Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-08-12T10:51:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernando Camargo Campos - 2015.pdf: 530398 bytes, checksum: 785e60c9660ebb88fafe1a0cbec132b6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-12T14:13:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernando Camargo Campos - 2015.pdf: 530398 bytes, checksum: 785e60c9660ebb88fafe1a0cbec132b6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T14:13:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernando Camargo Campos - 2015.pdf: 530398 bytes, checksum: 785e60c9660ebb88fafe1a0cbec132b6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-30 / The analysis of information related to workers' health is a fundamental element for understanding the health-disease mechanism in the work environment, identifying hazards and establishing public policy protection and prevention. Their valuation by appropriate means of gathering and recording of information and the establishment of effective reporting systems, availability of data and proper handling should be part of the permanent routines of all institutions, public or private, which allow employees and those responsible for their safety and protection. In Brazil, the Ministry of Social Welfare, whose data are limited to insured workers, has reported statistics on workrelated accidents in particular. The aim of the study was to describe the information on occupational accidents among workers protected by the social security general regime in the State of Goias in the decade 2003-2012. The criteria adopted followed the classification proposed by this information system: reasons / situations, outcomes, chapters of the International Classification of Diseases prevalent, major segments of the National Classification of Economic Activities affected and the specific indicators related to the topic. This is a retrospective analysis of quantitative and descriptive nature of the underlying pension historical data in this period, from the statistical yearbooks of industrial accidents. The results indicate overall improvement of indicators such as mortality rate, mortality rate, and proportional accident rates in the age group 16-34 years. External causes of accidents and those related to the musculoskeletal system predominate, as well as occurrences in the manufacturing follow-up, followed by agriculture and commerce. They are still the major labor accident rates and most events notified by compulsory official document, the Communication Workers' Compensation. There is, however, a significant percentage seen only by some pension technical relationship (professional / technical work, epidemiological technical pension or technical sickness treated as accidents at work) after expert assessment and, therefore, without proper notification in the early stages from the event. This allows reference underreporting. No limitation of details relating to the health of the insured employee and excluding those in the informal sector. This indicates the need for improved reporting systems, monitoring and surveillance of potentially interfering occurrences in occupational health, no matter what the worker's situation. A potential and desirable advance would be to establish an integrated information system that can articulate all the assistance and promotion bodies in health in this segment. Currently available systems limit the data and indicators to employees on the payroll and certain events that have been given notification requirement under the public health through the Notifiable Diseases Information System, little comprehensive and descriptive. Despite many advances in the field of labor law, still do not have any more sensitive and systematically capture and recording of occupational accidents. This necessary task continues depending on the communication itself of a work accident or pension expert assessment, restricted to CLT insured. This remains a major challenge to universality, as it is the workers' health of the state's responsibilities. / A análise de informações relacionadas à saúde do trabalhador constitui elemento fundamental para a compreensão do mecanismo saúde-doença no ambiente laboral, identificação de agravos e estabelecimento de políticas públicas de proteção e prevenção. Sua valorização, por meios adequados de coleta e registro de informações, bem como pelo estabelecimento de sistemas de notificação eficazes, disponibilização dos dados e correto manejo, deveria fazer parte das rotinas permanentes de todas as instituições, públicas ou privadas, que admitem trabalhadores, bem como daquelas responsáveis por sua segurança e proteção. No Brasil, estatísticas sobre acidentes de trabalho vêm sendo divulgadas, em especial, pelo Ministério da Previdência Social, cujos dados limitam-se aos trabalhadores segurados. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever as informações sobre acidentes de trabalho entre os trabalhadores protegidos pelo regime geral previdenciário no Estado de Goiás no decênio 2003-2012, segundo a classificação proposta por este sistema de informação: motivos/situações, desfechos, capítulos da Classificação Internacional de Doenças mais prevalentes, principais segmentos da Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas acometidos e os indicadores específicos relacionados ao tema. Trata-se de uma análise retrospectiva, de natureza quantitativa e descritiva, da base de dados históricos previdenciários neste período, a partir dos anuários estatísticos de acidentes de trabalho. Os resultados indicam melhoria geral de indicadores como taxa de mortalidade, letalidade, acidentalidade proporcional na faixa etária de 16 a 34 anos. As causas externas de acidentes e as relacionadas ao sistema osteomuscular predominam, bem como as ocorrências no seguimento fabril, seguido da agricultura e comércio. Ainda são grandes os índices acidentários e a maioria dos eventos é notificada por documento oficial obrigatório, a Comunicação de Acidente de Trabalho. Há, contudo, expressiva porcentagem percebida apenas por algum nexo técnico previdenciário (técnico profissional/trabalho, técnico epidemiológico previdenciário ou técnico por doença equiparada a acidente do trabalho) após avaliação pericial e, portanto, sem a devida notificação nas etapas iniciais a partir do evento. Isso permite referenciar subnotificação. Há limitação de detalhes relativos à saúde do empregado segurado e exclusão daqueles na informalidade. Isso indica a necessidade de melhoria dos sistemas de notificação, monitorização e vigilância de ocorrências potencialmente interferentes na saúde laboral, independentemente de qual a situação do trabalhador. Um potencial e desejável avanço seria o estabelecimento de um sistema integrado de informações que possa articular todas as instâncias assistenciais e de promoção em saúde neste segmento, pois atualmente os disponíveis limitam os dados e indicadores aos empregados com carteira assinada e a algumas ocorrências que passaram a ter notificação imposta no âmbito da saúde pública por meio do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, pouco abrangente e descritivo. Apesar de muitos avanços no campo do direito do trabalho, ainda não se dispõe de forma mais sensível e sistemática de captação e registro dos acidentes de trabalho. Esta tarefa necessária continua dependendo da própria comunicação de acidente de trabalho ou da avaliação pericial previdenciária, restrita aos segurados celetistas. Isto ainda constitui um grande desafio à universalidade, visto ser a saúde do trabalhador uma das responsabilidades do Estado.

Vulnerable road users (VRUs) are overrepresented in the statistics on severe and deadly injuries in traffic accidents, most commonly involving the head. The finite element (FE) method presents the possibility to model complex interactions between the human body and vehicles in order to better understand the injury mechanisms. While the rapid development of computer capacity has allowed for increasingly detailed FE-models, there is always a benefit of reducing the studied problem. Due to its material properties, the brain is more sensitive to rotational motion than to purely linear, resulting in complex injury causation. When studying brain injuries caused by a direct impact to the head, simulations using an isolated head model significantly increases efficiency compared to using a complete human body model. Also evaluation of head protective systems uses isolated mechanical head representations. It is not, however, established the extent to which the boundary conditions of the head determine the outcome of brain injuries. FE models of both the entire human body and the isolated head were used in this thesis to study the effect of the body, as well as active neck muscle tension, on brain injury outcome in VRU accidents. A pediatric neck model was also developed to enable the study of age-specific effects. A vehicle windscreen model was developed to evaluate the necessity of capturing the failure deformation during pedestrian head impacts. It was shown that the influence of the neck and body on brain injury prediction is greater in longer duration impacts, such as pedestrian head-to-windscreen impacts with an average difference of 21%. In accidents with shorter duration impacts, such as head-to-ground bicycle accidents, the average influence was between 3-12%. The influence did not consistently increase or limit the severity, and was dependent on the degree of rotation induced by the impact, as well as the mode of deformation induced in the neck. It was also shown that the predicted brain injury severity is dependent on capturing the large deformations of fractured windscreen, with the greatest effect near the windscreen frame. The pediatric neck model showed a large effect of age-dependent anatomical changes on inertial head loading, making it a promising tool to study the age-dependent effects in VRU accidents. / <p>QC 20171013</p>

Cette thèse étudie le rôle des coûts de construction et de réglementation de la sécurité sur la compétitivité de l'énergie nucléaire. L'analyse des coûts de construction est basée sur l'utilisation de données réelles provenant des parcs nucléaires français et américains. En particulier, nous étudions différents canaux à partir de laquelle des réductions de coûts pourraient survenir. Nous montrons que la normalisation est un critère crucial pour la compétitivité économique de l'énergie nucléaire, d'abord parce que les effets d'apprentissage positifs sont conditionnels à la technologie, ce qui signifie que les réductions de coûts ne peuvent venir que si le même type de réacteur est construit à plusieurs reprises, mais aussi parce qu'elle permet de réduire le coût indirectement par l'intermédiaire de courts délais de construction. Dans l'analyse du rôle de réglementation de la sécurité, nous évaluons d'abord l'effet du dernier accident nucléaire majeur (c.-à Fukushima Dai-ichi) de la probabilité de survenance d'un tel événement, puis les effets de l'incertitude concernant la façon dont les soins de la sécurité à réduire la probabilité d'un accident nucléaire dans l'établissement de normes de sécurité en vertu de l'aléa moral et responsabilité limitée. Nous constatons que la norme sera la moins stricte lorsque le régulateur adopte une approche pire des cas, et plus stricte lorsque le régulateur adopte l'approche de la robustesse de regret et il est optimiste quant à l'efficacité des soins de la sécurité pour réduire le risque d'accident. Toutefois, cette norme pourrait induire le non-respect par les opérateurs les moins efficaces. / This thesis studies the role of construction costs and safety regulation on nuclear power competitiveness. The analysis of the construction costs is based on the use of the actual data coming from the american and french nuclear fleet. In particular, we study different channels from which cost reductions might arise. We show that standardization is a key criterion for the economic competitiveness of nuclear power, first because the positive learning effects are conditional to the technology, this means that cost reductions will arise only if the same type of reactor is built several times, but also because it allows to reduce the cost indirectly through shorter construction lead-times. In the analysis of the role of safety regulation, we first asses the effect of the latest major nuclear accident (i.e Fukushima Dai-ichi) in the probability of occurrence of such an event and then the effects of the uncertainty regarding how safety care reduce the probability of a nuclear accident in setting safety standards under moral hazard and limited liability. We find that the standard will be stricter when the regulator is optimistic in the safety care effectiveness to reduce the risk of an accident, but simultaneously this policy might induce no compliance of the most inefficient operators.

The present thesis is conducted in the frame of a research project involving the ‘von Karman Institute (VKI Belgium)’ and the ‘Ecole des mines d’Alès (EMA France) with the support of the CEA Gramat. This project is about theoretical study, experimental characterization and modeling of hazards from pressurized or atmospheric reservoirs, containing liquids, flammable or not. <p><p>The objective of this thesis is to study the apparition criteria and the consequences of an accident involving a container of pressure liquefied gas (BLEVE phenomenon) or liquid fuels (Boilover phenomenon). After a bibliographic research on the two phenomena, an experimental study in laboratory scale is conducted and from the results, the phenomena and their hazards are modeled. Small scale experiments are performed in the BABELs facility (Bleve And Boilover ExperimentaL setup) that consists of a cylindrical chamber of 2m diameter and 3m high, with round shape flanges, made out of steel with a rated pressure of 0.5 MPa. It has 3 series of 7 optical accesses, an entrance door, and an optional air venting system. <p><p>A Boilover is a violent ejection of fuel due to the vaporization of a water sublayer, resulting in an enormous fire enlargement and formation of fireball and ground fire. Small scale experiments with cylindrical reservoirs of 0.08 to 0.3m diameter in glass or metal, filled with a mixture of diesel and oil have been performed. Instrumentation of the measurements consists of thermocouples rake, Medtherm radiometers, load cell and CCD or high-speed camera with a fisheye. During the quasi-steady combustion prior the Boilover, the typical variables describing a pool fire like burning rate, flame size, puffing frequency and radiation can be predicted with semi-empirical correlations available in the literature. At Boilover onset, high speed visualizations in glass reservoir show that the growth of one big bubble leads to a boiling front that propagates radially all along the fuel-water interface, ejecting the upper fuel layer and leading to the increase of flame size. LS-PIV technique applied to high-speed camera images shows that the flame enlargement is directly linked to the velocity of the flame.<p><p>A BLEVE (or Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion) is an explosion resulting from the catastrophic failure of a vessel containing a liquid at a temperature significantly above its boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure. Small scale experiments are performed with cylinders of 42g of propane, laid horizontally and heated from below by an electrical resistor. A groove of the reservoirs on the upper part allows better reproducibility of the rupture. High speed visualization and shadowgraphy are helping in visualizing the rupture and the content release. Thermocouples and PCB are also used to measure respectively the temperature and the blast wave overpressure. These experiments show that the fluid behavior during rupture differs with the size of the weakened part and therefore with the rupture pressure. The internal pressure measurement showed that the rupture pressure and temperature are supercritical, leading to the definition of a new type of BLEVE since there is no distinction between liquid and vapor phases prior rupture.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the most common cause of disability in the world. To relieve the heavy burden of stroke, we need to understand the mechanisms that will form the basis of improved prevention and treatment. Epidemiological studies have found evidence for a genetic influence on the common form of stroke. However the genetic of stroke is still in its infancy. Subclinical intracranial atherosclerosis is sometime a predisposing factor for ischemic stroke (IS). This study was carried out to elucidate genetic factors influencing the complex phenotype of IS and subclinical intracranial atherosclerosis.<p>In the Belgium Stroke Study (BSS), we collected 237 middle-aged (45-60 yrs) patients with small vessel occlusion (SVO) or large vessel atherosclerosis (LVA) IS, according to the Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria, 326 ethnicity and gender matched subjects were used as controls. We tested variants in cholesterol-related candidate genes (sterol regulatory element binding protein, SREBP, SREBP-cleavage activating protein, SCAP, Apolipoprotein E, APOE, and Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, PCSKA) for association with IS. Significant gene-IS associations were further tested in a Finnish autopsy collection of 1004 cases with a quantitative assessment of atherosclerosis in the circle of Willis.<p>While we could not detect any significant association between polymorphisms in the SREBP and SCAP genes and IS, we found evidence for association at the APOE and PCSK9 loci. The APOE &949;4+ genotype was related to a more severe intracranial atherosclerosis score in men, and within the most common APOE &949;3/&949;3 genotype group a higher risk of IS was associated with the G-allele at the -219G/T promoter polymorphisms. At PCSK9, the minor allele (G) of the tagging E670G polymorphism appeared as a significant predictor of LVA (OR = 3.52, 95% CI 1.25-9.85; p = 0.017). Accordingly, in the Finnish autopsy series, G-allele carriers tended to have more severe allele copy number-dependent (p=0.095) atherosclerosis in the circle of Willis and in its branches. <p>Our findings in this unique combination of clinical and autopsy data suggest a multifaceted role of apoE on the risk of cerebrovascular diseases. The APOE &949;4+ genotype did not predict the risk of IS, but was associated with severity of subclinical intracranial atherosclerosis in men. In contrast, the promoter variants affecting apoE expression were significant predictors of IS, suggesting that quantitative rather than qualitative variation of apoE is related to IS independently of subclinical intracranial atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PCSK9 associates with the risk of LVA stroke subtype, and suggest that the risk is related to the severity of the underlying intracranial atherosclerosis. <p>Atherogenesis is considered as an active, inflammatory process, interleukin (IL)-18 a proinflammatory cytokine, is thought to play a central role in the development of atherosclerosis and more specifically in plaque rupture. We genotyped four haplotype tagging polymorphisms at the IL18 gene in the BSS and the Finnish autopsy series. The minor alleles of the IL18 -607 and +127 polymorphisms, as well as the haplotype carrying both minor alleles, associated with IS after adjustment for all cardiovascular risk factors. No association was seen with the development of subclinical intracranial atherosclerosis. Our findings suggest that variation in the IL18 gene influences the acute atherosclerotic IS event, but not the previous development of subclinical intracranial atherosclerosis, suggesting a causal role of IL18 in the vulnerability of cerebral arterial atherosclerotic plaques to acute rupture and subsequent thrombosis. <p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Malgré les vifs débats dont fait régulièrement l'objet le régime d'indemnisation des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles (AT-MP), il n'existe à ce jour aucune étude fondamentale ayant tenté de déterminer sa nature juridique. Fort de la conviction qu'il est nécessaire de définir précisément l'identité juridique de ce système d'indemnisation pour discuter pertinemment du bien-fondé de ses règles, cette thèse ambitionne de combler cette lacune. L'objet de la recherche est ainsi de déterminer la place du régime AT-MP au sein du droit de l'indemnisation pour essayer de mieux saisir sa difficile intégration dans l'ordre juridique et proposer des remèdes. Cette démarche structure le plan de l'étude. L'analyse est orientée dans la première partie vers la recherche de ce qu'est le régime AT­-MP, avant de se porter dans la seconde sur l'examen de sa situation actuelle et de ses perspectives futures. Pour mener à bien cette entreprise, il a été fait le choix de comparer le régime AT-MP avec la responsabilité civile. Cet exercice de droit comparé interne a pour but de mieux appréhender les propriétés de cette technique d'indemnisation particulière en la mettant en relief avec le droit commun. Cette préférence méthodologique est avant tout fondée sur l'idée qu'un régime de réparation gagne à être systématiquement mis en regard avec la voie d'indemnisation traditionnelle. Ce choix est par ailleurs commandé par un trait propre à l'analyse du régime AT-MP: l'omniprésence de la responsabilité civile dans le discours doctrinal s'intéressant à ce système d'indemnisation particulier. / Despite frequent disputes about the regime for work accidents and occupational discases (AT-MP), no in-depth study attempting to define this system's legal nature has been undertaken so far. Yet, the precise identification of the way the regime operates seems necessary to properly discuss the relevance of its rules, and contemplate its future. Striving to contribute to the debate, this study endeavors to situate the AT-MP regime within the broader framework of compensation law. The regime cannot, as has tradicionnally been the case, be conceptualized opposite civil liability -nor can it be assimilated to this system. Rather, it provides an original compromise bringing together liability and the need for social guarantees. Based on this analysis, one may assess the hurdles facing the incorporation of the AT-MP regime within compensation law, and appraise the relevance of the varions political proposals that have been put foward to this end.

Serious efforts must be made to combat the high accident rate on the roads in the Republic of South Africa. The same spirit which exists in the field of medicine when there are evidences that an epidemic is beginning to take its toll, must come into being amongst those who are concerned with traffic and its problems. The public itself needs to become more aware of road safety. Many associations and institutions have been created to assist with the inculcation of the road safety ideal. The National Road Safety Council, which creates opportunities for investigation into aspects of road safety must continue to expand its sphere of influence. The research project contained on the following pages represents an attempt to contribute to the human factor in traffic safety, particularly by making a closer study of the driver of the motor vehicle. The writer is concerned with the carnage that is caused by road accidents. His previous study of personality and particularly of the projective techniques of assessment has prompted a consideration of the problem.

L’évaluation des risques, en situation d’urgence nucléaire, est entachée d’incertitudes sur le transfert de substances radioactives dans les écosystèmes terrestres et vers l’homme à travers la chaîne alimentaire pouvant altérer les décisions. L’ampleur des répercutions des accidents de Tchernobyl et de Fukushima a mis en évidence la difficulté de gérer les conséquences post-accidentelles de tels événements et d’appréhender les incertitudes dans les prises de décision. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer une méthodologie pour la prise en compte des incertitudes dans les modèles d’évaluation de risque environnemental et alimentaire afin d’améliorer les outils d’aide à la décision en situation accidentelle. Différents modèles bayésiens hiérarchiques visant à saisir, dans un cadre unique de modélisation, l’incertitude et la variabilité sur des paramètres radioécologiques d’intérêt en situation post-accidentelle ont été développés. Les paramètres de ces modèles ont été estimés par inférence bayésienne sur des données collectées à partir d’une revue étendue de la littérature. L’influence sur les modèles d’évaluation de risque, des incertitudes autour de ces paramètres radioécologiques, a été évaluée par simulations probabilistes et analyses de sensibilité, appliquées à deux cas d’études : un accident hypothétique et l’accident de Fukushima. Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse contribuent à améliorer la connaissance autour des processus clés de transfert de radionucléides dans l’environnement et la paramétrisation des modèles radioécologiques d’évaluation de risque en ligne avec les axes de recherche prioritaires définis par la communauté scientifique en radioécologie. / Risk assessment, in case of nuclear emergency, is confronted to uncertainties on the transfer of radioactive substances in terrestrial ecosystems and to human population through the food chain, which could affect the reliability of decisions. The extent of the repercussions of Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents highlighted the difficulty of managing the consequences of such disasters and specifically to accommodate the different sources of uncertainty within decision-making processes. The objective of this research is to develop a methodology to account for uncertainties within environmental and food risk assessment models to improve decision support tools used for accidental situations. Different hierarchical Bayesian models aiming at capturing, within a unique modelling framework, uncertainty and variability about radioecological parameters of great importance for accidental situation were developed. Models parameters were estimated by Bayesian inference applied on databases obtained by an extended literature review. The impact on the risk assessment models of uncertainties about these radioecological parameters was then assessed by stochastic simulations and sensitivity analyses applied on two case-studies: a hypothetical accident simulating a standardized deposition of radionuclides and the accident of Fukushima nuclear power plant. The works developed in this project contribute to enhance knowledge on key processes governing environmental transfer of radionuclides and to improve the parameterization of the radioecological risk assessment models with respect to the research lines outlined by the scientific community in radioecology.

M.Ed. (Educational Management) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Please read the abstract (Synopsis) in the section, 00front, of this document / Thesis (DPhil (HMS))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted