L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les propriétés redistributives des systèmes de retraite par répartition. Nous montrons tout d'abord que la redistribution intergénérationnelle et la redistribution verticale jouent un rôle important pour la détermination de la taille des systèmes de transferts organisés par l'Etat. Puis, nous étudions l'impact sur l'accumulation du capital et le bien-être de la redistributivité instantanée des systèmes de retraite. Enn, nous montrons qu'un système de retraite par répartition peut être régressif si les inégalités face à la mort sont signicatives.

Cette thèse conduit à nous interroger sur le caractère soutenable de l'accumulation chinoise, et à insister sur les éléments que ce pays comporte en commun avec le Brésil. La dynamique du processus d'accumulation de la Chine et du Brésil est envisagée à partir du comportement des entreprises nationales et étrangères, ainsi que de la structure socioéconomique de ces deux pays. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons les caractéristiques de l'évolution historique de la Chine afin de mieux comprendre la situation actuelle. Sont alors mises en évidence les raisons pour lesquelles le développement économique s'est réalisé de manière distincte en Chine et au Brésil, ainsi que son articulation historiquement différenciée avec le système capitaliste mondial. Ensuite, nous insistons sur le phénomène qui semble rapprocher le plus aujourd'hui la situation économique de la Chine de celle du Brésil : l'importance des inégalités. Alors que les inégalités semblent aujourd'hui peser sur l'accumulation brésilienne, la Chine maintient un taux de formation brute de capital fixe supérieur à 40%. Après une étude de l'évolution historique des appareils productifs chinois et brésiliens, l'accent est mis essentiellement sur les impasses vers lesquelles leur mode d'accumulation risque de les mener. Pour résumer, il s'agit de comprendre, à l'aune de l'économie brésilienne, les blocages vers lesquels la Chine se dirige, et de remettre en cause la thèse selon laquelle les pays de la Périphérie peuvent constituer une menace pour les économies du Centre. Bien au contraire, les blocages auxquels risque de se confronter le processus d'accumulation, aussi bien dans les pays du Centre que dans ceux de la Périphérie, sont dus aux caractéristiques propres du mode de production capitaliste, et sont inhérents au fonctionnement de celui-ci.

As atuais mudanças no mundo do trabalho são conhecidas como fases de implantação de um novo modelo de capitalismo, a acumulação flexível do capital. Os maiores afetados com estas mudanças são os trabalhadores, pois a flexibilização defendida é a flexibilização que faz com que o trabalhador não seja mais dono de seu próprio caráter e que possa se dobrar de acordo com os interesses do capital. Sem ocorrer de forma mais amena o campo da educação formal também passa por mudanças em seus conteúdos e estrutura de funcionamento. Novas competências devem agora ser trabalhadas pelos professores e demais educadores para formar um novo tipo de ser humano, capaz de lidar com as exigências e incertezas do atual capitalismo. A conexão legal entre estes dois campos pedagógicos as relações sociais de trabalho e as instituições formais de ensino se faz, em nossa análise, por meio do Estado. Nesta pesquisa propomos realizar uma análise sobre a importância da introdução da noção de competências no meio educacional para o processo de desenvolvimento do atual estágio do modo de produção capitalista, por meio da abordagem sobre a elaboração de políticas públicas para a educação básica brasileira. Nossa proposta se pauta no desenvolvimento de análises sobre o processo integração do capitalismo por meio da atuação da classe social dos gestores e da articulação entre o Estado Amplo e o Estado Restrito, constituindo uma estrutura de poder capaz de envolver e reger diversos aspectos da organização da sociedade. / The recent changes in the working world are known as the implementation stages of a new kind of capitalism, the capital flexible accumulation. The workers are the most affected by this changes, once the defended flexibilization is the flexibilization that turns the worker no longer the owner of his own character and that can submit according to the capital interests. With the same impact, the formal education field is also experimenting changes in its contents and functioning structure. New competences must now be developed by teachers and other kinds of educators to form a new kind of human being, able to deal with the requirements and uncertainness of the present capitalism. The legal connection between both pedagogical fields the working social relationships and the formal teaching institutions is made, according to our analysis, through the State. In the present research, we propose to analyze the impact of the introduction of the competences notion in the educational field into the development process of the present stage of the capitalist way of producing, through the approach of the construction of Brazilian basic educational public policy. Our proposal is based on developing analysis about the process of integration of the capitalism through the actuation of the social class of the managers and the articulation between the Wide State and the Restrict State, constituting a structure of power able to involve and many aspects of the social organization.

L'énorme disparité qui caractérise la distribution des revenus au Brésil représente une remarquable dette sociale à combler, car il est inacceptable qu'un pays aussi riche que le Brésil soit si inégalitaire et si injuste pour la majorité de ses citoyens. Malgré le changement de la politique socio-économique intervenu dans les deux dernières décennies et ciblant une politique sociale plus active et dirigée vers la redistribution du revenu, l'inégalité de la société brésilienne reste criante. L'étude du développement du capitalisme national, à travers ses racines, implantées dès la colonisation, est indispensable si l'on veut comprendre comment la nation est parvenue à une telle situation. La formation structurelle et institutionnelle du capitalisme brésilien a engendré plusieurs distorsions dans le partage de la richesse et les politiques économiques et sociales adoptées n'ont pas été capables de construire une société juste pour l'ensemble de la population. Une analyse détaillée de l'historique de la croissance économique et de l'accumulation du capital dans l'économie brésilienne montre la trajectoire de la concentration du revenu, et souligne la responsabilité des politiques gouvernementales, peu favorables à un partage plus équitable de la richesse nationale. Les élites dominantes ont pris les rênes de la machine gouvernementale pour maintenir leurs privilèges et s'approprier la richesse nationale produite, en l'absence de toute volonté politique d'améliorer la distribution du revenu dans l'ensemble de la nation. Le principal objectif ici est donc d'étudier les effets des politiques gouvernementales dans l'accumulation du capital et dans la distribution du revenu au Brésil, en tenant compte de l'insertion brésilienne dans le système capitaliste et des résultats des politiques publiques nationales. La méthode de l'économie politique, fondée sur la théorie de distribution du revenu de Kalecki, est présente tout au long de l'analyse.

Esta dissertação ilustra como o regime fordista de acumulação brasileiro foi induzido à sua crise na década de oitenta, pelas políticas de ajuste econômico patrocinadas pelo FMI, e como na década seguinte a política de liberalização da economia terminou por reformatá-lo. Destacam-se as alterações estruturais na economia neste novo ambiente pós-fordista, e evidencia-se como este novo regime de acumulação não permitiu uma ampliação do produto e renda / This master dissertation elucidates how the Brazilian accumulation of fordist type was driven into its crisis in the eighties, by the adjustment policies of International Monetary Fund and how, during the nineties, the liberalization of economy put another one in curse, the so called post-fordist regime. The work approaches the structural changes of the Brazilian economy under this new post-fordist regime, and attempts to show how it was not able foster new economic growth, as expected

This thesis is about the organisation, character and change of labour relations in expanding capitalist wool farming in the Cape between 1860 and 1950. It is an attempt to analyse labour in wool farming within a transnational framework, based on an expansion of capital from core to periphery of the capitalist world-economy. Wool farming in peripheries like the Cape was part of capitalist production through the link to primarily the British textile industry. This relationship enabled wool farmers to invest in their farms in sheep, fences and windmills. They thereby became agents of capital expansion in the world-economy, which was a prerequisite for a capitalist expansion. Although wool production in the Cape was initially an imperial division of labour, that relation changed during the twentieth century as Britain’s leading role as textile producer was challenged by other capitalist core countries. Capitalism as a transnational production system, based on commodity chains from periphery to core, became the most crucial structure for wool farmers in the Cape, who could increase their exports. The thesis also shows that the pre-capitalist generational division of labour among black peasants, through which farmers acquired labour, especially shepherds, was both discarded and intensified. Shepherding was intensified along with fencing during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century due to threat from jackals and lack of sufficient water supplies. Those farmers who invested in technology in the form of jackal-proof fences and windmills managed to change production from herding to rotational grazing in camps, which meant that shepherds were replaced by camp walkers, who controlled fences instead of sheep. Those farmers who did not invest were forced to exploit the pre-capitalist relations more intensively and hire shepherds in order to be able to produce and sell wool to textile manufacturers in capitalist core areas. As the young adult males disappeared from farms to the mines, the role of children and youths as shepherds became increasingly important. By the 1940s almost all the shepherds were children or youths, but they were about to be made redundant, as the number of shepherds decreased during the 1930s and 1940s.

美國的少數幾家大型影視產業資本不僅主導了境內市場，也在全球市場占有領先的份額，因而對美國影視產業的批判經常出自於反壟斷、反帝反傾銷的動機，目的在保護民族市場或多元文化。然而美國是最早讓動態影像（motion picture）商業化、產業化，使資本能藉之積累擴張，而不必由政府以長期固定的財政手段支持的少數國家之一；並且不同於大量進口產品與技術的後進國，美國很早就成為影視產品的淨出口國，同時在傳播科技與生產手段上持續革新，一至如今。藉由探索美國影視產業的發展史，有助於我們理解影視產業資本的運動軌跡；也就是探討在影視產業內，資本如何剝奪剩餘價值、發達生產力、擴大生產規模的政治經濟歷程。 一般而言，個別資本為擴大利潤率而不斷地更新生產技術以提升生產力，長期卻總體地導致利潤率下降的結果。或說資本運動具有周期性：按利潤率的波動，一再地經歷危機、蕭條、復甦、高漲的循環。美國影視產業史已經說明了這些階段，然而利潤率如何變遷，以及相應生產手段的更替、生產關係的變革，還有待釐清。 藉長時段的國民所得與生產帳（National Income and Product Account, NIPA）以及產業稅務報告所登錄的資料，本文得到 1947年至1997年間電影業前後一貫可比較的利潤率計算根據。資料顯示，二十世紀下半的美國電影利潤率幾經波動，長期有明顯下降的趨勢。按Weisskopf所提的利潤率要項拆解法，就各周期利潤率作進一步分析，可知戰後利潤率轉壞主因為市場萎縮減產，七○年後利潤率轉壞則因為工資上升與資本投入過速的效果。 在回顧美國電影業百年來的流通手段與生產過程歷程後，與利潤率變遷材料與分析結果互為理解，可知晚近利潤率轉壞的主因為資本仰賴少數廠外秀異生產者，使對生產者的工資議價力降低。與早年的量產制相較，這是資本解散廠內長聘勞動隊伍，使生產外部化造成的非意圖後果。為突破量產時代的生產力發展瓶頸，資本逐漸集中到少量差異化的高質量特製電影製作上，以爭取更深更廣的流通，實現更高的利潤份額，同時節省量產所需的人力。長期下來造成資本的兩極分配，使勞動者的晉升、流動乃至於再生產出現困難。 資本因應秀異者高工資的利潤擠壓以及勞動者再生產困難的困局，是藉全球化之便作生產外逃，使產業空洞化。除了取他國低廉勞動力與製作補貼的外因以解釋晚近美國電影業深化全球分工的格局，本文試圖提供長時段資本運動的內因，作為理解當代全球好萊塢構造的另一途徑。 / A few giant corporations dominate US domestic motion picture market and also play key roles in global markets. So people who criticize this situations are usually motivated by goals of anti-monopoly, anti-imperialist or anti-dumping and want to protect their own national market or pluralistic culture. However, motion pictures in US have been commercialized and traded for capital accumulation and expansion since their birth. Not like other countries' governments give stable financial support to their movie and TV industries, US motion picture industry seldom received government direct supports and US has been major exporter of video goods and new communication technology after 1910s. By exploring the history of motion picture industry we would understand the capital movement of this industry. In other words, we need to identify the political economic process of capital exploits video goods, occupies surplus value, and promotes the innovation of technology and expansion. Generally speaking, individual capital renews production technology and upgrades productivity for higher rate of profit while makes macro/total profit rate falling in the long run. It is said that the movement of capital is cyclic and production would experiences phases like crisis, recessionary, recovery, and upswing. We could identify these phases in the history of US motion picture industry, but we didn't know exactly how and why profit rate fluctuated and the mode of production, relation of production changed correspondingly. I collected raw data from National Income and Product Account published by Bureau of Economic Analysis and corporation tax reports published by Internal Revenue System which were calculated for for profit rate of motion picture industry from 1947 to 1997. The result shows that the rate of profit falling in the long run. And I used Weisskopf's method to analysis the factors of profit rate and have conclusions that the first falling rate of profit after 2nd world war was caused by market shrinking and the second one was caused by rising wage and organic composition of capital. By reviewing the history of US motion picture industry, especially the process of means of circulation and production changed, then comparing the history with trend of profit rate, I argue that the main reason of falling rate in last decades is stronger bargaining power of a few elite talents who asked for ultra-high compensations. When capital faced shrinking market and tried to saved normal cost by dismissing lots of in-house labour and production outsourcing, it could not help but rely "free" workers and accepted unexpected high wages while more and more fund and resources were concentrated on fewer and fewer production projects. A few ultra-high quality films which circulate more widely and deeply would realize more profit and save labour cost for capital. But in the long run this would polarize capital using and make upgrading, mobility and reproduction of labour more difficult. Furthermore, the accumulation of capital is difficult too as profit rate falling. Capital responded to this plight by production runaway. This is the main issue of Global Hollywood. Besides the factors of cheaper labour or subsidies from foreign governments, I try to argue the inner logic of capital movement would lead the same result. That's why global Hollywood globalized.

Esta dissertação ilustra como o regime fordista de acumulação brasileiro foi induzido à sua crise na década de oitenta, pelas políticas de ajuste econômico patrocinadas pelo FMI, e como na década seguinte a política de liberalização da economia terminou por reformatá-lo. Destacam-se as alterações estruturais na economia neste novo ambiente pós-fordista, e evidencia-se como este novo regime de acumulação não permitiu uma ampliação do produto e renda / This master dissertation elucidates how the Brazilian accumulation of fordist type was driven into its crisis in the eighties, by the adjustment policies of International Monetary Fund and how, during the nineties, the liberalization of economy put another one in curse, the so called post-fordist regime. The work approaches the structural changes of the Brazilian economy under this new post-fordist regime, and attempts to show how it was not able foster new economic growth, as expected

本論文延伸英國馬克思主義教育理論者Glenn Rikowski提出之「學校教育生產勞動力」的「勞動力理論」，論述現代資本主義中學校教育與資本積累的關係，指出受學校教育作為創造「商品化勞動力使用價值」的關鍵機制，將促進剩餘價值生產。此過程具有生產使用價值、生產交換價值、操持、強制性等四項特性，本身就可視為是一種「勞動」來觀察。本論文將此過程稱為「求學勞動」，以馬克思主義對其進行分析，提出「求學勞動理論」。 本論文發現，基於資本主義下資本積累需求與勞動者之間的競爭壓力，求學勞動將是一種異化的強制性活動，且具有(1)提高僱傭勞動的「剩餘價值率」，及(2)教育增額工資日益減少甚至低於教育費用的「再生產不足」等兩重剝削機制，以促成剩餘價值生產，維持資本主義體制。 運用國家理論觀察，求學勞動的內涵在國家中介下，除了滿足不同的資本積累需求外，也須透過政治控制與社會整合以滿足社會正當性，是故在不同的社會條件和權力分布下，將有著變動的「開放空間」，也可能造成不同的「危機」。 而自馬克思主義相關成果分析求學勞動，本論文發現求學勞動的過程包含著「競爭排序」與「權威控制」，使得「意識型態」得以運作，促成異化求學勞動與僱傭勞動持續運行。而為了用以抵擋資本主義利潤率下降趨勢，求學勞動有著更加異化、競爭化、階層化、延長化、貶值化、新自由主義化等諸項趨勢，但也有著包含反體制運動、教育改革及階級鬥爭的「反趨勢」可能。 本論文也運用了理論成果，針對台灣的「升學競爭」與「高教擴張」之現象及成因進行分析。本論文認為台灣升學壓力的原因與資本積累需求及勞動力競爭壓力相關。僅透過「廣設公立高中大學」、「取消人力規劃與強制分流教育」等方法，不足以消解升學壓力，反而恐將延後、強化、轉移競爭壓力。除非教育改革能(1)去除資本需求與其對勞動力的影響，(2)促成平等化的階層結構，(3)使教育資源分配的平等化，才有可能改變升學競爭壓力的結構原因。而1990年代台灣的高教擴張政策，非但無法達到其宣稱的目標，反而傾向「教育私有化」政策，更鞏固了「公私雙元高教系統」，強化競爭與階級繁衍。 最後，本論文指出基於求學勞動與僱傭勞動之間具有抽象結構的共通性，隨著客觀情勢惡化與集體行動的努力，具有打造出「工學聯合」的共通階級意識基礎，以共同投入改革或革命實踐的可能。 / This dissertation was inspired by the Marxist educational theorist Glenn Rikowski’s “labor power theory”, seeing schooling as producing labor power for capitalism, to research the relationship between schooling and capitalism. From the Marxist point, I find that schooling is the key mechanism of producing commercial use-value of labor power, and will produce more surplus-value in the wage-labor process. I use Marxism to analysis schooling as a kind of labor, and naming it “schooling-labor” to propose a “schooling-labor theory”. Because capitalists chase higher profits for accumulation and labors compete with each other for education or working opportunities, the schooling-labor would be a forced and alienated activity, consists of two mechanisms of exploitation for capitalism: (1) improving the surplus-value rate, and (2) causing “insufficient reproduction”. The content of schooling-labor is mediated by the State to satisfy the accumulation of capital and social legitimation at the same time, so under different social elements and different distribution of power, there are “open spaces” to be mediated, and may result of different crises. I find that the competition and authoritative control in the process of schooling-labor make the ideology work to maintain the alienated schooling-labor and wage-labor. Moreover, for countervailing the tendency of “decreasing profit rate”, schooling-labor would turn into situations consist of alienation, competition, stratification, extension, and inflation; but however, there are also “counter-tendencies”, including anti-system movement, education reform, and class struggle. After all, I use the theory to analyze the phenomenon and cause of “competition for education opportunities” and “expansion of higher education” in Taiwan, and I find that the expanding higher education in Taiwan could not solve the problem of educational need and competition, but caused the privatization of education, the “public-private polarized higher education system”, and reproduction of class. Finally, the dissertation points out that because the uniformity between schooling-labor and wage-labor, the objective worse situation, and the power of collective actions, there are possibilities to manufacture the class consciousness of “students and workers” to engage in reform or revolution.

Depuis le vingtième siècle, les flux migratoires ont augmenté entrainant des flux financiers – nommés "remittances" - partant des zones d'immigration vers celles d'émigration. Ces transferts, que les migrants envoient à leurs familles dans leur pays d'origine peuvent générer des effets opposés selon des pays. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'analyser leurs conséquences sur le capital physique et humain dans les pays qui les reçoivent.Le premier chapitre souligne l'impact négatif de ces flux sur le stock de capital ainsi que sur l'offre de travail. Ce revenu supplémentaire durant leur dernière période de vie conduit les individus à moins travailler et moins épargner. Ces transferts peuvent rapprocher ou éloigner les économies de la règle d'or d'accumulation du capital en fonction de leurs caractéristiques. Une politique de taxation est proposée afin de maximiser le bien-être. Le second chapitre étend l'analyse à des économies ouvertes faisant face à des contraintes exogènes de crédit sur le marché international des capitaux. Il montre que les transferts réduisent les incitations des agents à épargner, mais peuvent accroitre l'investissement en capital physique dans certains pays, via les entrées de capitaux, en relâchant directement la contrainte de crédit. Le troisième chapitre développe un modèle de croissance avec accumulation de capital humain, dans lequel les agents empruntent pour s'éduquer. Les contraintes de crédit sont cette fois endogènes : les agents ne peuvent s'engager à rembourser et sont exclus du marché des capitaux en cas de défaut. Ce modèle explique que les "remittances" peuvent générer des effets positifs, dans certains pays, ou négatifs dans d'autres. / Since the twentieth century, migratory flows have largely increased entailing financial flows - named remittances - from immigration areas to emigration areas. These transfers that migrants send to their families in their home countries may empirically lead to positive or negative effects on physical and human capital. This thesis aims at explaining this mixed evidence in developing countries.The first chapter underlines the negative impact of remittances on capital stock but also on labour supply. Due to this additional income in their last-period of life, agents have less incentive to work and save. Remittances may bring economies closer to their golden rule of capital accumulation or further from their golden rule according to their features. A taxation policy is provided in order to maximise the welfare in the home country of the migrants. The second chapter extends the analysis to open economies facing exogenous credit constraints on the international capital market. Even if remittances reduce incentive to save, these flows may increase investment in physical capital in some countries, through capital inflows, by directly relaxing the credit constraints. The third chapter considers a growth model with human capital accumulation in which agents borrow to finance their education. Borrowing constraints are, in this non-commitment framework considered as endogenous: agents may choose to default and are excluded from the financial market in case of default. In accordance with empirical literature, this model is able to explain a negative or a positive impact of remittances on economic growth.