To investigate the role of action representations in the identification of upright and rotated objects, we examined the time course of their evocation. Across five experiments, subjects made vertically or horizontally oriented reach and grasp actions primed by images of handled objects that were depicted in upright or rotated orientations, at various Stimulus Onset Asynchronies: -250 ms (action cue preceded the prime), 0 ms, and +250 ms. Congruency effects between action and object orientation were driven by the object's canonical (upright) orientation at the 0 ms SOA, but by its depicted orientation at the +250 ms SOA. Alignment effects between response hand and the object's handle appeared only at the +250 ms SOA, and were driven by the depicted orientation. Surprisingly, an attempt to replicate this finding with improved stimuli (Experiment 3) did not show significant congruency effects at the 0 ms SOA; a further examination of the 0 ms SOA in Experiments 4 and 5 also failed to reach significance. However, a meta-analysis of the latter three experiments showed evidence for the congruency effect, suggesting that the experiments might just have been underpowered. We conclude that subjects initially evoke a conceptually-driven motor representation of the object, and that only after some time can the depicted form become prominent enough to influence the elicited action representation. / Graduate / 0633 / ragavk@uvic.ca

Begging has become a common phenomenon in Sweden, both in cities and on the countryside. This made us interested of how different people think and act around begging. Which emotions and thoughts arise within when we see people beg. The purpose of the study is to investigate how a few Swedes in different ages relate to begging. To be able to answer the purpose we broke it down into questions of what thoughts arise within the interviewed people around begging and how the interviewed people act around begging. The study has been guided by a social construction approach though we believe that begging and actions around begging is something we create and therefore also can be recreated. The theory of actions by Max Weber has been used to investigate how people act around begging. Weber uses four different types of actions; instrumental rational-, value rational-, affective-, traditional actions. The data was collected through a qualitative method with focus group discussions. Age and Swedes was chosen as common factors in the focus groups. The result of this study shows that there is a big uncertainty around begging and how people should feel and act. The conclusion is that the human act is connected to the social context in which they grow up and lives. Begging is a relatively new phenomenon in Sweden and there is still no certain knowledge about the situation or how the local authorities should work with the issue.

Turizmas viena perspektyviausių ir dinamiškiausių ekonomikos šakų pasaulyje. Turizmo įmonėms svarbu užmegzti naujus ryšius su vartotojais, skleisti informaciją apie paslaugas ir skatinti jas įsigyti, tam naudojant rėmimo veiksmų kompleksą. Darbo problema: kaip ir kokie rėmimo veiksmai naudojami turizmo įmonėse? Darbo objektas – turizmo įmonių rėmimo veiksmai. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti Kauno turizmo įmonių rėmimo veiksmus. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Apibūdinti rėmimo veiksmus bei jų vertinimą turizmo įmonėse teoriniu aspektu. 2. Atskleisti rėmimo veiksmų taikymo specifiką turizmo įmonėse. 3. Nustatyti turizmo įmonių taikomų rėmimo veiksmų stipriąsias ir silpnąsias puses. Tyrimo metodai: 1. Mokslinės literatūros analizė. 2. Interviu (pusiau struktūruotas). 3. Kokybinė turinio (content) analizė. 4. Statistinė duomenų analizė. Išvados ir pasiūlymai. Naudojant teorinę medžiagą buvo atskleista rėmimo komplekso sudarymo ypatumai turizmo įmonėse, išsiaiškinta pardavimo skatinimo, reklamos, viešųjų ryšių/populiarinimo ir asmeninio pardavimo vertinimo aspektai turizmo įmonėse, taip pat išsiaiškinta turizmo įmonių taikomų rėmimo veiksmų stipriosios pusės: profesionalus aptarnavimas, kainos ir kokybės santykis, darbuotojų kompetencija ir tobulinimąsis, atsižvelgimas į vartotojų norus, poreikius ir pageidavimus, konfidencialumas, informacijos suteikimas, naujiausios tendencijos, o silpnosios pusės – yra konkurentai, marketingas, nepakankama komunikacijos kokybė, paslaugos neapčiuopiamumas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Tourism is one of the most perspective and dinamic branches of economics in the world. It is important for tourist agencies to get in touch with new customers, to spread information about their service and motivate the customers choose it by using a complex of promotional actions. The problem of the research: how and what promotional actions are being used in tourist agencies? The object of the research: promotional actions of tourist agencies. The aim of the research: to evaluate the promotional actions of tourist agencies of Kaunas. The tasks of the research: 1. To describe the promotional actions and their evaluation in tourist agencies in theoretical aspect. 2. To reveal the specification of application of promotional actions in tourist agencies. 3. To find the strengths and weaknesses of promotional actions applied in tourist agencies. The methods of research: 1. Analysis of scientific literature. 2. Interview (semi-structural). 3. Qualitative analysis of content. 4. Statistical evaluation of the data. Organization: There are 3 sections, 68 pages, 5 tables, 31 figures, 48 sources of literature and 2 appendixes. Conclusions and suggestions. With the usage of theoretical material the peculiarities of creation of complex in tourism agencies were revealed; the aspects of evaluation of sales promotion, advertising, populiarization of public relations and personal selling were explained; the strengths of promotional actions held by tourist agencies were also explained... [to full text]

Depuis les années 1990, le concept de participation a fait un retour marqué dans la société civile mais également au sein de la sphère politique, sous la forme d'une généralisation du débat public. Intrinsèquement lié au processus d'individuation de la société contemporaine, l'" impératif participatif " s'impose peu à peu aux responsables politiques et questionne la manière traditionnelle, fondée sur la légitimité élective, de concevoir l'action publique. A l'instar des autres politiques publiques, la politique culturelle se trouve elle aussi confrontée à la question de la participation des citoyens à l'élaboration de la décision publique. Les notions de démocratie culturelle et plus récemment celles de diversité et de droits culturels sont venues ainsi affirmer la légitimité des personnes à contribuer de façon effective à l'élaboration d'un projet politique partagé. Néanmoins, l'idéal de démocratisation culturelle qui légitime, depuis la création du ministère, l'intervention publique en matière culturelle, a induit un processus de hiérarchisation au détriment des citoyens, rendant difficile l'émergence d'un nouveau référentiel.Au plan local, la culture s'est peu à peu imposée au cœur des territoires comme un facteur essentiel de développement visant tout autant à accroitre l'attractivité qu'à garantir la cohésion sociale. En outre, les villes ont induit un rapprochement des centres de décision vers le citoyen afin de mieux prendre en compte les besoins et réalités spécifiques au territoire. Elles se sont ainsi emparées des notions de proximité et de gouvernance, qu'elles s'efforcent de mettre en œuvre au travers de dispositifs participatifs variés. Les municipalités pourraient alors initier le changement en matière de gouvernance culturelle et ainsi favoriser un processus d'égalisation des légitimités. Dans un mouvement inverse dit bottom-up, les citadins sont susceptibles de proposer des formes originales de co-construction de l'action publique. Nous proposons, dans une approche comparative, d'observer les dynamiques participatives dans le champ culturel et d'en apprécier la portée politique et sociale.

Teisėsaugos institucijos kovoje su organizuotu nusikalstamumu sėkmingai gali kovoti tik pasitelkdamos efektyvias priemones – tokias kaip nusikalstamą veiką imituojančių veiksmų atlikimą. Ši priemonė apibrėžiama kaip formaliai nusikalstamos veikos požymių turinčių veiksmų, kurie yra sankcionuoti teismo arba Generalinio prokuroro ar jo įgalioto Generalinio prokuroro pavaduotojo, atlikimas turint tikslą išaiškinti planuojamą, pradėtą ar padarytą nusikalstamą veiką. Magistrinio darbo tikslas yra išnagrinėti nusikalstamą veiką imituojančių veiksmų atlikimo teisinį reglamentavimą ir galimybes panaudoti gautus šių veiksmų atlikimo metu duomenis įrodinėjimo procese. Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo ir Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo nagrinėtų bylų analizė išryškino pagrindines problemines sritis naudojant nusikalstamą veiką imituojančius veiksmus. EŽTT suformuota pozicija remiasi Texeira de Castro prieš Portugaliją byla ir išryškina pagrindinius principus, kurie legalizuoja nusikalstamos veikos imitavimo metu gautus duomenis: 1. Nusikalstamą veiką imituojantys veiksmai yra naudojami įtariamojo asmens, kuriam pradėtas ikiteisminis tyrimas, atžvilgiu; 2. Nusikalstamą veiką imituojantys veiksmai yra pasyvūs. Nusikalstamos veikos iniciatorius yra pats įtariamasis; 3. nusikalstamą veiką imituojančių veiksmų atlikimo sankcionavimas yra teismo kompetencijoje. Užsienio valstybių nusikalstamos veikos imitavimo veiksmų atlikimo teisinio reglamentavimo analizė parodė, kad duomenys gauti atliekant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / „EXECUTION OF CRIMINAL ACT SIMULATING ACTIONS IN AVERMENT PROCESS“ Police and other law enforcement structures to struggle against organized crime have very powerful tool named as execution of criminal act simulating actions. This legal proceeding is definable as actions by the nature are very similar to crime actions that are authorized by court or general prosecutor or deputy general prosecutor and have the purpose to solve the crime. The purpose of this master’s degree study is to reveal a legal framework of executing of criminal act simulating actions and possibilities to use results gained during this action in averment process. The studies of European Human Rights Court’s, Lithuania Constitutional Court’s and Lithuania Supreme Court’s cases showed up the main problems of usage of criminal act simulating actions. The European Human Rights Court position is based on Texeira de Castro case and exposes the main principles of legality: Usage of criminal act simulating actions could be only against person who is suspected and there is a procedural proceeding against him; Usage of criminal act simulating actions has to be passive. Initiator to commit a crime has to be suspected person; Authorization to use criminal act simulating actions should be the Court privilege. Studies of foreign legal framework of usage of criminal act simulating actions disclosure that results discovered during above mentioned procedures could not be used as direct evidence in averment process. Only... [to full text]

No abstract available. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1986.

Le Bris a collecté environ 200 000 données sur les actions françaises entre 1854 et 1988 pour construire un indice de performances.Différents biais qui surestimaient la rentabilité dans les indices français existants sont identifiés. D'autres probables cas à l'étranger sont présentés.Sur le long terme, les actions offrent une meilleure rentabilité que les autres actifs mais sans prime particulière.Par rapport aux actions américaines, les françaises sous-performent y compris durant les périodes de paix.Le marché est très sensible aux changements de gouvernements et surperforme sous ceux de gauche.Une nouvelle méthode de détection des krachs est proposée. Elle identifie des krachs cohérents avec l'histoire.Les entreprises de services dominent la capitalisation boursière de manière quasi-continue depuis 1854.La rationalité des investissements en emprunts russes avant 1914 est démontrée grâce à une optimisation de portefeuille parmi les actifs français (action, obligation, rente) et huit emprunts d'Etats étrangers.Une nouvelle méthode de décomposition du bénéfice de diversification est proposée ; les investisseurs français étaient attirés par la faible corrélation plus que par les rentabilités étrangères supérieures avant 1914.Les actions françaises et américaines présentent une hausse de corrélation sur le long terme probablement suivant l'intégration des économies. Ainsi, l'incitation à diversifier internationalement a baissé.Le risque de marché enregistre une forte hausse durant l'entre-deux-guerres et le niveau pré-1914 n'est jamais retrouvé. Il semble lié à la fin du Gold Standard, à l'inflation et aux déficits publics.Conséquence de la hausse de ce risque commun, la corrélation entre actions françaises augmente, réduisant l'effet de diversification domestique ; a l'opposé un " super effet portefeuille " est identifiée avant 1914.

Smärta är det vanligaste symtomet för vilket människor söker vård. Trots ökad kunskap inom smärthantering fortsätter underbehandlad smärta vara ett problem. Att utstå smärta är en obehaglig upplevelse och sjuksköterskor har en betydande roll i smärtbehandlingen och ska lindra patienters lidande. Ibland kan sjuksköterskors stävan efter egen empowerment påverka deras omvårdnad av patienter med smärta negativt. Syfte: Att undersöka sjuksköterskors omvårdnad av patienter med smärta. Metod: Litteraturstudie med en deduktiv riktad innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor i grunden hade en yrkesstolthet och en vilja att förmedla god omvårdnad till patienter med smärta och att deras handlande oftast utgick från detta. Ibland styrdes dock deras handlande av deras egna behov av att kuva sina egna känslor vilket kunde resultera i att patienterna fick sämre omvårdnad; de kunde rentav misstros eller bli ignorerade. Både sjuksköterskor och patienter upplever välbefinnande genom empowerment och smärtbehandlingen påverkas således positivt. Vården bör därför organiseras så att sjuksköterskor ges utökad möjlighet att utföra omvårdnad utifrån personcentrerad vård. Forskning rekommenderas angående bakomliggande orsaker till varför sjuksköterskor undervärderar patienters smärtupplevelse och hur sjuksköterskors uppfattning av sitt egna inflytande i smärtbehandlingen kan stärkas så att patienter inte blir lidande. / Pain is the most common symptom for which people seek care. Despite increased knowledge of pain management, untreated pain persists to be a problem. Enduring pain is an unpleasant experience and nurses have an important role to relieve patients’ suffering. It seems that at times nurses strive to receive empowerment can affect their caring of patients with pain negatively. Aim: to investigate nurses caring for patiens with pain. Method: Literature study with a deductive directed content analysis. The result showed that nurses have a pride in their work and a will to perform good nursing for patients with pain and their actions were usually directed by that. Sometimes, however, nurses’ actions were ruled by coping strategies and their own needs to suppress their own emotions which could result in patients receiving poorer care. The investigation showed that patients could even be mistrusted and ignored by nurses. Both nurses and patients experiences health through empowerment and the pain treatment thus get positively affected. The care should therefore be organized so that nurses are given greater opportunity to perform nursing based on person-centered care. Research is recommended regarding the underlying reasons why nurses underestimates patients 'pain perception and how nurses' own influence in pain treatment can be strengthened so that patients do not suffer

In the early 1980s a landmark result was obtained by Atiyah and independently Guillemin and Sternberg: the image of the momentum map for a torus action on a compact symplectic manifold is a convex polyhedron. Atiyah's proof makes use of the fact that level sets of the momentum map are connected. These proofs work in the setting of finite-dimensional compact symplectic manifolds. One can ask how these results generalize. A well-known example of an infinite-dimensional symplectic manifold with a finite-dimensional torus action is the based loop group. Atiyah and Pressley proved convexity for this example, but not connectedness of level sets. A proof of connectedness of level sets for the based loop group was provided by Harada, Holm, Jeffrey and Mare in 2006. In this thesis we study Hilbert manifolds equipped with a strong symplectic structure and a finite-dimensional group action preserving the strong symplectic structure. We prove connectedness of regular generic level sets of the momentum map. We use this to prove convexity of the image of the momentum map.

In the early 1980s a landmark result was obtained by Atiyah and independently Guillemin and Sternberg: the image of the momentum map for a torus action on a compact symplectic manifold is a convex polyhedron. Atiyah's proof makes use of the fact that level sets of the momentum map are connected. These proofs work in the setting of finite-dimensional compact symplectic manifolds. One can ask how these results generalize. A well-known example of an infinite-dimensional symplectic manifold with a finite-dimensional torus action is the based loop group. Atiyah and Pressley proved convexity for this example, but not connectedness of level sets. A proof of connectedness of level sets for the based loop group was provided by Harada, Holm, Jeffrey and Mare in 2006. In this thesis we study Hilbert manifolds equipped with a strong symplectic structure and a finite-dimensional group action preserving the strong symplectic structure. We prove connectedness of regular generic level sets of the momentum map. We use this to prove convexity of the image of the momentum map.