This article-based thesis focuses on the formation of vocational knowing within adult and upper secondary floristry education in Sweden. Three articles explore classroom interaction and assessment actions; a fourth considers changes in vocational subject matter during the period 1990–2015. While the first three articles draw on empirical data in the form of video and audio recordings in combination with participant observation, the fourth is based primarily on material-based interview data. All four articles share a sociocultural perspective on educational practice (Wertsch, 1998; Säljö, 2011, 2013) and a relational view of knowing (e.g., Carlgren, 2015; Molander, 1996), in combination with the use of conversation analysis (Goodwin &amp; Heritage, 1990; Sahlström &amp; Melander, 2010) as a tool to illuminate the formation of vocational knowing. The interaction between teacher, student, and floral arrangement is foregrounded to facilitate analysis of the formation of vocational knowing. The results contribute to our understanding of the schooling of the gaze (Goodwin, 1994; Grasseni, 2009, 2011) as appropriated by participants in the interaction. Floristry vocational knowing is shown to evolve in the temporal dimension, encompassing (a) financial and aesthetic values, (b) verbal and non–verbal communication, (c) botanical material and tools, and (d) making. The respective roles and interrelations of these four components of vocational knowing in floristry are discussed. The contribution of the thesis is twofold. First, these articles contribute to the understanding of vocational education through close appraisal of the formation of vocational knowing. Second, in exploring the previously under-researched field of Swedish floristry vocational education, the thesis bridges a gap in existing knowledge of the evolution of Swedish vocational education. As floristry education is little researched internationally, the thesis also contributes to the wider body of international research. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Submitted.</p><p> </p><p></p>

Bakgrund: Preoperativ oro är ett vanligt förekommande problem hos patienter som skall genomgå kirurgi. Den medför ett lidande för patienten och en ökad risk för postoperativa komplikationer Syfte: Studien syftade till att beskriva icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder för att lindra patienters preoperativa oro Metod: Studiens design var en litteraturöversikt. Sökningar i databaserna Pubmed och CINAHL genomfördes och resulterade i 23 artiklar som inkluderades i litteraturöversiktens resultat. Resultat: Information med eller utan tillägg av stödjande samtal, informationsvideo, musik och avslappningsövningar lindrar preoperativ oro. Dessutom verkar delaktighet ha betydelse för lindringen men däremot har hemmiljön inte den effekten. Slutsats: De omvårdnadsåtgärder som framkom i resultatet kan vara effektiva verktyg för att lindra patienters preoperativa oro men patienten bör göras delaktig för att maximera effekten. / Background: Preoperative anxiety is a widespread problem amongst patients undergoing surgery. The anxiety brings with it a suffering for the patient and an increased risk of postoperative complications. Purpose: The aim of the study was to describe non-pharmacologic nursing actions that can be used to relieve preoperative anxiety.  Method: The study was designed as a literature review. We conducted a search through the databases Pubmed and CINAHL, from which 23 articles were included in the result of the literature review. Result: Information with or without supportive conversation, informatic videos, music and relaxation techniques relieves preoperative anxiety. Patient participation seems to have a role in relieving preoperative anxiety but the home environment doesn´t have the same role. Conclusion: The nursing actions that emerged as a result of this literature review can be used by nurses as an effective tool to relieve preoperative anxiety and the patient should be allowed to take part in the decision-making.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Abstract BIOCHEMICAL ACTIONS OF A NOVEL CIS-TERPENONE By Lin Zhang, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2012 Director: Qibing Zhou, Ph.D Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry Quinone methides are reactive species due to their electrophilicity, and natural quinone methide analogs have broad biological activities. Based on known actions of cytochrome P450 enzymes, we hypothesized that trans-terpenones can be metabolized in cells to form a cascade of metabolite products, which may be biologically active due to the generation of quinine and quinone methide reactive intermediates. Therefore, 3-hydroxy-cis-terpenone (HCT) and analogs were designed and synthesized in our lab to investigate this hypothesis. As a first step in testing this hypothesis, we examined effects of cis-terpenones on the viability of HepG2 cells exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Cis-terpenones combined with AFB1 in HepG2 cells increased cell viability suggesting chemopreventive effects against AFB1. Further study revealed a mechanism for this effect: HCT and oxidized HCT (OHCT) inhibited activity of P450 1A/B, which metabolizes AFB1 to toxic metabolites, and thereby protected cells against AFB1 induced cytotoxicity. Additional studies demonstrated that HCT inhibits accumulation of tritium-labeled AFB1 in HepG2 cells. To investigate the mechanism of this effect we first determined whether specific transporters affect the accumulation of AFB1 in HepG2 cells. Effects on AFB1 accumulation by pH, selected ions, inhibitors or competitive substrates of organic cation transporters (OCT), organic anion transporters (OAT/OATP), and multi-drug-resistant efflux transporters eliminated effects of major groups of these transporters on AFB1 accumulation. The data indicated one or more unidentified proton dependent transport mechanism(s) modulate cellular accumulation of AFB1 and further demonstrated HCT inhibits accumulation of AFB1 in cells by decreasing AFB1 binding to intracellular proteins. Based on its potential chemoprotective actions, other biological actions of HCT were screened. Based on evidence that terpenes modulate immune cell production of cytokines, we examined effects of HCT on production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) by cultured macrophages. HCT reduced lipopolysaccharide-stimulated release of IL-6 and TNFα. MES-SA/DX5 cells that over-express the efflux transporter MDR1 were used to examine effects of OHCT on accumulation of the MDR1 substrate estrone-sulfate and to verify that MDR1 does not transport unconjugated AFB1. OHCT at a high concentration (120 µM) reduced cellular accumulation of estrone sulfate suggesting enhanced MDR1-mediated efflux

Depuis les années 1990, le concept de participation a fait un retour marqué dans la société civile mais également au sein de la sphère politique, sous la forme d’une généralisation du débat public. Intrinsèquement lié au processus d’individuation de la société contemporaine, l’« impératif participatif » s’impose peu à peu aux responsables politiques et questionne la manière traditionnelle, fondée sur la légitimité élective, de concevoir l’action publique. A l’instar des autres politiques publiques, la politique culturelle se trouve elle aussi confrontée à la question de la participation des citoyens à l’élaboration de la décision publique. Les notions de démocratie culturelle et plus récemment celles de diversité et de droits culturels sont venues ainsi affirmer la légitimité des personnes à contribuer de façon effective à l’élaboration d’un projet politique partagé. Néanmoins, l’idéal de démocratisation culturelle qui légitime, depuis la création du ministère, l’intervention publique en matière culturelle, a induit un processus de hiérarchisation au détriment des citoyens, rendant difficile l’émergence d’un nouveau référentiel.Au plan local, la culture s’est peu à peu imposée au cœur des territoires comme un facteur essentiel de développement visant tout autant à accroitre l’attractivité qu’à garantir la cohésion sociale. En outre, les villes ont induit un rapprochement des centres de décision vers le citoyen afin de mieux prendre en compte les besoins et réalités spécifiques au territoire. Elles se sont ainsi emparées des notions de proximité et de gouvernance, qu’elles s’efforcent de mettre en œuvre au travers de dispositifs participatifs variés. Les municipalités pourraient alors initier le changement en matière de gouvernance culturelle et ainsi favoriser un processus d’égalisation des légitimités. Dans un mouvement inverse dit bottom-up, les citadins sont susceptibles de proposer des formes originales de co-construction de l’action publique. Nous proposons, dans une approche comparative, d’observer les dynamiques participatives dans le champ culturel et d’en apprécier la portée politique et sociale. / Since the 1990s, the concept of participation has made a comeback in civil society but also in the political sphere as a generalization of public debate. Intrinsically linked to the process of individuation in contemporary society, the "participatory imperative" has gradually gained policymakers’ attention, therefore questioning the traditional way, based on elective legitimacy, that public action is implemented.Like other public policy, cultural policy is also facing the issue of citizen participation in the public decision process. Concepts of cultural democracy and more recently the ones of diversity and cultural rights have come to affirm people legitimacy to contribute effectively to the development of a shared political project.In spite of this, cultural policy seems to be inadequately prepared to face the participatory issue. The ideal of cultural democratization, which has legitimized government intervention in the cultural field since the creation of the Ministry of Culture, has also induced a strong hierachical system at the expense of citizens, further compromising the emergence of a new framework.However, the process of decentralization of public action has made municipalities a major producer of cultural policy. Culture has gradually become a key factor in local development aimed at both increasing attractiveness and ensuring social cohesion. In addition, cities have had to narrow the gap between decision centers and citizens in order to take into account the territory special needs and realities. They have embraced the notions of proximity and governance, and strive to implement them through various participatory devices. In support of these factors, municipalities could then initiate a change in governance and promote equalization in cultural legitimacies. In a bottom-up perspective, citizens are likely to provide new forms of co-construction regarding public policy. In a comparative approach, we propose to observe local participatory dynamics in the cultural field and assess their political and social impact.

- Legal actions Jakub Skřejpek Key words: Legal actions, manifestation of the will, interpretation Legal actions are generally classified as legal facts, which have effect on the creation, modification and termination of legal actions. Legal actions occur in the sphere of civil law. Legislation of legal actions is included in the current Civil Code, which also provides what conditions must be satisfied to make a legal act valid and vice versa, which is an invalid legal act, either absolutely or relatively. To be valid, a legal act must be a manifestation of the will, which is directed specifically to the creation, modification or termination of a legal relationship and the law must connect such a manifestation of the will with legal consequences. This legal specification is in the Civil Code. In the current draft of the new Civil Code, however, such a definition of legal actions is missing, and are specified only the consequences of legal actions. You can expand, that the validity of any legal action depends on the expression of the will of the acting person, which must be capable of acquiring rights and duties. The validity of the legal action is necessary for the expression of the will of the person to be free, serious, specific and comprehensive enough. It must not be done in distress or under...

LL.D. / The starting point of this research is the observation that the protection of human rights and the prevention of human rights atrocities can only take place through a universal system of different means of accountability which create enough deterrence for the future state or individual offender. This research consists of four parts: Part A explores and outlines the different existing ways and means of traditional human rights protection under the international and regional human rights regimes. It focuses on the aspect of victim protection from human rights violations through protective means available under the different human rights regimes. Part A concludes that the existing means and ways of protecting human rights are by far not sufficient to ensure the compliance of states with the existing provisions on human rights protection and that the protection of human rights remains an unfinished chapter of international law. Parts B and C analyze the evolving approach to hold states and individuals directly accountable for gross human rights violations, via the means of criminal and/or civil responsibility. Part B explores the possibilities of human rights protection by the means of criminal prosecution. It outlines the development of the concept of criminal responsibility from the days of Nuremberg to the present International Criminal Court in The Hague. The main focus is on domestic criminal procedures as a supplement and possibly alternative to international prosecution. This part concludes with the observation that the present mechanisms and means available under the existing international and domestic jurisdictions fail to establish individual criminal accountability at the necessary global scale and therefore fail to deter the commission of future genocide. Part C explains the necessity to establish an international system of civil liability for human rights atrocities as a supplement and (even) alternative to the existing mechanisms of accountability. The present possibilities for the individual victim to obtain financial redress for his suffering under international law are outlined and discussed. The further option of asserting civil legal action for human rights violations under domestic jurisdictions is scrutinized and evaluated with a special focus on the USA as the state which has so far the strongest adjudication of human rights claims. This part concludes with the finding that the individual victim of human rights violations still lacks the necessary forum with the respective judicial means to hold the perpetrator financially liable for his human rights violations. Part D introduces a draft Statute on a (future) Convention on Individual Civil Liability for Human Rights Atrocities as a supplement for the existing ways of human rights protection. Each provision of the draft statute is evaluated in the context of already existing legal instruments, jurisprudence and, if available, examples of customary usage. The draft’s overall aim is the establishment of a working system of civil liability for the individual and corporate human rights perpetrator for a selection of egregious human rights atrocities qualifying as so-called international or transnational human rights torts. This research concludes with the finding that only a combination of the existing ways and means of human rights protection, the consequent application of the existing provisions and finally their further development can safeguard the protection of human rights at a global scale.

No description available.

O presente trabalho objetivou conhecer e analisar como a escola, através de seus gestores, reconhece e estabelece ações de enfrentamento da violência que acomete o ambiente escolar, onde se utilizou como referencial teórico os trabalhos de Abramovay entre os anos de 2002 a 2007, assim como, os resultados do II Congresso do Observatório de Violência da UNAMA (2005). Para tanto, recorreu-se à abordagem qualitativa de Minayo; Deslandes e Gomes (2007), e, visando potencializar as chances de se alcançar os resultados esperados, foram utilizados a documentação indireta (pesquisa bibliográfica); a documentação direta (entrevista formal), que por sua vez, foi realizada com 9 gestores, de 9 unidades de ensino, jurisdicionadas a rede pública e municipal da região norte do município de Ribeirão Preto, SP e a observação. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo, modalidade de Análise Temática de Bardin (1977), onde se pode constatar a coexistência do ambiente de aprendizagem da escola, não só com a violência, mas sim, com várias violências, além do que, os gestores evidenciaram claras dificuldades nos processos de reconhecimento e compreensão dos comportamentos violentos ocorrentes no ambiente escolar, o que resultou, também, em dificuldades na elaboração de estratégias de enfrentamento destes aspectos, assim como, que as escolas pesquisadas, apesar das constantes solicitações de auxílio às unidades de apoio, os resultados a elas proporcionados por estas instituições são pouco eficazes. E, ainda que apesar de todos os problemas educacionais contemporâneos brasileiros, não se pode afirmar que o ambiente escolar possuísse apenas condições desabonadoras, pois, é na escola que se vislumbra várias possibilidades aos alunos, como as interações sociais propiciadas por uma das instituições mais socializadoras, o aprendizado, o crescimento, o desenvolvimento, a inclusão e etc. Outra conclusão oriunda das análises realizadas foi o fato que, se o gestor não é o único, nem o responsável direto da violência escolar ter se apoderado das instituições de ensino, é ele o responsável em apresentar propostas e/ou até mesmo soluções nos processos de enfrentamento da violência, mesmo que, apesar da urgência social em resolvê-la, sejam estratégias de médio e longo prazo, mas, que sejam eficazes, quer seja no envolvimento da comunidade escolar como um todo, pois, os elos que se estabelecem entre escola e família/sociedade/comunidade são de fundamental importância no estabelecimento de um clima de pertencimento, viabilizando a convivência e a aprendizagem, sempre em conjunto com a sociedade e através de seus representantes diretos e indiretos, pois,foi possível afirmar também, que o presente estudo contribuiu nos processos de análise e compreensão deste fenômeno, ressaltando diferenças que co-existem com os processos de proteção ao infante e ao adolescente no espaço escolar e ratificando o papel da escola enquanto espaço promotor de saúde e de educação. / The goal of the present study was to know and analyze how school by means of their supervisors recognize and establish actions to face the violence that is present in the school environment. The theory referential was based on Abramovay`s studies (2002 to 2007) and the results of the II Congress of the Violence Observatory, UNAMA (2005). To this end, the qualitative approach of Minayo; Deslandes e Gomes (2007) was used to increase the chances to reach the results, also it was used indirect documentation bibliographic references) and direct documentation (formal interview) with 9 managers of 9 teaching institutions of the public and municipal schools of the north region of Ribeirão Preto. To analyze the data, it was used the Content Analysis, Bardims technical analysis (1977), with that it was possible to evidence the coexistence of the learning school environment, not only with the violence, but also with many types of violence. Additionally, the managers showed difficulties to recognize and to comprehend the violent behavior that occurs in the school environment, which also resulted in difficulties in developing strategies to confront these issues, and that the schools surveyed, despite the constant requests for aid to the support units, the results provided to them by these institutions are ineffective. Even though with all Brazilian contemporary educational problems, it can not be said that the school environment had only unsatisfactory conditions, once is in the school that several possibilities for students can be found, such as social interactions offered by more socializing institutions, the learning, growth, development, inclusion and etc. Another conclusion from the analysis was the fact that if the manager is not the only, nor the direct responsible for school violence to be present in the educational institutions, he is responsible for submitting proposals and / or solutions even in cases of face of violence, even in spite of social urgency in resolving it, even if strategies for medium and long term should be adopted but that they are more effective whether the involvement of the school community as a whole, since, the links established between school and family / society / community are of fundamental importance in establishing a climate of belonging, making a living and learning, always together with the society and by means of their direct and indirect representatives, because it was also possible to say that this study helped in the process of analysis and understanding of this phenomenon, highlighting differences that co-exist with the procedures for protecting infant and adolescent in the school and confirming the role of school space while promoting health and education.

Essa dissertação trata de geometria simplética e suas aplicações, apresentando conceitos tais como o gradiente simplético e também o teorema de Darboux. Discutimos a formulação Lagrangeana da mecânica, apresentando as equações de Euler-Lagrange e, usando a geometria simplética, mostramos como estes naturalmente evoluem para o formalismo Hamiltoneano e as equações de Hamilton. Introduzimos também o conceito da métrica de Jacobi e demonstramos o teorema de Noether. Apresentamos o conceito de ações simpléticas e Hamiltoneanas, bem como aplicações momento e comomento. São demonstrados resultados importantes como o teorema de Kirillov-Kostant-Sourieau para órbitas coadjuntas e a redução simplética de Marsden-Weinstein-Meyer. Os resultados centrais apresentados são o teorema de Atiyah-Guillemin-Steinberg de convexidade, o teorema de Schur e Horn para matrizes unitárias e o teorema de Delzant, este último sendo apresentado apenas com uma ideia da prova. / This thesis is about symplectic geometry and its applications, presenting concepts such as the symplectic gradient and also Darboux\'s theorem. We discuss the Lagrangian formulation of mechanics, presenting the Euler-Lagrange equations and, using symplectic geometry, show how those naturally evolve into the Hamiltonian formalism and the Hamilton equations. We instroduce also the concept of the Jacobi metrics and prove Noether\'s theorem. We also introduce the concept of symplectic and Hamiltonian actions as well as moment and comoment maps. We prove important results such as the Kirillov-Kostant-Sourieau theorem for coadjoint orbits and the symplectic reduction of Marsden-Weinstein-Meyer. The central results presented are the convexity theorem of Guillemin-Atiyah-Steinberg, the Schur and Horn theorem for unitary matrices and the Delzant theorem, this last one being presented only with an idea of the proof.