Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 170-179). Also available online.

Thesis (doctoral) - Universität, Freiburg, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [313]-339) and index.

Diss.-- European Business School, 2009. / In SpringerLink. Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 19 avril 2010). Bibliogr. Publié aussi en version papier.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2003. / Advisor: Ian Hambleton. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-112). Also available via World Wide Web.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2003. / Bibliogr. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Droit privé--Paris 1, 1995. / En appendice, choix de documents et de textes législatifs. Bibliogr. p. 473-496. Index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 265-302).

Η πλειοτροπίνη (pleiotrophin, PTN) είναι ένας αυξητικός παράγοντας 18 kDa με υψηλή συγγένεια για την ηπαρίνη και σημαντικό ρόλο στην αγγειογένεση και την καρκινική ανάπτυξη, μέσω του υποδοχέα της με δράση φωσφατάσης τυροσίνης β/ζ (receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β/ζ, RPTPβ/ζ) και της ιντεγκρίνης ανβ3. Με βάση κάποιες προηγούμενες ενδείξεις ότι διαφορετικές περιοχές της ΡΤΝ ασκούν διαφορετικές δράσεις, στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκε η δράση συνθετικών πεπτιδίων που αντιστοιχούν σε διαφορετικές περιοχές του μορίου της ΡΤΝ στον πολλαπλασιασμό και τη μετανάστευση ενδοθηλιακών και κυττάρων γλοιοβλαστώματος. Πεπτίδια που αντιστοιχούν στις περιοχές 1-5 (ΡΤΝ1-5), 71-77 (ΡΤΝ71-77) και 112-136 (ΡΤΝ112-136) της ΡΤΝ προκάλεσαν στατιστικά σημαντική μείωση του αριθμού των κυττάρων γλοιοβλαστώματος Μ059Κ και C6, ενώ πεπτίδιο που αντιστοιχεί στα αμινοξέα 16-24 (ΡΤΝ16-24) δεν είχε καμία επίδραση. Όσον αφορά στη μετανάστευση, τα πεπτίδια PTN16-24 και PTN71-77 προκάλεσαν στατιστικά σημαντική επαγωγή του χημειοτακτισμού των κυττάρων Μ059Κ. Σε ανθρώπινα ενδοθηλιακά κύτταρα, το πεπτίδιο ΡΤΝ71-77 προκάλεσε επίσης επαγωγή, σε αντίθεση με το πεπτίδιο ΡΤΝ71-77 που προκάλεσε στατιστικά σημαντική μείωση της μετανάστευσης. Το πεπτίδιο ΡΤΝ112-136 που είναι γνωστό ότι αναστέλλει την επαγόμενη από ΡΤΝ μετανάστευση ανθρώπινων ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων, προκάλεσε μη στατιστικά σημαντική επαγωγή της μετανάστευσης κυττάρων ΜΟ59Κ, χωρίς να επηρεάζει τη μείωση της μετανάστευσης που προκαλεί η ΡΤΝ στα κύτταρα αυτά. Επιπλέον, ανέστειλε την αλληλεπίδραση της ΡΤΝ με τον RPTPβ/ζ στα ίδια κύτταρα. Μια σημαντική παρατήρηση της παρούσας εργασίας είναι ότι η ΡΤΝ (αλλά όχι η ομόλογη midkine ή ο υποδοχέας της RPTPβ/ζ) αλληλεπιδρά άμεσα με τις ΜΜΡ-2 και ΜΜΡ-9 σε ενδοθηλιακά και σε κύτταρα γλοιοβλαστώματος. Το πεπτίδιο ΡΤΝ16-24 προκάλεσε σημαντική μείωση της αλληλεπίδρασης της ΡΤΝ με την ΜΜΡ-2 και αύξηση της αλληλεπίδρασης της ΡΤΝ με την ΜΜΡ-9, υποδηλώνοντας ότι η αλληλεπίδραση της ΡΤΝ με την ΜΜΡ-2 ίσως διαμεσολαβείται από τα αμινοξέα 16-24 του μορίου της ΡΤΝ. Φαίνεται λοιπόν, ότι κάθε περιοχή της PTN είναι υπεύθυνη για αλληλεπιδράσεις της ΡΤΝ με διαφορετικά μόρια και τελικά, για τις διαφορετικές δράσεις του μορίου. / Pleiotrophin (PTN) is an 18 kDa growth factor that has high affinity for heparin and plays an important role in angiogenesis and carcinogenesis, through its receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β/ζ (RPTPβ/ζ) and integrin ανβ3. Several data suggest that different regions of PTN exert distinct, or even opposite effects than the whole molecule, although conclusive data do not yet exist. In the present work we tested the effect of different synthetic peptides that correspond to distinct regions of PTN in the proliferation and migration of endothelial and glioma cells. The peptides that correspond to regions 1-5 (ΡΤΝ1-5), 71-77 (ΡΤΝ71-77) and 112-136 (ΡΤΝ112-136) of ΡΤΝ reduced in a statistically significant manner the number of M059K and C6 glioblastoma cells, whereas the peptide that corresponds to aminoacids 16-24 (ΡΤΝ16-24) did not have an effect. The peptides PTN16-24 and PTN71-77 induced the migration of glioma M059K cells in a statistically significant manner. In contrary to glioma cells, PTN16-24 also induced migration of human endothelial cells, whereas ΡΤΝ71-77 caused a statistically significant decrease of cell migration. ΡΤΝ112-136, which is known to inhibit the PTN-induced migration of human endothelial cells, induced M059K cell migration, without affecting PTN-induced decreased migration of the same cells. Moreover, ΡΤΝ112-136 inhibited the interaction of PTN with its receptor RPTPβ/ζ in M059K cells, although it is not clear if this is related to its effect on M059K cell migration. An important finding of the present study is that PTN (but not its homologue protein midkine or its receptor RPTPβ/ζ) directly interacts with MMPs 2 and 9 in both endothelial and glioma cells. ΡΤΝ16-24 reduced the interaction between PTN and MMP-2, while it enhanced the interaction between PTN and MMP-9, suggesting that the interaction of PTN with MMP-2 may be mediated by aminoacids 16-24. Conclusively, it seems that each region of PTN is responsible for the interaction of PTN with different molecules and finally, for the different actions of PTN.

Esta dissertação analisa o processo de resiliência em estudantes cotistas de escolas públicas autodeclarados negros com bom desempenho acadêmico (Taxa Integralização Média acima de 50%), que ingressaram pelo sistema de reserva de vagas aprovado na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul em 2008. A partir de um breve histórico da política de ações afirmativas no mundo, no Brasil e na Universidade, há o destaque sobre as desvantagens que jovens negros vivem para ter acesso ao Ensino Superior neste país. Foram entrevistados dez estudantes, entre 20 e 33 anos, em sua maioria moradores da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, de oito cursos diferentes: Ciências Contábeis, Direito, Engenharia Civil, Letras, Geografia, Biologia Marinha, Educação Física e Medicina Veterinária. Através da escuta sensível durante as entrevistas conhecemos a autodescrição e origem social dos estudantes: estudiosos, dedicados, eles reconhecem a importância da família, principalmente da figura materna, enquanto motivadora para superar obstáculos. A falta de modelos negros é uma constante nas suas trajetórias, seja como professores ou familiares em boas posições profissionais. Foi reconhecido o processo de resiliência em suas trajetórias como uma gama de superações frequentes: perdas familiares, necessidade precoce de afastamento dos pais em busca de melhores oportunidades educacionais, alvos de preconceito, dificuldades econômicas e limitações de acesso ao capital cultural mais valorizado pela universidade, foram fatores que não os impediram de realizar seus sonhos. Ao contrário, eles se tornaram mais resistentes, buscaram se reestruturar e crescer em resposta às situações de crise e aos desafios do cotidiano. A oportunidade de realizar um curso superior é vista como uma possibilidade de ascensão social. O ingresso na UFRGS é percebido por alguns destes estudantes como algo inacreditável, gerando expectativas e sonhos compartilhados por seus familiares. Estes estudantes conheciam pouco sobre o sistema de cotas antes de prestar o vestibular, e a assistência estudantil na UFRGS ainda não atende à maioria dos entrevistados. A instituição como um todo há que se reformular quanto ao oferecimento de cursos noturnos, súmula de disciplinas, material didático, assistência estudantil, e reconhecer que o ingresso de cotistas proporciona o convívio com a diversidade na Universidade entre docentes, técnicos e demais estudantes. Isso representa um grande desafio para que segmentos da comunidade acadêmica abandonem certos preconceitos que podem gerar discriminações. / This dissertation examines the resilience process of government school students, quota-benefited, self-declared black, with good academic performance (Average Payment Rate over 50%), which have entered the higher education through the vacancy reservation system approved for Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) in 2008. From a brief description of the affirmative action policy worldwide, in Brasil and at UFRGS, can be evidenced the disadvantages experienced by the young blacks to access higher education in this country. Ten students were interviewed, aged between 20 and 33, most of whom living in the metropolitan area around Porto Alegre, from eight different courses: accountancy, law, civil engineering, letters, geography, marine biology, physical education and veterinary medicine. Through the sensitive listening in the interviews, it is possible to acknowledge the self-description and social origin of the students: studious, devoted, they recognize the importance of their families, specially the mother figure as a motivator to exceed adversities. The lack of black patterns is current in their trajectories, as teachers or as relatives in good professional positions either. The resilience process could be recognized in their trajectories as a number of persistent conquests: familiar losses, premature need of separation from parents in seek for better educational opportunities, targets of prejudice, economic difficulties and restricted access to the cultural capital which is most valuated by the University, these were issues that did not hinder them from achieving their dreams. On the contrary, they have become more resistant, pursuing to restructure and improve in crisis situations and everyday challenges. The opportunity to attend a college course is seen as a possibility of social ascension. The entrance at UFRGS is perceived by some of these students as something unbelievable, producing expectations and dreams shared by their relatives. These students barely knew about the quota system before they submitted to the University admission test, and UFRGS‟ students‟ assistance program does not support most of the interviewed yet. The institution as a whole has to reformulate itself on the offer of night-period courses, description of disciplines, didactic material, students‟ assistance, and to recognize that the entering of quota-benefited students provides the interaction with diversity, at the University, amongst professors, technicians, and the other students. This represents a huge challenge so that certain sections of academic community can relinquish some prejudices that might produce discrimination.

Le paysage bancaire européen se compose majoritairement de banques à capital-actions et de banques coopératives. Cette différence de structure de propriété nous amène alors à nous demander si les spécificités qui les caractérisent, tant dans leur périmètre d’activité, dans leur structure organisationnelle que dans leur mode de gouvernance, peuvent avoir un impact sur leur niveau de prise de risque et sur leur contribution à la stabilité financière du système bancaire. La récente crise financière dite des subprimes est un évènement sur lequel nous pouvons alors nous appuyer afin de répondre à cette interrogation. Dans cette recherche, et dans un premier temps, nous analysons en profondeur les raisons qui pourraient expliquer que le statut coopératif et les modes de gouvernance correspondant amènent ces banques à adopter des comportements moins risqués, à être mieux capitalisées que les banques à capital-actions. Nous tenons compte dans cette analyse de la diversité du modèle coopératif en Europe, marqué par une convergence plus ou moins forte vers le modèle dominant de banque SA., ce qui peut influer de façon différenciée sur la prise de risque et la stabilité financière. Dans un second temps, nous évaluons plus précisément, de manière empirique, la capacité de résistance et de résilience des banques au cours de la crise dite « des sub-primes », la plus grave qu’ait subi l’industrie bancaire depuis celle des années 1930. Nous nous attachons alors à vérifier si les différences que nous avons notées en termes de statut de propriété et d’hybridation du modèle coopératif (relativement à celui des banques à capital-actions), se traduisent par des différences dans leur prise de risque et leur solidité financière, caractéristiques qui sont des éléments déterminants de leur mission sociale, en particulier aux yeux des pouvoirs publics et des autorités monétaires. Pour modéliser l'influence de la structure de propriété des banques et des caractéristiques de gouvernance qui en découlent sur leur solidité financière, sur leur attitude vis-à-vis du risque et finalement sur leur capacité à gérer et surmonter la « crise des subprimes », nous avons construit une base de données comprenant 63 groupes bancaires européens coopératifs et à capital-actions. Nous avons collecté pour chacun de ces groupes des indicateurs de performance de gestion comptable et financière, puis de gestion des risques. Nous avons procédé à une classification des groupes bancaires coopératifs en fonction de leur degré d’hybridation. Nous avons eu notamment recours aux méthodes de l'économétrie des données de panel sur les années 2002-2011 pour mettre en œuvre notre démarche comparative. Au final, nous montrons que le comportement des groupes coopératifs en temps de crise s’est distingué de celui des banques à capital-actions, mais que le constat se doit d’être nuancé, selon le degré d’hybridation de ces groupes / The European banking landscape consists mainly of plc banks and of cooperative banks. This difference of structure of property brings us then to wonder if the specificities which characterize them in their scope of activity, in the organizational structure and in their mode of governance can have an impact on their level of risk-taking and on their contribution to the financial stability of the banking system. The recent financial crisis known as the “subprime mortgage crisis” is an event on which we can then lean to answer this interrogation.In this research, and at first, we analyze in depth the reasons which could explain why the cooperative status and the modes of corresponding governance lead these banks to adopt less risky behavior, to be better capitalized than plc banks, what can influence in a differentiated way on the risk-taking and the financial stability. Secondly, we estimate more exactly, in an empirical way, the capacity of resistance and impact strength of banks during the subprime mortgage crisis, the most serious crisis that the banking industry has known since the 1930s. We attempt then to verify if the differences which we noted in terms of status of property and hybridization of the cooperative model (with regard to that of plc banks), are translated by differences in their characteristic, financial risk-taking and their solidity which are determining elements of their social mission, in particular in the eyes of public authorities and monetary authorities.To modelize the influence of the structure of property of banks and the characteristics of the governance which ensue from it on their financial solidity, on their attitude towards the risk and finally on their capacity to manage and to overcome the “subprime mortgage crisis”, we built a database including 63 cooperative and plc European banking groups. We collected for each of these groups performance indicators of accounting and financial management, then of risk management. We proceeded to a classification of the cooperative banking groups according to their degree of hybridization. We turned in particular to the methods of the econometrics of the data of panel over the years 2002-2011 to operate our comparative approach. In the end, we show that the behavior of the cooperative groups in times of crisis distinguished itself from that of plc banks; and we show that the degree of hybridization of these groups is far from being neutral