σταθμούς καταγραφής ατμοσφαιρικών ρύπων στην περιοχή της Αθήνας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα διαθέτουμε τις συγκεντρώσεις των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων PM10 , του μονοξειδίου και διοξειδίου του αζώτου , του όζοντος , του μονοξειδίου του άνθρακα και του διοξειδίου του θείου για το έτος 2006, αλλά και τα μετεωρολογικά δεδομένα για το συγκεκριμένο έτος. Αναπαριστούμε γραφικά τις μέσες ημερήσιες αλλά και μηνιαίες τιμές για καθένα από τους παραπάνω ρύπους, για όλους τους σταθμούς στους οποίους μετρώνται οι συγκεντρώσεις τους και εξάγουμε συμπεράσματα για τις ώρες της ημέρας, αλλά και για το ποιούς μήνες, έχω τις μέγιστες τιμές για τον κάθε ρύπο. Ακόμα εξάγουμε συμπεράσματα σχετικά με τη συχνότητα εμφάνισης υπερβάσεων των θεσμοθετημένων ορίων , καθενός εκ των πιο πάνω ρυπαντών. Εφαρμόζουμε την μέθοδο της ανάλυσης γραμμικής παλινδρόμησης, με την οποία διαπιστώνουμε με ποιούς από τους υπόλοιπους ατμοσφαιρικούς ρύπους και με ποιες μετεωρολογικές παραμέτρους συσχετίζονται γραμμικά τα αιωρούμενα σωματίδια ενώ παρατηρούμε κάποια ετερογένεια ανάμεσα στους σταθμούς μέτρησής τους. Τέλος μέσω της διαδικασίας της ετεροσυσχέτισης των χρονοσειρών των ατμοσφαιρικών ρύπων των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων, του μονοξειδίου του άνθρακα και του διοξειδίου του αζώτου μεταξύ των σταθμών καταγραφής τους, εξάγουμε συμπεράσματα σχετικά με τη συμπεριφορά των αντίστοιχων χρονοσειρών, δηλαδή το μέγεθος της σχέσης ανάμεσα στις δύο σειρές και τη χρονική απόσταση ανάμεσα στη θέση της μέγιστης ισοδυναμίας τους. / The development of big cities resulted in large emissions of suspended particulate matter (PM) and other pollutants in the atmosphere, which link to air quality deterioration. Monitoring and studying air pollutants improves our knowledge in order to understand and manage such significant environmental problems. In the present work, we perform statistics in the data of the 16 monitoring stations in Athens area. More specifically our data consists of the concentrations of PM10, NO, NO2, O3, SO2 and CO, as well as the meteorological data of the year 2006. We graphically represent mean daily and monthly values of each air pollutant and make appropriate conclusions. Moreover we deal with the exceedances of these air pollutants concentrations. We perform linear regression analysis in order to find out, which of the rest pollutants and meteorological data, PM10 have the best linear line fit with. We find enough differences between the monitoring stations. Finally through the cross correlation procedures of the time series of PM10, CO and NO2 between the monitoring stations, we make conclusions regarding the behavior of the time series as concerning the type of the relationship between them and the time distance between their maximum equivalence.

This thesis offers an interpretation of the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur that accounts for its popularity in fifth century Athens. The myth of the Minotaur had particular political resonance in Classical Athens because of the Minotaur’s hybrid character and eastern connotations. In the wake of the Persian wars, Theseus came to embody Athenian democratic and anti-Barbarian ideals. His canonical opponent, the Minotaur, represented the enemy of the Athenian citizen: an eastern hybrid such as the Persian/Carian/Lycian groups of Anatolia and the east. By aligning the Minotaur with his Near Eastern origins, the story of Theseus sailing to confront the Minotaur can be viewed as the story of Greeks, specifically Athenians, facing what was for them, very real threats from the east. By integrating iconographical and mythological evidence for the myths of Theseus and placing the Minotaur myth within the wider historical and political context of fifth century Athens, this thesis shows that the hybrid Minotaur was a stand in for the Persians. / Graduate

Este trabalho tem por objetivo a análise do processo histórico que leva ao desenvolvimento de uma consciência democrática em Atenas no final do século V a.C. Para isto observa alguns processos concomitantes que confluem no despontar desta consciência democrática. Quais sejam: 1 - O desenvolvimento dos hábitos epigráficos em Atenas, em especial acerca da produção epigráfica e da organização destas inscrições enquanto hábitos arquivísticos. A relação da escrita com a organização da polis também faz parte deste processo. 2 - O desenvolvimento do conceito de democracia e sua relação com o termo demokratia. Esta investigação é feita através da análise tanto da literatura quanto da epigrafia. 3 – O desenrolar de uma disputa política entre oligarcas e seus opositores, associado ao desejo do fim da guerra do Peloponeso que era almejado pela maioria dos atenienses, mas por motivos diversos. Durante este processo há uma disputa pela autoridade das propostas dos grupos concorrentes. Esse critério gira em torno da ancestralidade da constituição ateniense indicada por cada grupo. As argumentações que procuram justificar a ancestralidade de suas propostas levam a um entrelaçamento com os processos acima mencionados. Desta confluência surge o desenvolvimento de uma consciência democrática entre os opositores dos oligarcas extremistas, os demotikoi. / This work aims to analyze the historical process that leads to the development of a democratic awareness in Athens at the end of the Fifth century b.C. In order to do that it observes synchronous processes that converge in the rise of such democratic awareness. Those processes being: 1 – The development of the epigraphical habits in Athens, specialy concerning the epigraphical production and its organization, developing in archival practices. The association between writing and the administration of the polis is also a part of this process. 2 – The development of the concept of democracy and its connection with the term demokratia. This investigation is done through the analysis of literature as well as epigraphy. 3 – The meanders of a political dispute between oligarchs and their opposition. This dispute is connected with a general desire to end the Peloponesian War, although each group for its own reasons. During this process there is a challenge of ancestry of the proposed, and purported, ancestral constitution of each group. The debate for the right to call their propositions as “the” ancestral constitution ends up entwining with the processes described above. From this convergence arose the development of a democratic awareness among the opposition of the oligarchs, the demotikoi.

This thesis proposes a critical exchange between architecture and graffiti. Graffiti in Athens plays a key role in the expression of Greek tensions making this city an ideal place for developing such an exchange. The author acts in a three-fold manner in this research: as architectural designer, one with an impulse to survey by drawing and capable of grasping the matrix of the surfaces upon which graffiti finds an expression; as graffiti writer, somebody with some practical experience as graffitist hence partially equipped to decode the graffiti matrix placed on any given architectural matrix; and as writer on graffiti, who is interested in bringing together and working between the architectural and graffiti matrices to reveal their convergences, deviations and interdependences, and, in so doing, expose the hidden spatiality of graffiti writing. Stemming from this peculiar triple positioning, this book promotes a new situating of Athenian inscriptions. The thesis is presented as an Atlas of Athenian Inscriptions, a book of drawings of writings and writings on drawings. The Atlas offers, in both drawn and written form, a close study of four situations in which graffiti has been recorded. The thesis regards a recent significant graffiti Exhibition – in which the author is actively implicated by being invited into it as a graffiti writer and writer on graffiti – as a starting point, as its situation zero. By de-situating graffiti from its original urban and political context whilst placing it onto the gallery surfaces, this thesis argues that the Exhibition undermines graffiti’s critical potency and has transformed graffiti into an aesthetic object. However, perhaps paradoxically, presenting graffiti as an empty gesture, the Exhibition nonetheless raises questions concerning the situating role of graffiti. By including it in the Atlas together with the following more overt surface ruptures in political edifices, the Exhibition is framed as an equally political situation. The other three situations, all in Athens’ city centre, reflect three important periods in local political history and are emblematic in that they are the epicentres of historical ruptures during which they are extensively graffitied: the former Nazi Detention Centre which operates during the Axis occupation (1941-1944); the Athens Polytechnic that plays a pivotal role in the student uprising against the Greek Military Junta (1967-1974); and the Bank of Greece HQ building which is a site of recurring political expression in contemporary crisis (2010-2015). The Atlas indexes graffiti and related information from the city of Athens, the systematic organisation of which creates different graffiti-related matrices allowing us to make sense of, navigate in and reconstruct the Athenian graffiti landscape through characteristic surface environments. By placing different political situations in the same set with the Exhibition, the thesis aims to give critical voice to how graffiti is perceived. By resituating (graffiti) images, the Atlas restores broken and creates new links between them and their surfaces whilst revealing not only the spatiality of graffiti in Athens but also the spatiality of architecture of Athens as a recurring tension between the matrices of dissensus and consensus. The thesis deconstructs the mythology that architecture represents consensus and graffiti dissensus, since each is embedded in the other. Ultimately, by carefully considering graffiti’s situating character and graphic articulation, this research promotes rupture to the smoothing of its political asperity attempted by architecture, institutions and those writing on graffiti that seek to restrain it.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo a análise do processo histórico que leva ao desenvolvimento de uma consciência democrática em Atenas no final do século V a.C. Para isto observa alguns processos concomitantes que confluem no despontar desta consciência democrática. Quais sejam: 1 - O desenvolvimento dos hábitos epigráficos em Atenas, em especial acerca da produção epigráfica e da organização destas inscrições enquanto hábitos arquivísticos. A relação da escrita com a organização da polis também faz parte deste processo. 2 - O desenvolvimento do conceito de democracia e sua relação com o termo demokratia. Esta investigação é feita através da análise tanto da literatura quanto da epigrafia. 3 – O desenrolar de uma disputa política entre oligarcas e seus opositores, associado ao desejo do fim da guerra do Peloponeso que era almejado pela maioria dos atenienses, mas por motivos diversos. Durante este processo há uma disputa pela autoridade das propostas dos grupos concorrentes. Esse critério gira em torno da ancestralidade da constituição ateniense indicada por cada grupo. As argumentações que procuram justificar a ancestralidade de suas propostas levam a um entrelaçamento com os processos acima mencionados. Desta confluência surge o desenvolvimento de uma consciência democrática entre os opositores dos oligarcas extremistas, os demotikoi. / This work aims to analyze the historical process that leads to the development of a democratic awareness in Athens at the end of the Fifth century b.C. In order to do that it observes synchronous processes that converge in the rise of such democratic awareness. Those processes being: 1 – The development of the epigraphical habits in Athens, specialy concerning the epigraphical production and its organization, developing in archival practices. The association between writing and the administration of the polis is also a part of this process. 2 – The development of the concept of democracy and its connection with the term demokratia. This investigation is done through the analysis of literature as well as epigraphy. 3 – The meanders of a political dispute between oligarchs and their opposition. This dispute is connected with a general desire to end the Peloponesian War, although each group for its own reasons. During this process there is a challenge of ancestry of the proposed, and purported, ancestral constitution of each group. The debate for the right to call their propositions as “the” ancestral constitution ends up entwining with the processes described above. From this convergence arose the development of a democratic awareness among the opposition of the oligarchs, the demotikoi.

Essa dissertação de Mestrado trata das relações entre as transformações nas representações dos vasos áticos de figuras vermelhas do IV século a. C. sobre os Mistérios de Elêusis, e as transformações sociais ocasionadas pelo conflito bélico do Peloponeso do V século a.C. Partindo dessa relação, e seguindo a proposta de Henri Metzger, as mudanças identificadas nas representações vasculares do ciclo eleusino estão intrinsecamente ligadas às transformações sociais, religiosas, políticas e econômicas do IV século em Atenas. Essa dissertação se divide em questões teórico-metodológicas relativas à analise e interpretação das imagens nos vasos; a compreensão dos Mistérios; a contextualização social, econômica, política e religiosa de Atenas no IV século e por fim a analise das imagens do ciclo eleusino. / This work deals with the relations between the changes in the Eleusinian figuration of the Athenian red-figure vases in the fourth-century B.C. and the social changes related to the fifth-century Peloponnesian War. Our departure point lay in the proposition made by Henri Metzger that the changes identified in the images of the Eleusinian Mysteries are strictly connected with the social, religious, political e economic changes of the fourth-century Athens. This text is divided into theoretical-methodological questions about the analysis and interpretation of the images on vases; the comprehension of the Mysteries itself; the social, economical, political and religious contextualization of fourth-century Athens and finally the interpretation and analysis of the Eleusinian images.