Orientador: Luiz Carlos Vulcano / Resumo: O Alouatta guariba clamitans, também conhecido como Bugio Ruivo, é um primata do novo mundo com ampla distribuição na América do Sul. No Brasil, a espécie encontra-se em extinção em alguns Estados. No presente estudo foi utilizado um espécime macho de Alouatta guariba clamitans para dissecção anatômica, dois espécimes machos para confecção de pranchas anatômicas e 16 espécimes hígidos, 8 fêmeas e 8 machos, para realização de exames de tomografia computadorizada abdominal. Foi realizada a descrição anatômica e tomográfica das principais estruturas abdominais da espécie. Os bugios possuem o trato digestório ocupando a maior parte da cavidade abdominal, com ceco e cólon bastante desenvolvidos. As estruturas possuem grande mobilidade e deslocam de acordo com a quantidade de conteúdo gasoso no estômago, jejuno, ceco e cólon. As glândulas adrenais são relativamente grandes e de fácil identificação. Os rins são retroperitoniais, unipiramidais e com grande mobilidade, principalmente o direito. As características observadas foram compatíveis com animais ceco-cólicos fermentativos, que utilizam parte do requerimento energético baseado na fermentação. Os segmentos intestinais foram facilmente identificados por suas características marcantes. A tomografia computadorizada foi eficiente para descrever a anatomia dos animais, porém é importante considerar a grande variação topográfica ao utilizar este método de imagem. / Abstract: The Alouatta guariba clamitans or Brown Howler Monkey is a primate of the New World with ample distribution in the South America. In Brazil, the species is extinct in some States. In the present study was used one specimen for anatomical dissection, two for anatomical plates and 16 healthy specimens, 8 females and 8 males, for computed tomography abdominal exams. The major of abdominal structures were described for the species. The digestive tract of Howler monkey occupied the main part of the abdominal cavity, with a large cecum and colon. Structures have a great mobility and can move into the abdome acoording the quantity gas into the stomach, jejunum, cecum and colon. Adrenal glands are relatively large and easy to identify. The kidneys are retroperitoneal, unipyramidal and with great mobility, especially the right kidney. The characteristics were compatible with caecol-colic fermentation animals that use part of the energy requirements based on fermentation. Intestinal segments were easily identified by specific characteristics. Computed tomography was efficient to describe the anatomy of animals; however, it is important to consider a wide variation of abdominal topographic structures. / Doutor

Introdução: Durante a inspiração, o diafragma contrai e abaixa o centro frênico aumentando o diâmetro vertical do tórax. Entretanto, o conteúdo abdominal impede a excursão diafragmática. Os músculos abdominais funcionam como uma cinta segurando as vísceras abdominais, ajudando a o diafragma a aumentar a pressão intra-abdominal. Na expiração forçada, os músculos abdominais contraem e comprimem o abdômen elevando o diafragma. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos da compressão abdominal com faixa, até diminuir de -10% e -15% da circunferência abdominal inicial, avaliando a freqüência respiratória (FR),volume corrente (VC), capacidade vital forçada (CVF), pressão inspiratória máxima (PImax) e pressão expiratória máxima (PEmax) em voluntários normais. Métodos: Foram avaliados 26 voluntários normais, idade média de 24 anos ? 4anos, 14 mulheres e 12 homens, em respiração espontânea foram submetidos à medida da circunferência abdominal. Foram medidos também FR, VC, CVF, Pimax e PEmax. Depois, repetimos as medidas após a compressão abdominal com -10% e -15% da circunferência de base. Depois, retiramos a faixa compressiva e medimos novamente os parâmetros. Resultados: Com compressão de -10%, houve diminuição do VC de 517 mL 456,86 mL (p < 0,005) e Pimax de -111cmH20 para -96 cmH20 (p < 0,005). Após a compressão de -15%, além da diminuição dos parâmetros anteriores, observamos também a diminuição da PEmax de 120 cmH20 para 100 cmH20 (p < 0,005). Após a retirada da faixa, os valores voltaram próximos aos iniciais. Conclusão: A compressão abdominal de -10 e -15% com faixa diminui o VC, PImax e PEmax (a última apenas com -15%) e não afeta a FR e a CVF / Background: During the inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and pulls down the central tendon and rises the vertical thoracic diameter. However, the abdominal container resistance forbids the diaphragmatic excursion. The abdominal organs are contained by a strong muscle binder that helps the diaphragm increasing the intra-abdominal pressure, allowing the inferior rib cage to go upward. In deep expiration, strong contractions of abdominal muscles constrict and compress the abdomen, helping to elevate the relaxing diaphragm. Objectives: To analyse the effects of -10% and -15% of the baseline abdominal circumference compression with a band in the respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory pressures (MEP) in normal volunteers. Methods: Twenty six normal volunteers, mean age of 24 ? 4 years, 14 female and 12 male, in spontaneous breathing were submitted to abdominal circunference measurement. Thereafter, we obtained their RR, TV, FVC, MIP and MEP. Then, we repeated the measures after compression of abdomen using an external band to achieve - 10% and - 15% of the basal abdominal circumference. Then, we took out the band and measured the respiratory parameters again. Results: With -10% abdominal compression, TV decreased from 517 mL to 456,86 mL (p < 0,005) and MIP decreased from -111 cmH20 to -96 cmH20 (p < 0,005). Then, after -15% abdominal compression, we could observe a decrease in MEP: 120 cmH20 to 100 cmH20 (p < 0,005). After taking out the band, the respiratory parameters returned next to the basal measurements. Conclusion: The abdominal compression of -10% and -15% with an external band decreased TV, MIP and MEP (the last one only with - 15% compression) and didn\'t affect RR and FVC.

Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are a leading cause of injuries and injury-related fatalities in the United States. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported over 21,250 vehicle occupant fatalities in 2011, with 1,240,000 injuries sustained by passenger car occupants alone. MVCs are a common cause of blunt abdominal injuries. It has been reported that approximately 9,000 front seat occupants sustain moderate to severe abdominal injuries in frontal MVCs in the United States each year. A detailed understanding of the occurrence and mechanisms of abdominal injuries, as well as knowledge of the biomechanical response and tolerance of the abdomen in crash-specific loading modes, could benefit the reduction of abdominal organ injury incidence in MVCs. Therefore, the objective of the research presented in this dissertation was to characterize abdominal injury mechanisms, tissue failure thresholds, and internal organ response to blunt impacts of the abdomen. Field accident data from the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) database were analyzed to determine the occupant and crash characteristics associated with crash-induced hollow abdominal organ injuries. Dynamic equibiaxial tension tests were conducted on tissue samples obtained from the human post-mortem stomach, small intestine, and colon to characterize the material properties and failure tolerance of these tissues. The effects of cadaver orientation on the relative position of the abdominal organs of two cadavers were quantified, and high-speed biplane x-ray imaging was used to investigate the relative kinematics of the thoracic and abdominal organs of four cadavers in response to crash-specific loading modes. Test configurations included blunt abdominal and thoracic impacts and driver-shoulder seatbelt loading. The motivation for this research was to advance efforts toward abdominal organ injury mitigation in MVCs, with each aspect of this research generating novel injury biomechanics data with applications for future experimental testing and finite element modeling. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1973.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1973.

D’une importance majeure, la phase de décollage reste, à ce jour, une étape très mal connue du vol de l’insecte. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’identifier les différents mécanismes impliqués dans la production des forces lors du décollage chez Pieris rapae. En examinant la cinématique des ailes et du corps de l’insecte lors de l’initiation du vol, nous avons pu mettre en évidence le rôle majeur des mouvements combinés de l’abdomen, du thorax et enfin du plan de battement dans le mécanisme de redirection des forces régissant cette phase transitoire. Dans un second temps, via une combinaison d’approches numériques et expérimentales, nous avons également montré que les pattes participeraient activement à la manœuvre, générant d’importantes forces verticales responsables de l’accélération initiale de l’insecte. Une étude de la morphologie fonctionnelle de l’insecte a finalement permis de mettre en évidence les différents muscles potentiellement impliqués lors de cette phase du vol. / Despite being of major importance in insect flight, the mechanisms underlying take-off stage remain elusive. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the different mechanisms involved in force production during Pieris rapaes cabbage butterflies take-off. Detailed wings and body motions kinematics unraveled the crucial role of combined motions of the abdomen and thorax together with the angle of the stroke plane, to ensure the forces reorientation governing the transient flight initiation phase. In a second approach, legs extension active contribution to force production during take-off is suggested using a combination of numerical and experimental approaches. Finally, results are discussed from the insect morphology perspective, highlighting the principal muscles potentially involved during flight initiation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6154.pdf: 2934811 bytes, checksum: 786860a60daf6058d2c1dbd83c1b8ce1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-27 / Introduction: Incisional hernia (IH) is considered a connective tissue disease characterized by defective wound healing process, and it is found in high incidence after abdominal surgeries. Previous studies have shown that DisBa- 01 presents high-affinity to &#945;v&#946;3, which can have wide therapeutic application and/or laboratorial in disorders related to collagen. Hypothesis: Considering the regulatory role of the vitronectin receptor, the &#945;v&#946;3 integrin, in wound healing, we hypothesized that blocking this integrin would affect tissue repair. Objectives: To evaluate the DisBa-01 (a desintegrin RGD-recombinant by snake venom of Bothrops Alternatus) as a blockage of &#945;v&#946;3 integrin on improvement of HI healing. Methods: IH was successfully induced in rats of Sham and DisBa-01 group. DisBa-01 group were treated with different doses (0.25; 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg). A control group without surgery was included to analyze the surgery effects. Were evaluated the histology, zymography and gene expression of MMP-2, type I and III collagen and VEGF. Type 1A collagen were analysed by Western Blotting. Results: After 14 days, the presence of IH and hernia ring were observed in all sham-operated animals; in contrast, 100% of animals treated with 0.25 and 1.0 mg/kg of Disba-01 did not present visible signals of hernia and showed closed hernia rings. The surgery procedure strongly activated MMP-2 gene expression as well as its activity (P<0.05). Up-regulation of collagen 1 (col-1) and 3 (col-3) gene expression was also observed, DisBa-01 reduced the expression of col-I, however, did not affect col-III, while VEGF expression was down regulated at day14. In contrast, DisBa-01 significantly inhibited MMP-2 gene expression and its activity. Western Blotting analysis revealed the presence of Type1A collagen in all groups, however only DisBa-01 differed statistically of Control group. The thickness of the collagen layer in each of control group presented reduced. However, Sham and DisBa-01, there was a relative increase in all studied animals (P<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicate that &#945;v&#946;3 integrin has an important role in the control of wound healing and its blockade modulate repair conditions, including IH. This information may be especially helpful for patients with recurrent IH. / Introdução: Hérnia incisional (HI) é considerada uma doença do tecido conjuntivo caracterizada pelo defeito no processo de cicatrização de feridas, e é encontrado após cirurgias abdominais em alta incidência. Estudos prévios tem mostrado que a desintegrina DisBa-01, que apresenta alta afinidade com a integrina &#945;v&#946;3, possa ter ampla aplicação terapêutica e/ou laboratorial nas desordens relacionadas ao colágeno. Hipótese do estudo: Considerando o papel regulador do receptor de vitronectina, a integrina &#945;v&#946;3, na cicatrização de feridas, a hipótese de que o bloqueio desta integrina poderia modular a reparação tecidual. Objetivos: Avaliar a DisBa-01 (uma desintegrina RGD-recombinante a partir veneno da Bothrops alternatus) como um bloqueador de integrina &#945;v&#946;3 na melhora da cicatrização da HI. Métodos: HI foi induzida nos grupos Sham e DisBa-01. No grupo DisBa-01 foi administrada 3 doses distintas (0,25, 0,5 e 1,0 mg/kg). Foram avaliados a histologia, zimografia e a expressão gênica de MMP-2, do colágeno tipo I e III, e do VEGF e Western Blotting par analise do colágeno. Resultados: A indução da HI foi observada em todos os animais operados e após 14 dias nos animais do grupo Sham e no grupo DisBa-01, não apresentaram sinais visíveis de hérnia e observou-se a oclusão do anel herniário. O procedimento da cirurgia ativou significativamente a expressão de genes da MMP-2, bem como a sua atividade (P<0.05). A regulação de expressão do gene do colágeno I (col-I) e III (col-III) também foi observada, DisBa-01 diminuiu a expressão de col-I, mas não teve nenhum efeito sobre a expressão de col-III, enquanto expressão de VEGF foi suprimida após o 14° dia da cirurgia. Em contraste, DisBa-01 inibiu significativamente a expressão do gene de MMP-2 e a sua atividade (P <0,05). As analises de Western Blotting, evidenciaram a presença de colágeno tipo I (A1), nos 3 grupos, porém somente o grupo DisBa-01 diferiu estatisticamente do Controle (P<0.05). A espessura em mm da camada de colágeno em cada um dos animais no grupo controle apresentaram espessura reduzida. No entanto, grupo Sham e DisBa-01, houve aumento relativo em praticamente todos os animais estudados (P <0,05). Conclusão: Estes resultados indicam que a integrina &#945;v&#946;3 desempenha um papel importante no controle da cicatrização de feridas e o seu bloqueio modula as condições de reparação de tecidos, incluindo HI. Esta informação pode ser especialmente útil para pacientes com recorrência de HI.

Les blessures de l'abdomen représentent une faible proportion (5%) des blessures lors d'accidents de la route mais elle augmente fortement pour les blessures sérieuses à sévères (16%). L'abdomen du mannequin THOR (Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint), destiné aux futures réglementations de choc frontal, nécessite des améliorations de sa biofidélité et un critère de blessure. Le travail présenté est en trois parties :Premièrement, les paramètres principaux de la réponse mécanique de l'abdomen du THOR et de Sujets Humain Post Mortem (SHPM) sous chargements impacteur et ceinture furent identifiés à l'aide d'un modèle mécanique simplifié. La comparaison des paramètres mécaniques du THOR et des SHPM a mis en évidence les changements nécessaires pour l'amélioration de la biofidélité. Il apparaît que la viscosité équivalente du THOR doit être augmentée d'un facteur 5 et que l'interaction avec la pièce bassin doit être modifiée du fait qu'elle augmentait la rigidité d'un facteur 8. Ces changements furent inclus dans le modèle Éléments Finis (EF) d'un abdomen prototype incluant des capteurs de pression APTS (Abdominal Pressure Twin Sensors) pour caractériser le chargement de l'abdomen.Deuxièmement, la réponse mécanique du prototype a été évaluée en simulations d'essais charriot, ce qui a montré que l'abdomen prototype a peu d'influence sur la cinématique globale du mannequin mais que la flexion du tronc peut faire augmenter la pression dans les APTS. Cela a mené à des recommandations supplémentaires au niveau de la conception de l'abdomen.Finalement, en vue de définir un critère de blessure pour l'abdomen, la pression des APTS a été corrélée aux blessures des organes décrites dans les études sur SHPM de la littérature ou prédites par le modèle EF humain THUMS / Abdominal injuries represent a small proportion (5%) of road crash injuries but their proportion increases considerably with regard to serious and severe injuries (16%). The abdomen of the Test device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR), intended to be used in future frontal impact assessments, needs further developments regarding its biofidelity and injury criterion. The work performed in this thesis project was in three folds: Firstly, the main parameters of the THOR and Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) abdomen responses under impactor and seatbelt loadings were identified using a lumped element model. The comparison between the THOR and the PMHS mechanical parameters highlighted desired changes for THOR abdomen biofidelity improvement. It was found that THOR material viscosity should be increased by 5 and that interaction with the pelvis flesh should be modified as it increased by 8 the abdomen stiffness. These changes were included in the Finite Element (FE) model of an existing abdomen prototype which is equipped with Abdominal Pressure Twin Sensors (APTS) to quantify the abdomen load. Secondly, the response of the prototype was evaluated in sled test simulations which showed that the prototype abdomen had little influence on the dummy overall kinematics but that the torso flexion could increase the pressure in the APTS. This led to additional recommendations regarding the abdomen design. Finally, for the abdominal injury criterion definition, the APTS pressure was correlated with organ injuries as reported in published PMHS tests or as predicted by THUMS human FE model

pccenturion@gmail.com / Presentamos una innovadora técnica quirúrgica para el tratamiento de la región abdominal, en la cual combinamos lipoescultura y abdominoplastia con incisiones reducidas, sin neoonfaloplastia, en pacientes tipo III según Clasificación de Matarasso. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo sobre pacientes intervenidos con esta nueva propuesta quirúrgica, entre los años 2002 y 2008. La lipoescultura corporal superficial y profunda incluyó también la pared abdominal anterior. La técnica quirúrgica se basa en el uso de incisiones reducidas a nivel suprapúbico, máximo de 18 cm. de longitud, con disección de un túnel de aproximadamente 10 cm. en plano supraponeurótico, desinserción del ombligo, plicatura de la diástasis de músculos rectos abdominales y posterior reinserción del ombligo inferiormente. Usamos una férula de yeso durante el postoperatorio. Evaluamos 64 lipoabdominoplastias, todas realizadas en mujeres con edad media de 41,9 años. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 3 horas y media, el volumen aspirado de la pared abdominal anterior tuvo un promedio de 1000 ml. El 14,1% de las pacientes presentaron seroma como complicación. Como conclusión creemos que esta técnica permite buenos resultados estéticos corporales totales al obtener una cicatriz corta, un colgajo abdominal anterior adelgazado y ausencia de cicatriz umbilical. / Revisión por pares