In 2004 Troy was released in movie theatres worldwide and almost immediately sparked up discussions on film’s relation to the ancient epic of Homer.  The main purpose of this paper is to see the connection between Troy and Homer’s The Iliad – motion pictures’ only officially credited source of inspiration. By using comparative method and intertextual approach I try to see how a literary piece, for centuries recited and cherished by the highest academic circles is remodelled to fit the taste of a mass public. How The Iliad mutates to be a marketable product.    I discuss the changes of the plot that were introduced in Troy and try to see those changes as an outcome of mutation process. Apart from the plot, the notion of a hero is also discussed: how the definition of hero changed through time? To illustrate the changes, two main heroes – Achilles and Hector are discussed, yet again using the comparative method.    By approaching Troy and The Iliad as two separate cultural products (I did not view Troy as a documentary on The Iliad) I was able to connect them. I could see that the essence of the literary work and the film appears to be the same. It shows that the ancient Greek values, especially those, related to warfare and heroism, have definitely survived long enough to penetrate the modern thought.

1 Abstract The aim is to investigate whether the distal femoral cartilage (DFC), Achilles tendon (AT) and plantar fascia (PF) were different between healthy young women wearing high-heel shoes (HHS) (> 5 cm) and flat shoes (< 1.4 cm). Measurements from aforementioned structures were obtained by using ultrasound. There were 910 measurement parameters analyzed in total. There were 34 women in the HHS group (mean age 31.1±6.4 years; BMI 21.6 ± 2.3 kg/m2 ) and 57 women in the control group (mean age; 29.5 ± 7.3 years; BMI 22.5 ± 3.4 kg/m2 ). Wearing HHS resulted in thickening of the right medial DFC (2.00 ± 0.41 mm) and left AT (4.07 ± 0.48 mm) in women wearing HHS compared to flat shoes (1.96 ± 0.35 mm, 3.76 ± 0.66 mm, respectively). This might be interpreted as secondary to chronic overload. PF thicknesses were similar both within and between group. Our findings have shown significant thickening of the right medial DFC and left AT in women wearing HHS and these changes might be interpreted as secondary to chronic overload. Further follow-up studies are definitely awaited to provide a better insight into understanding the musculoskeletal consequences of this "social" issue ever-existing in ladies lives. The secondary aim of the thesis comprises two case reports: 1. the first is describing the usefulness of MSK...

Cette étude s’attache à l’observation et l’analyse du fait religieux dans les romans grecs. Les romans de Chariton, Xénophon d’Éphèse, Longus, Achille Tatius et Héliodore forment un corpus étonnamment cohérent, au vu de la distance temporelle qui les sépare. Ils se refusent pourtant à toute tentative de généralisation en matière religieuse. Prenant le contre-pied des études symbolistes, ce travail présente un relevé exhaustif de la religion observable dans les romans. Sont ainsi étudiés les lieux de culte et leur personnel, ansi que les actes rituels effectués par les personnages. La mise en rapport des cultes romanesques avec l'archéologie et les conceptions religieuses des époques classique et impériale se révèle un moyen de prendre la mesure d’une reconstruction romanesque de la réalité, passée ou contemporaine. Le rapport de valeur établi dans les romans entre sacrifice et prière ainsi qu’entre cultes collectif et personnel permet d'apercevoir certains aspects de la religion propres à l'époque impériale. Mis en relation avec l'usage rhétorique et romanesque du fait religieux, il permet également de définir le projet de chacun des romanciers, en matière religieuse et politique, mais aussi esthétique. / This thesis concentrates on the observation and analysis of places, people and acts of religion in Greek fiction. Charito, Xenophon Ephesius, Longus, Achilles Tatius and Heliodorus have produced suprisingly similar novels given that they were written at quite different times, although they still resist every attempt at religious generalisation. Traditionnal studies on the subject are symbolistic, on the contrary, here we will analyse the concrete aspects of religion, as they actually appear in these novels. So we will study the sacred places, the priests, and the rituals performed out by the novel's characters. The comparison of these fictionnal cults with archeological findings and religious conceptions from Imperial and Classical times will allow us to mesure the novelist's reconstruction of a reality, pertaining to their present or their past. The respective value given in these novels to sacrifice and prayer, to collective and individual cults shows some modern aspects of Greek religion in the Imperial era. If put in relation with the rhetorical and dramatic use of religion, this will also provide elements to define each novelist's religious, political but also esthetic project.

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Bakgrund: En akut akillesseneruptur (ATR) resulterar i begränsning av funktion som kan kvarstå under lång tid. I litteraturen finns ett flertal reliabla och valida utvärderingsinstrument som används vid funktionsbedömningar efter ATR. Då osäkerhet angående lämpligt val av tester inför återgång i aktivitet/idrott föreligger finns ett behov av tydliga riktlinjer i fråga om kliniskt relevanta utvärderingsinstrument. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att identifiera kliniskt relevanta fysioterapeutiska utvärderingsinstrument för bedömning av funktion hos personer med akillesseneruptur samt kartlägga dessa utifrån ett validitets och reliabilitetperspektiv. Metod: En kartläggande litteraturstudie. Litteratursökningen genomfördes i databaserna PubMed, Cinahl och PEDro mellan 2023-02-07 – 2023-02-15 utifrån inklusionskriterierna: vuxna individer med akut ATR, artiklar publicerade 2013-2023, observations- och randomiserade kontrollerade studier. Av identifierade utvärderingsinstrument valdes 15 ut, baserat på kriterierna: frekvens, klinisk användbarhet samt kategorisering enligt ramverket International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Valda utvärderingsinstrument kategoriserades enligt ICF samt granskades avseende reliabilitet och validitet om denna data fanns tillgänglig. Resultat: Totalt inkluderades 15 olika utvärderingsinstrument, såväl objektiva som subjektiva, för granskning utifrån reliabilitet och validitet. Fem av dessa visade både god reliabilitet och validitet samt klinisk användbarhet. Inga diagnosspecifika utvärderingsinstrument inom ICF-kategorierna personlighetsfaktorer och omgivningsfaktorer identifierades. Slutsats: Achilles Tendon Resting Angle (ATRA), Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS), Foot and Ankle Outcomes Score (FAOS), Heel-Rise Endurence och Heel-Rise Height är fem tillförlitliga utvärderingsinstrumnet att använda i klinik. Inför återgång till aktivitet/idrott är det nödvändigt att komplettera med idrottsspecifika utvärderingsinstrument samt instrument som utvärderar psykologiska faktorer. / Background: An acute achilles tendon rupture (ATR) results in limitations of function that remains for a long time. There are several reliabel and valid outcome measures used in functional evaluation after ATR presented in the litterature. Due to uncertainties regarding which appropriate outcome measures to use for return to activities/sports there is a need for clinical guidelines. Purpose: The purpose was to identify physiotherapeutic outcome measures for the evaluation of function in people with achilles tendon ruptures and to chart these from a perspecive of reliability and validity. Method: A scoping review. A litterature search were performed in the databases PubMed, Cinahl and PEDro between 2023-02-07 – 2023-02-15 based on the inclusion criteria: adults with acute ATR, articles published between 2013-2023, clinical trials and randomized controlled trials. From identified outcome measures 15 were selected based on the criteria frequency, clinical usability and categorized by the theoretical framework International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Selected outcome measures were categorized according to ICF and reviewed for republicity of results, if this data was available. Results: 15 outcome measures, both objective and subjective, were included for evaluation regarding reliability and validity. Five of these proved good reliability, validity and clinical usability. In the ICF categories, personal factors and environmental factors, no diagnose specific outcome measures were identified. Conclusion: Achilles Tendon Resting Angle (ATRA), Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS), Foot and Ankle Outcomes Score (FAOS), Heel-Rise Endurence och Heel-Rise Height are five reliable outcome measures to use in clinical practice. Before return to activities/sports it is necessary to add sportspecific outcome measures and evaluation of psychological factors.

In der Präadoleszenz verbessert sportliches Training die Muskelkraftkapazität, die Belege für Auswirkungen auf Muskel- und Sehnenplastizität sind jedoch begrenzt. Jedoch könnte es, ähnlich wie bei jugendlichen Sportler:innen, bei präadoleszenten Athlet:innen zu Dysbalancen zwischen Muskelkraft und Sehnensteifigkeit kommen, insbesondere bei häufigen plyometrischen Belastungen. Dadurch wird die Sehne stärker mechanisch beansprucht, was zu einem erhöhten Verletzungsrisiko der Sehne führen kann. Aufgrund des Forschungsmangels über die Auswirkungen sportlichen Trainings auf die Muskel- und Sehnenplastizität in der Präadoleszenz untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit die Entwicklung der morphologischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften der Plantarflexoren und der Achillessehne bei präadoleszenten Athlet:innen mittels Ultraschall- und Dynamometrie. Es wurden zwei Vergleichsstudien zwischen Turner:innen mit mehrjähriger Trainingserfahrung und untrainierten Personen ähnlichen Alters durchgeführt. Die Studien zeigten eine höhere Muskelkraft der Plantarflexoren bei den Athlet:innen, jedoch keine Anpassungen der Achillessehnensteifigkeit, was zu einem höheren Anteil von Athlet:innen mit stark erhöhter Sehnendehnung führte. Zudem gab es keine Hinweise auf eine trainingsbedingte Muskelhypertrophie der Plantarflexoren. Die Auswirkungen von Training und Reifung auf die Muskel-Sehnen-Einheit wurden zusätzlich über ein Jahr untersucht. Die Muskelkraft der Athlet:innen entwickelte sich im Vergleich zu Nichtathlet:innen ähnlich, war jedoch durch größere Schwankungen und eine unausgewogene Adaptation zwischen Muskelkraft und Sehnensteifigkeit gekennzeichnet. Dies führte zu einer höheren Häufigkeit von Sportler:innen mit erhöhter Sehnendehnung und größeren Schwankungen der Sehnendehnung über die Zeit. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine erhöhte mechanische Beanspruchung der Sehne bei präadoleszenten Athlet:innen hin, was Auswirkungen auf das Risiko von Überlastungsbeschwerden der Sehne haben könnte. / In preadolescence, physical exercise and athletic training improve muscle strength capacity, yet the evidence on the effects of long-term athletic training on muscle-tendon plasticity is limited. Similar to adolescent athletes, preadolescents might develop imbalances between muscle strength and tendon stiffness, particularly with high-frequency plyometric loading. This imbalance exposes the tendon to an increased mechanical demand, potentially leading to an increased risk of tendon injury. Despite limited evidence on preadolescence research about the effects of athletic training on muscle-tendon plasticity, the thesis investigates the development of morphological and mechanical properties of the plantar flexors and Achilles tendon in preadolescent athletes via ultrasonography and dynamometry procedures. Two comparison studies were initially performed between artistic gymnastic athletes, with extensive training history, against untrained peers of similar age. The studies demonstrated higher plantar flexor muscle strength in the athletes, yet the gymnastic-specific training did not cause adaptations of Achilles tendon stiffness, resulting in a higher percentage of athletes with high-level tendon strain. Moreover, there was no evidence of training-induced muscle hypertrophy in the plantar flexors. The effects of athletic training and maturation on the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit were investigated over one year during preadolescence. The development of muscle strength in athletes, even though it was similar compared to non-athletes, was characterised by significantly greater fluctuations and a non-uniform adaptation between muscle strength and tendon stiffness. These two facts together resulted in a higher frequency of athletes with a high level of tendon strain and greater strain fluctuations over time. The findings indicate an increased mechanical demand for the tendon in preadolescent athletes that could have implications for the risk of tendon overuse injury.

L’analyse du vocabulaire grec du visage dans l’ensemble des romans de Chariton, de Xénophon, de Longus, d’Héliodore et d’Achille Tatius a pour dessein de montrer l’intérêt certain, à la fois esthétique et sensoriel, porté à cette partie souveraine du corps. Quelle est donc l’importance accordée au visage du héros ou de l’héroïne ? Et de quelle manière le discours rend-il compte de son incarnation, de sa réalité organique ? Comment les visages des personnages interagissent-ils ? Parce que le visage se révèle une interface entre l’intime et le social, entre l’intériorité et l’expressivité, on peut se demander en quoi ce lieu privilégié du corps, à travers la description de l’aspect physique des personnages, caractérise leur éthos permanent ou communique au lecteur leurs émotions fugitives. Le visage s’offre aux regards et interpelle. Ses traits sont autant de signes à interpréter pour celui ou celle qui le regarde et dont il mobilise le système de reconnaissance et de représentation. Certes, la description physique des héroïnes comme celle des jeunes hommes ne se limite pas au visage. Mais, seul le visage, qui n’a rien d’incertain, d’irrégulier, de disharmonieux, est appelé à refléter les vertus des personnages mais aussi ses plus grandes souffrances. La mise en icônes de traits représentatifs des personnages s’inscrit dans la logique des procédures de description physique qui caractérise la culture romanesque. Le roman aime ainsi à représenter la beauté, en alliant aux manifestations physiques les émotions de l’âme. Les visages des héros romanesques grecs sont dévoilés dans une sorte de mosaïque à la fois anatomique et littéraire, évoquant les éléments fondamentaux qui les constituent. Ainsi, sans confondre visage et portrait, nous avons déconstruit le visage romanesque pour en montrer les diverses facettes, la palette des couleurs, les références littéraires intertextuelles et mythologiques mais aussi certains invariants, pour enfin mieux le reconstruire. Nous avons donc procédé à l’étude et à l’analyse du visage, non seulement comme entité mais en tant que visage morcelé, voire éclaté. L’étude approfondie des sens s’est attachée à souligner la passion, ses effets et les émotions du corps, entre plaisir et souffrance, entre affection et violence. Cette recherche a permis de souligner les éléments communs aux différents romanciers, mais aussi leur originalité d'écriture. L'importance accordée au visage et plus généralement au corps dans la narratologie laisse apparaître le reflet des valeurs de la société grecque de leur temps. / The analysis of Greek vocabulary about the face in Chariton, Xenophon, Longus, Heliodorus and Achilles Tatius’s novels as a whole plans to show the definite interest, both aesthetic and sensory focused on this sovereign part of the body. So what is the importance attached to the hero or heroine’s faces? And how does the discourse explain its incarnation and organical reality? The face proves to be an interface between the private and social world, between interiority and expressiveness. So we can wonder how this privileged part of the body characterizes their permanent ethos ; we can wonder how it transmits their fleeting emotions to the reader, through the description of the physical look of the characters. The face catches attention. Its features mobilize the system of recognition and representation. Indeed the physical description of heroines as well as heroes is not limited to the face. But only the face, with nothing uncertain, irregular, disharmonious, is assigned to reflect the characters’ virtues but also their greatest suffering. « La mise en icônes »of characters’ representative features is part of the procedures of physical description that characterize the culture of the novel. Thus the novel likes to represent beauty by combining physical expressions with soul feeling. The faces of Greek novelistic heroes are revealed in a kind of mosaic at once anatomical and literary, evoking the basic elements that constitute them. Thus, without mixing up face and portrait, we have deconstructed the novelistic face to show its various facets, colour palette, intertextual literary and mythological references ; but also to show some invariants to, at last, rebuild it in a better way. We have therefore conducted a thorough study and analysis of the face not only as an entity but as a fragmented even blown up face. The detailed study of senses has endeavoured to emphasize passion and its effects, and show the emotions of the body between pleasure and suffering, affection and violence. On the one hand this research has permitted to highlight the elements common to the different novelists, their original writing and the importance granted to face and more generally to body in narratology. On the other hand it has led us to analyze the reflection of the values of the Greek society of their days.

Abstract Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) conservative treatment result usually good clinical outcome, but despite the treatment method calf muscle strength deficit persist. Recent evidence suggests that surgery might surpass conservative treatment in restoring strength after ATR, but structural explanations for surgery-related improved strength remain uncertain. The purposes of this thesis were to compare calf muscle isokinetic strength recovery, calf muscle volume, fatty degeneration and AT elongation after conservative treatment or after open surgical repair of ATR. An additional aim was to assess the role of fascial augmentation in terms of calf muscle isokinetic strength recovery, AT elongation, calf muscle volume atrophy and fatty degeneration, and their relationship with calf muscle isokinetic strength in long-term follow-up after ATR surgery. Surgery resulted in 10% to 18% greater plantar flexion strength (P = 0.037) compared to conservative treatment. The mean differences between affected and healthy soleus muscle volumes were -18% after surgery and -25% after conservative treatment (P = 0.042). At 18 months, AT were, on average 19 mm longer in patients treated conservatively compared to surgery (P &#60; 0.001). At 18 months, patients with greater (2–3) fatty degeneration had lower soleus muscle volumes and plantar flexion strength in the healthy leg. In long term, augmentation did not affect any of the strength variables, but the injured side showed 12% to 18% strength deficit compared with the healthy side (P &#60; 0.001). The AT was, on average, 12 mm longer in the affected leg than in the healthy leg (P &#60; 0.001). The mean soleus muscle volume was 13% lower in the affected leg than in the healthy leg (P &#60; 0.001). The mean volumes of the medial- and lateral gastrocnemius muscles were 12% and 11% lower in the affected leg than in the healthy leg, respectively (P &#60; 0.001). AT elongation correlated substantially with plantar strength deficit (ρ = 0.51, P &#60; 0.001) and with both gastrocnemius (ρ = 0.46, P = 0.001) and soleus muscle atrophy (ρ = 0.42, P = 0.002). Calf muscle fatty degeneration was more common in the affected leg compared healthy leg (P &#8804; 0.018). In conclusion, surgery of ATR restored calf muscle isokinetic strength earlier and more completely than conservative treatment. Conservative treatment resulted in greater soleus muscle atrophy and AT elongation compared surgery, which may partly explain the surgery related better strength results. Augmentation provided no long-term benefits compared with simple suturation, and a 12 to 18% plantar flexion strength deficit compared to the healthy side persisted. AT elongation may explain the smaller calf muscle volumes, greater fatty degeneration, and plantar flexion strength deficit observed in long-term follow-up after surgical repair of ATR. / Tiivistelmä Akillesjännerepeämän (ATR) konservatiivisella ja leikkaushoidolla hoidolla saavutetaan hyvät kliiniset tulokset. Viimeisimmät tutkimukset kuitenkin viittaavat leikkaushoidolla saavutettavan paremmat voimat kuin konservatiivisella hoidolla, mutta rakenteelliset selitykset leikkaushoidon paremmalle pohjelihaksen voimille ovat epäselviä. Työn tarkoituksena oli verrata pohjelihaksen isokineettisten voimien palautumista, pohjelihastilavuuksia, rasvadegeneraatiota ja akillesjänteen (AT) pidentymistä ATR:n konservatiivisen- ja leikkaushoidon jälkeen. Tarkoituksena oli arvioida lihaskalvovahvikkeen merkitystä pohjelihaksen isokineettisten voimien palautumisessa pitkäaikaisseurannassa. Lisäksi tutkimme AT pidentymisen, pohjelihastilavuuksien ja rasvadegeneraation suhdetta pohjelihaksen isokineettisiin voimiin ATR:n leikkaushoidon jälkeen 14 v seurannassa. Leikkaushoidolla saavutettiin 10–18 % paremmat pohjelihaksen voimat verrattuna konservatiiviseen hoitoon. Leikkaushoidon jälkeen soleuslihasten tilavuuksien puoliero terveen jalan hyväksi oli 18 % ja konservatiivisen hoidon jälkeen 25 %. 18 kk kohdalla konservatiivisesti hoidettujen AT oli 19 mm pidempi verrattuna leikkauksella hoidettuihin. 18 kk kohdalla potilaat, joilla vamma jalan soleuslihaksen rasva-degeneraatio oli korkea (2–3), kärsivät suuremmasta soleuslihaksen atrofiasta ja pohjelihaksen voima puolierosta. Voimat eivät muuttuneet 12 kk ja 14 v kontrollien välillä. Lihaskalvovahvikkeella ei ollut merkitystä voimien palautumisessa pelkkään suoraan ompeluun verrattuna, mutta vammapuoli jäi 10–18 % heikommaksi verrattuna terveeseen jalkaan. Vammajalan akillesjänne oli 12 mm pidempi terveeseen jalkaan verrattuna. Vammajalan kolmipäisen pohjelihaksen tilavuus oli 11–13 % pienempi verrattuna terveeseen jalkaan. Akillesjänteen pituus korreloi pohjelihaksen voimapuolieron sekä pohjelihasatrofian kanssa. Akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidolla pohjelihaksen isokineettiset voimat palautuvat nopeammin ja täydellisemmin kuin konservatiivisella hoidolla. Leikkaushoitoon verrattuna konservatiivinen hoito johtaa suurempaan soleuslihaksen atrofiaan ja akillesjänteen pidentymään, mikä selittää osittain leikkaushoidon paremmat voimatulokset. 14 v seurannassa lihaskalvovahvikkeesta ei ole etua akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidossa. Akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidosta huolimatta potilaalle jää terveeseen jalkaan verrattuna 10–18 % pohjelihasten voimapuoliero. Akillesjänteen pidentyminen mahdollisesti selittää pohjelihasten atrofian, rasvadegeneraation ja pysyvän pohjelihasten voimapuolieron akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidon jälkeen 14 v seurannassa.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Tendinopathy is a common degenerative pathology that is characterized by activity related pain, focal tendon tenderness, intratendinous imaging changes, and typically results in changes in the histological, mechanical, and molecular properties of the tendon. Tendinopathy is difficult to study in humans, which has contributed to limited knowledge of the pathology, and thus a lack of appropriate treatment options. However, most believe that the pathology is degenerative as a result of a combination of both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. In order to gain understanding of this pathology, animal models are required. Because each tendon is naturally exposed to different conditions, a universal model is not feasible; therefore, an appropriate animal model must be established for each tendon susceptible to degenerative changes. While acceptable models have been developed for several tendons, a reliable model for the Achilles tendon remains elusive. The purpose of this dissertation was to develop an animal model of Achilles tendinopathy by investigating the individual and combined effects of an intrinsic and extrinsic factor on the rodent Achilles tendon. Rats selectively bred for high capacity running and Sprague Dawley rats underwent uphill treadmill running (an extrinsic factor) to mechanically overload the Achilles tendon or served as cage controls. Collagenase (intrinsic factor) was injected into one Achilles tendon in each animal to intrinsically break down the tendon. There were no interactions between uphill running and collagenase injection, indicating that the influence of the two factors was independent. Uphill treadmill running alone failed to produce any pathological changes in the histological or mechanical characteristics of the Achilles tendon, but did modify molecular activity. Intratendinous collagenase injection had negative effects on the histological, mechanical, and molecular properties of the tendon. The results of this dissertation demonstrated that the combined introduction of uphill treadmill running and collagenase injection did not lead to degenerative changes consistent with human Achilles tendinopathy. Intratendiouns collagenase injection negatively influenced the tendon; however, these changes were generally transient and not influenced by mechanical overload. Future studies should consider combinations of other intrinsic and extrinsic factors in an effort to develop an animal model that replicates human Achilles tendinopathy.