El objetivo principal de esta investigación consiste en describir las funciones sociales que realizan las reglas en materia de acciones de incidencia colectiva en el Derecho del consumidor argentino. Los objetivos específicos son: 1.- Identificar las funciones sociales que esas reglas fomentan acudiendo a la metodología que brinda el Análisis Económico del Derecho en su vertiente positiva. 2.- Analizar los artículos 42 y 43 de la Constitución Nacional argentina, la Ley de Defensa del Consumidor, las reglas jurisprudenciales que emanan del fallo de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación en la causa “Halabi” y los principales estatutos provinciales. 3.- Completar las lagunas jurídicas que puedan identificarse en ese sistema, contemplando otras normas en el Derecho argentino, normas del Derecho comparado, normas de proyectos de ley y doctrina. 4.- Caracterizar e identificar distintas funciones sociales que promueven esas normas, tales como el acceso a la justicia, la prevención de daños, la compensación de los damnificados, la reducción en los costos de administración del proceso y la eficiencia. En este trabajo demostraremos las siguientes hipótesis principales: 1.- Las conductas de los consumidores, usuarios y proveedores inciden sobre la probabilidad y gravedad de los daños masivos. 2.- Las reglas del Derecho procesal inciden sobre la conducta de los consumidores afectados, proveedores, asociaciones de defensa de los consumidores, otros legitimados colectivos y operadores del Derecho (abogados, jueces y fiscales). 3.- El proceso civil clásico o individual es una herramienta ineficaz para dar cumplimiento a ciertos objetivos sociales al menos en dos situaciones problemáticas: los daños de menor cuantía, característicos de las relaciones de consumo y los daños masivos. 4.- El instituto de las acciones de incidencia colectiva, regulado en la Ley de Defensa del Consumidor es un instrumento que promueve distintas funciones sociales: acceso a la justicia, la prevención y reparación de daños, la reducción de costos de administración y la resolución eficiente de los conflictos colectivos. 5.- Las alternativas existentes en materia de legitimación, facultad de optar por la exclusión del proceso, extensión de los efectos de la cosa juzgada, notificación, obligatoriedad de la mediación prejudicial, requisito de pluralidad relevante, regulación de honorarios, costas y pautas para la reparación económica impiden efectuar una descripción unívoca de los efectos sociales de las acciones de incidencia colectiva y obligan a describir un amplio sistema de consecuencias que las distintas reglas jurídicas provocan. / The main goal of this investigation is to describe the social functions that rules about class actions in Argentine Consumer Law promote. The specific goals are: 1.- To identify the social functions that those rules promote by using the positive Economic Analysis of Law method. 2.- To analyze articles 42 and 43 of the Argentine National Constitution, Argentine Consumer Statute, the judicial doctrine of Supreme Court’s leading case “Halabi” and the main province statutes. 3.- To fill the legal gaps that could be identified in the system, considering other rules in Argentine Law, Comparate Law, Statute Law projects and doctrine. 4.- To characterize and identify different social functions that those rules promote, such as access to Justice, deterrence, compensation, reduction in administrative costs and efficiency. In this work we will demonstrate the following main hypothesis: 1.- Customers and suppliers’ conducts affect the probability and gravity of mass torts. 2.- Procedural rules affect the conduct of customers, victims, suppliers, consumer associations, other individuals with standing to sue and legal professionals (attorneys, judges and prosecutors). 3.- The classical or individual Civil Procedure is an inadequate tool to give accomplishment to certain social goals at least in two problematic situations: small claims, characteristic of consumer relationships, and mass torts. 4.- The class action regulated in the Consumer Statute is a tool which promotes different social functions: access to Justice, deterrence and compensation, reduction of administrative costs, and efficient solution of conflicts. 5.- The alternatives which exist in standing, opting out, res judicata, notification, mandatory prejudicial settlement, numerosity, legal fees, costs and rules of restitution make impossible to give an univocal description of the social effects of class actions and obligue to describe a wide system of consequences promoted by different legal rules.

This study investigated the effects of monetary and fiscal policy actions upon the real outputs of a large number of individual economic sectors. Two main hypotheses were tested: (1) monetary and fiscal policy actions have direct effects upon sectoral outputs, in addition to indirect effects working through the influence of general economic activity; (2) monetary and fiscal policy actions have differential direct effects among the sectors, such that stabilization policy actions affect the composition of aggregate production. / Ph. D.

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An organisation’s survival is dependent on the support of a number of stakeholders. However, professional service firms tend to lose the support of their most important stakeholders, which are their well-educated employees, also referred to as their ‘talents’. This study has used Harrison and Wicks’ (2013) framework of stakeholder value creation as its point of departure, which consists of four value aspects: goods and services, organisational justice, organisational affiliation, and opportunity cost. The framework states that managerial actions, related to these four aspects, are likely to create value for stakeholders by increasing their happiness. “Happy” stakeholders are further considered to keep supporting their organisation, which generated the principal research question of this study: How can professional service firms increase the happiness of their talents? Moreover, the study was limited to neo and classic-professional service firms, which include: consultancy, advertising, accountancy, architecture, and law firms. In order to explore what managerial actions increase talents’ happiness, a case study was conducted at a British law firm. Nine solicitors of three different levels of seniority were interviewed and the firm was observed for two days. This study not only confirms the validity of Harrison and Wicks’ (2013) framework but also extends it by identifying additional managerial actions, categories for analysing ‘talent happiness’ as well as a fifth value aspect: ‘job characteristics’. In a broader perspective, this study contributes to stakeholder theory by providing an empirical and micro-level illustration of the theory.

Comment les relations consommateurs-marques peuvent-elles être développées en magasin ? Beaucoup de recherches sur les actions au point de vente les ont étudiées dans une perspective transactionnelle tandis que le marketing relationnel a prêté peu d'attention à ce qui se passe en magasin. Cependant le point de vente constitue un point de contact essentiel entre consommateurs et marques. Sur la base de deux études qualitatives et d'une étude expérimentale, cette recherche se concentre sur l'impact des actions en magasin sur les relations consommateurs-marques. Nous différencions les actions relationnelles des actions transactionnelles pour comparer leurs effets. L'application empirique est faite avec des marques de glaces distribuées en grandes et moyennes surfaces. Un questionnaire en ligne est mis en place pour tester des actions fictives que les marques pourraient mettre en œuvre. Nos résultats montrent l'intérêt pour les marques d'utiliser des actions relationnelles au point de vente. Les personnes exposées à des actions relationnelles attribuent plus souvent l'action à la marque. Ils perçoivent des efforts et une orientation relationnelle de la marque plus importants, ils s'identifient plus avec la marque, et déclarent ainsi une plus grande fidélité envers celle-ci. L'originalité de la recherche réside dans la prise en compte des actions en magasin dans une perspective relationnelle. Plus généralement, la conceptualisation et l'étude de l'impact de ce genre d'actions mettent en évidence une façon plus sociale de tenir compte des interactions entre les consommateurs et les marques. / How can be developed and impacted relationships in store ? Many researches have studied in-store actions in a transactional perspective while relationship marketing has paid little attention to what happens in store. However, stores constitute a key point of contact between consumers and brands. Based on two qualitative studies and an experimental study, this research focuses on the impact of in-store actions on consumer-brand relationships. It differentiates relational and transactional actions and compares their effects. The empirical application involves ice cream brands distributed in the super-hypermarket channel. An online questionnaire is implemented to test fictitious actions that brands could implement. Our results show the interest for manufacturers brands to use relational in-store actions. Individuals exposed to relational in-store actions attribute more frequently the effort to the manufacturer. They perceive stronger efforts and brand expression, they identify more with the brand, and declare a higher loyalty to the latter. The originality of the research lies in the consideration of in-store actions in a relational perspective. More generally, the conceptualization and the study of the impact of these kinds of actions highlight a more social way to consider interactions between consumers and brands in the marketplace.

A guarda responsável dos animais domésticos é relevante por duas questões principais: a Ética e a Saúde Pública. Os cuidados adequados com os animais são uma questão ética cada vez mais discutida em nossa sociedade, devido às interações homem-animal cada vez mais estreitas. Apesar disso, a guarda responsável é um tema interessante não apenas para aqueles que se importam com uma vida digna aos animais, mas também essencial para evitar problemas de saúde pública como agressões e zoonoses. Esse trabalho visou verificar se a disponibilidade de cuidados veterinários e castrações gratuitas, bem como ações educativas durante dois anos em uma comunidade do município de São Paulo tornaram ou não a guarda de animais mais responsável. Como principais resultados, houve mudança significativa na quantidade de destinos positivos que foram dados aos cães após a presença de serviços de saúde no bairro, concomitantemente houve aumento do número cães com guardiões, o que requer um programa contínuo de manejo populacional de animais domésticos. / The pets responsible ownership is important for two main issues: Ethics and Public Health. Proper care of the animals is an ethical issue increasingly discussed in our society due to stronger human-animal relationship. Nevertheless, responsible ownership is an interesting topic not only for those who care for a dignified life to animals, but also essential to prevent public health problems such as aggression and zoonosis. This study aimed to verify if the availability of veterinary care, free castrations, and educational activities for two years in a community of São Paulo city made it more responsible towards domestic animals. As main results, significant change in the amount of positive destinations that were given to dogs after the presence of health services in the community was observed. Furthermore, concomitant increase in dogs with guardians was observed, requiring a continuous pet management program.

De nombreuses communes françaises sont aujourd’hui ouvertes sur l’extérieur et engagées dans des relations avec d’autres localités françaises ou étrangères : les panneaux aux entrées des villes, les articles dans la presse locale et régionale, les pages sur les sites Internet, les divers documents conservés dans les archives municipales en témoignent. Les jumelages et les coopérations nous sont familiers et développer des relations et des actions bilatérales est une pratique municipale aujourd’hui habituelle.Partant de ce constat cette thèse propose d’en tracer l’histoire depuis la loi municipale de 1884 jusqu’en 2014 et de tenter de construire le concept de « bilatéralisme communal ». Par définition, le « bilatéralisme » correspond au sens strict à une politique d’accords, d’échanges entre des Etats pris deux à deux et ce terme n’a, semble-t-il, jamais été associé aux communes. Pourtant, cette expression « bilatéralisme communal » nous paraît pertinente pour désigner une pratique municipale courante.Afin de comprendre comment se sont développés et fonctionnent les rapports nationaux et transnationaux au niveau le plus simple et d’expliquer l’engagement des communes françaises dans des relations et des actions bilatérales, cette étude se décompose en trois axes complémentaires : le premier s’applique à expliquer les contextes dans lesquels les relations bilatérales s’inscrivent, le deuxième s’intéresse à la mise en place de la relation bilatérale, enfin le troisième a trait aux rapports entre les villes et entend porter un regard critique sur le bilatéralisme communal.L’histoire des relations et des actions bilatérales des communes françaises nous amène donc à nous intéresser aux rapprochements et aux échanges au niveau administratif le plus bas et nous conduit au cœur d’une forme élémentaire du jeu diplomatique aux origines relativement anciennes. / Many French municipalities are now open to the outside world and engaged in relations with other French or foreign localities : signs at the entrances to cities, articles in the local and regional press, pages on Internet sites, the various documents kept in the municipal archives testify to this. Twinning and cooperation are familiar to us and developing bilateral relations and actions is a usual municipal practice today.On the basis of this observation, this thesis proposes to trace its history from the municipal law of 1884 until 2014 and to attempt to construct the concept of "communal bilateralism". By definition, "bilateralism" corresponds in the strict sense to a policy of agreements, exchanges between States taken two by two, and this term has never been associated with municipalities. Yet this expression "communal bilateralism" seems to us to be relevant to common municipal practice.In order to understand how national and transnational reports have developed and function at the simplest level and to explain the involvement of French municipalities in bilateral relations and actions, this study is divided into three complementary axes : the first applies to explain the contexts in which bilateral relations take place, the second focuses on the establishment of the bilateral relationship, and finally the third deals with the relations between cities and intends to take a critical look at communal bilateralism.The history of the bilateral relations and actions of the French municipalities therefore leads us to focus on rapprochement and exchanges at the lowest administrative level and leads us to the heart of an elementary form of the diplomatic game with relatively old origins.

Cette thèse se propose d'étudier sous divers points de vue les groupes d'automorphismes d'immeubles. Un de ses objectifs est de mettre en valeur les différences autant que les analogies entre les immeubles affines et non affines. Pour appuyer cette dichotomie, on y démontre que les groupes d'automorphismes d'immeubles non affines n'ont jamais de paire de Gelfand, contrairement aux immeubles affines. Dans l'autre sens, pour souligner l'analogie entre immeubles affines et non affines, on définit une nouvelle notion de bord combinatoire d'un immeuble. Dans le cas des immeubles affines, ce bord s'identifie au bord polyédral. On relie la construction de ce bord à d'autres constructions déjà existantes, par exemple, la compactification de Busemann du graphe des chambres. La compactification combinatoire est également isomorphe à la compactification par la topologie de Chabauty de l'ensemble des chambres, sous des hypothèses de transitivité. On relie aussi le bord combinatoire à un autre espace, généralisant une construction de F. Karpelevic pour les espaces symétriques : celle du bord raffiné d'un espace CAT(0).On démontre alors que les points du bord paramètrent les sous-groupes moyennables maximaux de l'immeuble, à indice fini près. Enfin, on prouve que l'action du groupe d'automorphismes d'un immeuble localement fini sur le bord combinatoire de ce dernier est moyennable, fournissant ainsi des résolutions en cohomologie bornée et des applications bord explicites. Ceci donne aussi une nouvelle preuve que ces groupes satisfont la conjecture de Novikov. / The object of this thesis is the study, from different point of views, of automorphism groups of buildings. One of its objectives is to highlight the differences as well as the analogies between affine and non-affine buildings. In order to support this dichotomy, we prove that automorphism groups of non-affine buildings never have a Gelfand pair, contrarily to affine buildings.In the other direction, the analogy between affine and non-affine buildings is supported by the new construction of a combinatorial boundary of a building. In the affine case, this boundary is in fact the polyhedral boundary. We connect the construction of this boundary to other compactifications, such as the Busemann compactification of the graph of chambers. The combinatorial compactification is also isomorphic to the group-theoretic compactification, which embeds the set of chambers into the set of closed subgroups of the automorphism group. We also connect the combinatorial boundary to another space, which generalises a construction of F. Karpelevic for symmetric spaces : the refined boundary of a CAT(0) space.We prove that the maximal amenable subgroups of the automorphism group are, up to finite index, parametrised by the points of the boundary. Finally, we prove that the action of the automorphism group of a locally finite building on its combinatorial boundary is amenable, thus providing resolutions in bounded cohomology and boundary maps. This also gives a new proof that these groups satisfy the Novikov conjecture.

The problem of classifying the Anosov systems is of great interest in the theory of dynamical systems. The most important known examples are of algebraic nature and it has been conjectured on 1960s by S. Smale (SMALE, 1967) that these are in fact the only examples. This conjecture has been proved false for Anosov flows, where counter examples had been constructed for odd dimensional manifolds ((HANDEL; THURSTON, 1980) and (BARTHELMé et al., )). This non algebraic examples however are very pathological, and with some stronger hypothesis, for example, smoothness of the invariant bundles, the conjecture remains open. In 1992, it was published a paper (BENOIST; FOULON; LABOURIE, 1992) which proved that contact Anosov flows with smooth invariant bundles are in fact algebraic. In this monograph we seek to generalize the result obtained in (BENOIST; FOULON; LABOURIE, 1992). For this end, we create an adequate definition for contact Anosov Rk-actions, and following the proof strategy used in (BENOIST; FOULON; LABOURIE, 1992) we obtained a partial generalization of this result. / O problema da classificação dos sistemas Anosov são de grande interesse dentro da teoria dos sistemas dinâmicos. Os principais exemplos conhecidos são de natureza algébrica e foi levantada na década de 1960 a conjectura de que estes são os únicos exemplos (SMALE, 1967). Esta conjectura se mostrou falsa para fluxos Anosov (ações de R), onde foram construídos contraexemplos em variedades de dimensões impares ((HANDEL; THURSTON, 1980) e (BARTHELMé et al., )). Estes contra exemplos no entanto são de natureza patológica, e sob hipóteses um pouco mais fortes, por exemplo, suavidade dos fibrados invariantes, a conjectura permanece em aberto. Em 1992, foi publicado um artigo (BENOIST; FOULON; LABOURIE, 1992) provando que fluxos de contato Anosov com fibrados invariantes suaves são de fato algébricos . Neste trabalho procuramos generalizar o resultado obtido em (BENOIST; FOULON; LABOURIE, 1992). Para isso criamos uma definição adequada para ações de Rk contato Anosov, que generalizam a noção de fluxo de contato Anosov, e seguindo a estratégia de prova utilizada em (BENOIST; FOULON; LABOURIE, 1992), obtivemos uma generalização parcial deste resultado.

Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le champ de la communication engageante. Un certain nombre de travaux antérieurs se sont intéressés à la pratique de la communication engageante dans un contexte de face à face. La contribution de ce travail porte sur l’étude de la communication engageante dans un contexte de communication médiatisée par ordinateur. Véritable travail interdisciplinaire, il se situe au creuset de la psychologie sociale, des sciences de l’information et de la communication et de l’informatique. La question de recherche consiste à s’interroger sur la transposition des conditions et techniques de l’engagement dans des environnements numériques. Pour répondre à cette question, un travail de terrain a été réalisé sur le thème de l’humanitaire sur le web. Les stratégies de communications en ligne des organisations humanitaires ont été étudiées de façon approfondie. Par la suite un travail de terrain a été articulé autour de plusieurs expérimentations conduites en face à face puis en ligne dans un contexte humanitaire. Le choix a été fait de privilégier la production expérimentale dans des conditions naturelles. Si l’efficacité de la communication engageante est incontestable dans le cadre de la communication en face à face, les résultats sont moins probants dans le cadre des expérimentations conduites dans les environnements numériques. S’amorce alors une analyse critique permettant de mieux comprendre les raisons de ces résultats. / This research is in the field of binding communications. A number of previous studies have focused on the practice of binding communications in the face-to-face setting. This research provides a contribution to the field with novel experiments of binding communication in the context of computer mediated communications. It is a true interdisciplinary research with foundations in social psychology, information communication sciences and information communication technology. The research question is to examine the implementation of binding communication techniques in the computer mediated setting. To answer this question, fieldwork was carried out on the theme of humanitarianism on the Web. The online communication strategies of popular humanitarian organizations have been extensively studied. Subsequently, fieldwork was structured around several experiments conducted in the face-to-face and online settings in a humanitarian context. The choice was made to focus our experimental studies in real world conditions as opposed to developing laboratory setting tests. If the effectiveness of binding communication strategies is undeniable in the face-to-face setting, the results are less convincing in our experiments conducted in the computer mediated environment. This research paves the way for future critical analyses needed in order to better understand the results obtained from our experimentations.