The language used in Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (or MMORPGs) is a form of computer-mediate communication. It consists of elements from both written and spoken language, but it is a highly abbreviated and innovative form of written language. This study focuses on the English language used in a MMORPG called Warhammer Online. The aim of this study is to identify abbreviations, interpret their meanings and to analyze the word formation processes and semantic changes that are involved in new words. The method used in this study is a qualitative case study of the English language in a MMORPG from a synchronic point of view. The secondary sources used in this study include previous works on morphology and semantics. The material used is based on logs acquired from the game Warhammer Online as a subscribed player. The results presented in this study show new and unique words created by players in Warhammer Online, along with other semantic changes that have taken place. It is concluded that the English written language has not seen such a major change in its entirety before, within one community.

The thesis talks about psychological aspects of English phrases acronym usage among adolescent students of primary and secondary schools. It looks at which acronyms adolescents use, how they understand, use and perceive them and finally what are the specifics of vulgar acronym use. The theoretical part introduces the term acronym and sets it into a broader context of language and specifically e-language. It further talks about adolescence and specifics of adolescent communication. As acronyms that adolescents use the most come from electronic communication, it is also given a fair amount of attention. The empiric part offers research results of a survey consisting of two questionnaires. The results show that due to electronic communication adolescents abbreviate language intensively. The most popular way of abbreviating are acronyms. They use only limited number of selected acronyms though. Adolescents use acronyms exclusively among themselves. They expect rejection from adults. Even though almost all of them use acronyms, not all perceive them positively. Vulgar acronyms are used often and are not perceived as as strong as their unabbreviated versions. Keywords: acronym, abbreviation, English phrases, e-language, electronic communication, adolescents

Les entreprises, les administrations, et parfois les particuliers, doivent faire face à de nombreuses fraudes sur les documents qu’ils reçoivent de l’extérieur ou qu’ils traitent en interne. Les factures, les notes de frais, les justificatifs... tout document servant de preuve peut être falsifié dans le but de gagner plus d’argent ou de ne pas en perdre. En France, on estime les pertes dues aux fraudes à plusieurs milliards d’euros par an. Étant donné que le flux de documents échangés, numériques ou papiers, est très important, il serait extrêmement coûteux en temps et en argent de les faire tous vérifier par des experts de la détection des fraudes. C’est pourquoi nous proposons dans notre thèse un système de détection automatique des faux documents. Si la plupart des travaux en détection automatique des faux documents se concentrent sur des indices graphiques, nous cherchons quant à nous à vérifier les informations textuelles du document afin de détecter des incohérences ou des invraisemblances. Pour cela, nous avons tout d’abord constitué un corpus de tickets de caisse que nous avons numérisés et dont nous avons extrait le texte. Après avoir corrigé les sorties de l’OCR et fait falsifier une partie des documents, nous en avons extrait les informations et nous les avons modélisées dans une ontologie, afin de garder les liens sémantiques entre elles. Les informations ainsi extraites, et augmentées de leurs possibles désambiguïsations, peuvent être vérifiées les unes par rapport aux autres au sein du document et à travers la base de connaissances constituée. Les liens sémantiques de l’ontologie permettent également de chercher l’information dans d’autres sources de connaissances, et notamment sur Internet. / Companies, administrations, and sometimes individuals, have to face many frauds on documents they receive from outside or process internally. Invoices, expense reports, receipts...any document used as proof can be falsified in order to earn more money or not to lose it. In France, losses due to fraud are estimated at several billion euros per year. Since the flow of documents exchanged, whether digital or paper, is very important, it would be extremely costly and time-consuming to have them all checked by fraud detection experts. That’s why we propose in our thesis a system for automatic detection of false documents. While most of the work in automatic document detection focuses on graphic clues, we seek to verify the textual information in the document in order to detect inconsistencies or implausibilities.To do this, we first compiled a corpus of documents that we digitized. After correcting the characters recognition outputs and falsifying part of the documents, we extracted the information and modelled them in an ontology, in order to keep the semantic links between them. The information thus extracted, and increased by its possible disambiguation, can be verified against each other within the document and through the knowledge base established. The semantic links of ontology also make it possible to search for information in other sources of knowledge, particularly on the Internet.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The urban growth and the disordered occupation of cities have increased the frequency and severity of flooding in urban areas, which occur mainly due to the modification on rainwater natural infiltration, as a result of soil imperviousness increase. The use of compensatory techniques (CT) for stormwater control has been encouraged through public polices, attempting to apply for sustainable solutions to mitigate the urbanization´s impact. An alternative already widespread in some Brazilian cities is the use of micro reservoirs (MR), which temporarily store volumes from impervious areas, and gradually emptying the water stored. Along this requirement, implementation of Rainwater Harvesting Reservoirs (RHR) to non-potable purposes is often encouraged in order to reduce the consumption of drinking water for less noble purposes, and to preserve the fountainheads. Some bibliographies suggest that in addition to these benefits, the RHR can be considered a CT also, once it stores the stormwater runoff, and therefore, in some cities where the MR is required, many buildings are already using the RHR to replace it. However, there are not many conclusive studies related to the real benefits and impacts that capturing rainwater and its use have on micro drainage networks, and specifically if such technique can be considered as a compensatory one. Thus, the main objective of this research was to evaluate whether RHR can be considered as an alternative to promote the quantitative stormwater control. For that, a comparative analysis was made between the impact that RHR use generates on micro drainage flows and networks, and the impact generated on a MR containing system. Such analysis was performed through a modeling of a urban watershed from Porto Alegre / RS, with 977 ha, 30.720 standard lots and around 70 km of micro drainage networks. The simulated MRs were designed according to the Decree No. 15.371/06 of the city of Porto Alegre, which aim to control the runoff at the source and it resulted in volumes of 3.13 m³ and 3.75 m³ for rainfall project with return period of 5 and 10 years (CP-CP-TR5 and TR10), respectively, answering to the allowable flow restriction at the lot outlet (VR = 0.624 L / s). The micro drainage networks were designed for both situations, with and without MRs, for CP-TR5 and CP-TR10. For sizing of the RHRs a continuous simulation of 12 years of precipitation data and demands series for non-potable uses data was performed, both with time step equal 5 minutes, resulting in volumes of 5.000, 10.000 and 15.000 liters due to the achieved service guarantee. These volumes of RHRs replaced the MRs and new modeling were performed considering observed rainfall data real from the continuum time series. It was found that the RHRs were not effective to maintain the VR at lots outlet, and the restriction value was exceeded for several times. For the simulated time seriess only the volume of 750 m³ would be appropriate to ensure only one offense within 10 years of simulation. That occurs because must have sufficient volume to store the expected drained volume, without spillage, regardless of the reservoir storage condition. However, if there is a very large storage capacity and demands are comparatively small, the reservoir does not empty. It was found, therefore, that exists an antagonism when trying to use the RHR for two functions: runoff control and water supply for non-potable purposes demand, since the attempt to ensure the fulfillment to the first function prevents the deployment of such large volumes. Overtopping of RHRs to 12 critical simulated events committed the microdrainage networks capacity, generating flooding in the streets along several drainage network ranges. Considering the same 12 critical events and MRs in lots were identified only four overflowing and lower overflows, which ended up committing a lower extent of drainage networks. Therefore, based on analysis of the continuous simulation with RHRs, it was found that it is not possible to consider it an equivalent technique to the MRs for storm water runoff control, unless the reservation volumes are extremely high, which would make its implementation on a few square meters lot impossible. / O crescimento urbano e a ocupação desordenada das cidades têm aumentado a frequência e a severidade das enchentes em áreas urbanas, que ocorrem, principalmente, devido à modificação nas condições naturais de infiltração das águas pluviais, decorrentes do aumento da impermeabilização do solo. Em busca de soluções sustentáveis para mitigar os impactos da urbanização, as políticas públicas vêm incentivando o uso de técnicas compensatórias (TC) para o controle do escoamento superficial. Uma alternativa já difundida em algumas cidades brasileiras é o uso de microrreservatório (MR), que armazena temporariamente os volumes oriundos do escoamento das áreas impermeáveis, esvaziando gradativamente a água armazenada. Paralelamente a essa exigência, a implementação de reservatórios para o aproveitamento da água da chuva (RAAC) com fins não potáveis vem sendo incentivada, com o intuito de reduzir o consumo de água tratada para fins menos nobres e preservar os mananciais. Algumas bibliografias sugerem que além desses benefícios, o RAAC pode ser considerado igualmente uma TC, já que armazenaria o escoamento pluvial, e por essa razão, em algumas cidades onde o MR é exigido, muitas edificações já estão utilizando o RAAC em substituição a este. No entanto, verifica-se uma falta de estudos conclusivos a respeito dos reais benefícios e impactos que a captação da água da chuva e seu aproveitamento têm sobre as redes de microdrenagem pluvial e, especificamente, se esta técnica pode ser considerada como compensatória. Assim, o principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar se os RAACs podem ser considerados como medidas para o controle quantitativo do escoamento pluvial. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise comparativa do impacto que a sua utilização gera sobre as vazões e redes de microdrenagem, com o impacto gerado em um sistema com MR. A análise foi realizada mediante modelagem matemática de uma bacia hidrográfica urbana da cidade de Porto Alegre/RS, com 977 ha, 30.720 lotes padrão e cerca de 70 km de redes de microdrenagem. Os MRs simulados foram dimensionados de acordo com o Decreto n° 15.371/06 da cidade de Porto Alegre para o controle do escoamento na fonte, resultando em volumes de 3,13 m³ e 3,75 m³, para chuvas de projeto com 5 e 10 anos de período de recorrência (CP-TR5 e CP-TR10), respectivamente, atendendo à vazão de restrição permissível na saída do lote (VR = 0,624 L/s). As redes de microdrenagem foram dimensionadas para as situações que contemplaram os MRs e para a situação sem os MRs, para CP-TR5 e CP-TR10. Para o dimensionamento dos RAACs foi realizada uma simulação contínua de 12 anos de dados de chuvas e série de demandas para fins não potáveis, ambas com intervalo de tempo de 5 minutos, tendo sido determinados os volumes de 5.000, 10.000 e 15.000 litros como os mais adequados para a edificação, em razão da garantia de atendimento atingida. Esses volumes de RAACs substituíram os MRs e novas modelagens foram realizadas considerando tanto eventos de projeto, como as chuvas reais da série contínua. Verificou-se que os RAACs não são eficientes na manutenção da VR na saída dos lotes, sendo que ao longo da série história simulada a mesma foi infringida várias vezes. Para a série histórica simulada apenas um volume de 750 m³ seria adequado para garantir apenas uma infração em 10 anos da simulação. Isso ocorre porque deve haver volume de espera suficiente para armazenar os volumes escoados, sem que haja vertimento, independentemente da condição de armazenamento do reservatório; no entanto, se existe uma capacidade de armazenamento muito grande, e as demandas são comparativamente pequenas, o reservatório não esvazia. Constatou-se, dessa forma, que existe um antagonismo quando se pretende utilizar o RAAC para as duas funções: controle de escoamento superficial e garantia de atendimento à demanda com fins não potáveis, visto que a tentativa de garantir o cumprimento da primeira função inviabiliza a implantação de volumes tão grandes. O extravasamento dos RAACs para 12 eventos críticos simulados comprometeu a capacidade das redes de microdrenagem, gerando armazenamento de água nas ruas ao longo de vários trechos. Considerando os mesmos 12 eventos críticos e os MRs nos lotes foram identificados apenas 4 extravasamentos e menores vazões extravasadas, o que acabou comprometendo uma menor extensão das redes de drenagem. Portanto, com base nas análises da simulação contínua com os RAACs, verificou-se que não é possível considerá-lo uma técnica equivalente aos MRs para o controle do escoamento pluvial, a menos que os volumes de reservação sejam extremamente elevados, o que tornaria impossível a sua implementação em um lote de poucos metros quadrados.

The aim of this study is to examine the language from a small sample of texts from the chat channels of World of Warcraft and analyze the differences found between World of Warcraft English and Standard English. In addition, the studywill compare the language found in World of Warcraft with language found on other parts of the Internet, especially chatgroups. Based on 1045 recorded chat messages, this study examines the use of abbreviations, emoticons, vocabulary, capitalization, spelling, multiple letter use and the use of rare characters. The results of the investigation show that the language of World of Warcraft differs from Standard English on several aspects, primarily in the use of abbreviations. This is supported by secondary sources. The results also show that the use of language is probably not based on the desire to deliver a message quickly, but rather to reach out to people. In addition, the results show that the language found in World of Warcraft is more advanced than a simple effort to try to imitate speech, thereby performing more than written speech.

De nombreux travaux ont décrit et analysé le phénomène néologique, ses domaines d’adoption et ses occurrences dans le discours. La néologie satirique, est, elle, relativement peu explorée. À travers un corpus constitué d’écrits de presse humoristiques portant sur la vie politique française et allemande et provenant des journaux satiriques Le Canard enchaîné et Eulenspiegel, l’étude dégage dans un premier temps les procédés morphologiques de l’innovation lexicale : la dérivation, la composition, les mots-valises, l’abréviation, la conversion, l’emprunt. Le travail explore ensuite les stratégies qui caractérisent cette pratique de la néologie satirique, ainsi que ses divers effets sémantiques et pragmatiques recherchés dans les créations lexicales. Cela nous a permis de faire une analyse contrastive entre textes satiriques français et allemands par les diverses manifestations dicursives des néologismes. / Many studies have been made of the neologistic phenomenon, both in terms of the contexts in which it is used and of how it integrates into discourse. The satirical neology is less well documented. By using a corpus made up of press cartoons in the political French and German satirical magazines Le Canard enchaîné et Eulenspiegel, the study first posits the morphological devices of the lexical innovation : derivation, composition, portmanteau-words, abbreviation, conversion, loan. This work then explores the strategies which characterise the use of the satirical neology as well as the semantic and pragmatic effects aimed in the lexical creations. This allowed us to make a contrastive analysis between satirical French and German texts by the various discursive uses of neologisms.

随着社会的发展，尤其是互联网的发展，很多语言每年都涌现出了不少新词汇。词语是每个语言最基本也是最重要的组成部分，因此分析这些新词汇的结构特点以及构词法是很有意义的。这篇文章分析了2014年出现在中文里的新词汇和它们的构词方式，论文的目的是为了更好地了解中文词汇的发展和特点。本文以《2014汉语新词语》中公布的2014年出现的新词汇作为语料进行分析，发现了以下两个主要特点：第一，合成法，派生法，缩略法是2014年产生的新词汇的主要构词方式；第二， 百分之七十二的新词汇是多音节词（包含三个或者三个以上音节），而百分之八十的是名词。这些特点说明中文词汇现阶段的特点和发展趋势，跟传统的中文词汇有不同之处。 / The aim of this thesis was to investigate how new Chinese words are formed and to examine the linguistic patterns among them. This thesis focused on the analysis of Chinese words formed in 2014. The quantitative data for the analysis included a collection of 423 new Chinese words from the book 2014 汉语新词语 (hànyǔxīn cíyǔ) by Hou and Zhou. Parts of speech and number of syllables in the new words were investigated, although the focus was on word-formation processes. A discussion of derivation, blending, abbreviation, analogy, borrowing, change of meaning, compounding and inventions is also included. The share of each word-formation process used for each of the new words was presented statistically in order to reveal the significance of each word-formation process. The analysis showed that compounding, derivation and abbreviation were the major word-formation processes in 2014. The study also suggests that words formed by derivation and analogy were much more frequent in 2014, in comparison to previous studies. Furthermore, the ways words are formed in Chinese are changing and evolving, as some word-formation processes are becoming more frequently used in the formation of new words.

L'objectif de la recherche est l'étude comparative du discours juridique en russe et en français. Celle-ci inclut la précision des genres du discours juridique dans les deux langues, la détermination des particularités structurelles et sémantiques des termes et des collocations des deux langues, les particularités de leur fonctionnement dans les genres de discours différents ainsi que les particularités de leur traduction liées à ces deux facteurs. Nous abordons les genres de discours juridique suivants : normatif, juridictionnel, doctrinal et le discours des traités. L'existence de ce dernier comme genre distinct représente une des hypothèses de notre travail. Les genres de discours juridiques en russe et en français ont des traits communs à cause de leurs caractéristiques pragmatiques et communicationnelles imposées par le droit. Ils ont également des différences dues aux systèmes socio-culturels et linguistiques respectifs. Les problématiques suivantes sont analysées : le terme et le concept juridique dans le discours, les processus de la simplification de la structure formelle du terme juridique dans le discours et en particulier l'abréviation juridique, les relations de la synonymie et de l'antonymie dans le discours juridique et les collocations juridiques. Cette recherche apporte une contribution à l'enseignement de la langue juridique et à la pratique professionnelle de la traduction juridique français-russe. / The purpose of this research is the comparative study of Russian and French legal terminology which tries to give a more precise definition of the types of legal discourse in both languages. This study will attempt to determine the structural and semantic specificities of the terms and collocations in both languages, the specific aspects of their functioning in different genres of discourse and the specific requirements for their translation connected to these two factors. We are dealing with the following genres of the legal discourse: normative discourse, jurisdictional discourse, doctrinal discourse and discourse of treaties. The existence of the latter as a self-standing genre constitutes the hypothesis of this thesis. The typologies of French and Russian discourse genres have similar features because of their pragmatic and communicational characteristics imposed by the law system. The differences between the typologies are due to socio-cultural and linguistic factors. The rest of the work addresses the following issues: legal term and concept in discourse, process of simplification of the formal structure of the legal term in discourse, and more specifically legal abbreviations, antonymic and synonymic relations in legal discourse and in legal collocations. This research aims at improving legal language teaching and professional practice of French-Russian legal translation.

Cette thèse se propose d’étudier les différents types de traitement utilisés par des locuteurs de français L1 et des apprenants étrangers de français lors de la prise de notes dans cette langue, à partir du discours oral magistral. Ce travail qui s’inscrit dans une perspective psycholinguistique vise à analyser la conformité et la fidélité sémantique et formelle des textes-cibles (les productions) par rapport au texte-source (le discours émis). Le cadre théorique de la thèse analyse différentes approches et taxinomies relatives aux stratégies communicatives en langue étrangère, notamment celle de Kellerman, dans le but de dégager une typologie des stratégies de traitement à étudier dans les données empiriques relevées. Afin d’étudier l’efficacité des prises de notes des participants à l’enquête observés, nous avons conçu une grille d’analyse intitulée une « grille de matrices » permettant d’analyser d’une part, le discours professoral (par la méthode de l’analyse discursive de Van Dijk) et d’identifier et de quantifier différents procédés audiographiques déployés par les noteurs observés. A l’issue d’analyses portant sur la forme et le fond des textes recueillis, nous avons dégagé des résultats détaillés relatifs à l’efficacité de la prise de notes des participants observés. Au terme des analyses, des propositions didactiques en matière de prise de notes en langue maternelle et étrangère sont formulées. / This thesis intends to study different types of treatments used by speakers of French L1 and foreign learners of French for note-taking during an oral lecture in that language. From a psycholinguistic perspective, this assignment aims to analyze compliance and definite semantic fidelity of targets-texts (productions) in comparison with the source-text (the issued speech). The theoretical context of the thesis analyzes different approaches and taxonomies relating to conversational strategies in a foreign language notably that of Kellerman, with the intention of identifying a typology of treatment strategies to be studied in gathered empirical data. To study the effectiveness of the participants’ note-taking, we conceived an analysis grid called “matrix grid” allowing to analyze, on one hand, professorial speech (through the method of the discursive analysis of Van Dijk) and on the other hand, to identify and quantify different audiographique techniques used by examined note takers. After analyzing the form and semantic content of the gathered texts, we formulated detailed results relating to the effectiveness of the examined participants’ note-taking. As a consequence of these analyses, didactic proposals in note-taking in a native or foreign language were formulated.

Es wird ein einfacher Berechnungsansatz für ein Baukastensystem aus Kastenprofilen verschiedener Querschnittsabmessungen erarbeitet. Diese Profile bestehen aus WVC (Wood Veneer Composites, Holzfurnierlagenverbundwerkstoffen). Der Ansatz bildet den statischen Lastfall und das Ermüdungsverhalten unter schwellende Dreipunktbiegung ab. Am Beispiel eines ausgewählten Strukturbauteils aus handelsüblichen Birkensperrholz wird der Berechnungsansatz konkretisiert und durch Versuche evaluiert. Aufbauend auf dem Kraft-Verformungsverhalten der analysierten Einzelbauteile und der kapillarporösen Struktur des Holzes wird bei dem Berechnungsansatz auf eine Analyse der Spannungen verzichtet. Stattdessen wird als Berechnungskriterium die kritische Normaldehnung in der Randfaser der Strukturbauteile genutzt. Weiterhin wird eine Methode vorgestellt um mittels niederzyklischen Ermüdungsversuchs (LCF, ca. 1e+03 Lastwechsel) den „Knickpunkt“ der Zeitfestigkeitslinie eines einstufigen Ermüdungsversuchs bei hohen Lastspielzahlen (HCF, 1e+06 bis 1e+07 Lastwechsel) für diese Strukturbauteile zu bestimmen. / It was developed a simple approach for the calculation of a modular construction system for box sections (profile structures) of different cross-sectional dimensions. These profile structures consists of WVC (Wood Veneer Composites). The approach maps the static load case and the fatigue behavior under pulsating three-point bending. By using a structural component made from commercial birch plywood, the calculation approach is specified and verified. Based on the force-deformation behavior of the analyzed single components in connection with the capillary-porous structure of the wood, the calculation approach dispense on an analysis of the tensions. Instead, a criterion, which calculates the critical normal strain in the outer fibers of the structural components, is used. Furthermore, a method of a low-cycle fatigue test (LCF, abbr. 1e+03 cycles) is presented. This method detects the “knee point" of the fatigue limit line for the profiles. That point is usually determined by the use of a high-cycle fatigue tests (HCF, 1e+06 until 1e+07 cycles).