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El presente caso aborda la superposición total del petitorio minero “Representaciones Casasi” sobre la zona de amortiguamiento del área natural protegida “Parque Nacional Huascarán”; la cual genera, en el marco del procedimiento de titulación minera, la exigencia al peticionante -en virtud de la Ley de Áreas Naturales Protegidas- de obtener una opinión técnica favorable previa, emitida por el Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas – SERNANP, para la continuación de dicho procedimiento. Concretamente, a raíz de la opinión desfavorable emitida por el SERNANP, el Consejo de Minería analiza la motivación de dicha opinión, la cual se fundamenta en que -con el otorgamiento del título de concesión minera- se estaría generando una afectación inminente al medio ambiente (a cuencas de agua, flora y fauna), así como al Parque Nacional Huascarán, que es clasificado como un área natural protegida de “Uso Indirecto”. Por otro lado, se evalúa si es oportuno la exigencia de contar con la opinión técnica favorable previa dentro del procedimiento ordinario minero, teniendo en cuenta la existencia del procedimiento de evaluación de impacto ambiental y lo establecido en el Reglamento de Procedimientos Mineros (la sola obtención del título de concesión minera no basta para realizar actividades in situ). / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

The aim of this study is to examine how Sweden has implemented directive 2006/123/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market, in the framework of the member states procedural- and institutional autonomy. The study will focus on the contributions to the Swedish law in the form of expressions of the principle of good administration, as a result of the implementation of the directive. The expressions of the principle of good administration were found in the main law "Act (2009:1079) on services in the internal market" where the majority of the directive's provisions were implemented in Swedish law. The study focuses on two expressions of the principle that simultaneously are news in Swedish law induced by the implementation of The Services Directive: the principle of necessity and liaison points of the authorities. With basis in the study of the implementation of The Services Directive as an EU secondary law act in Swedish law and the new expressions of the principle of good administration in Swedish law to fulfill the directive - the purpose of the study will include an analysis of the EU-law's impact on Swedish Administrative Law with focus on the legislation's format. The analysis will, among other things, refer to the different administrative law traditions in the two legal systems regarding the status of general principles of law, mainly the principle of good administration, in the field of administrative law.

[pt] Este trabalho representa uma singela contribuição para um melhor entendimento sobre a assessoria judicial, com enfoque especial no Tribunal de Justiça do Rio de Janeiro (TJ-RJ). O assessor judicial está atrelado, com o perdão do óbvio, ao chamado Poder Judiciário. O Judiciário exerce, principalmente, a função jurisdicional. Há diversos motivos para se estudar a assessoria, que parece sofrer com a existência de um senso comum teórico sobre seu papel. Conhecer melhor esta figura, tratada como um tabu escondido da legislação e ignorado pela doutrina desmitificando um suposto ideal de Indelegabilidade da decisão é o norte central deste trabalho. Analisa-se criticamente afirmações que defendem ser o processo decisório governado por estagiários e truísmos segundo os quais assessores são escolhidos sem critério conforme amizade e relações políticas. Discute-se a hipótese do assessor como um auxiliar no processo decisório por meio de análises dos enunciados normativos federais, estaduais, resolutivos e regimentais sobre a assessoria e realizaram-se várias pesquisas de acesso à informação perante 25 tribunais brasileiros e uma pesquisa de campo entrevistando-se 74 assessores do TJ-RJ. Com isso formou-se um panorama geral da assessoria com o intuito de criar um cauteloso início para uma teoria partilhada da decisão jurídica apta a levar a sério o efetivo papel dos assessores judiciais. / [en] This essay is but a simple contribution on the way to a better understanding regarding judicial Law Clerk with a special focus on the Rio de Janeiro s Court of Justice (TJ-RJ). Law Clerks are linked to the so-called Judicial Branch. The Judicial Branch exerts the Judicial Function. There are many reasons to study Law Clerks which appear to suffer from some short of common sense theory regarding its legal role. Knowing those who are treated as a legal taboo hidden from the general rule of the Law and ignored by the Legal Scholarships and demystifying the so called ideal of the non delegability of judicial decision making is the focus of this dissertation. Assertions defending judicial decision making as a procedure governed by trainees and truisms whereby clerks are chosen with no basis or mainly by political affinity are scrutinized. We analyze Law Clerks as instrumental agents to the judicial decision making through the content of Federal and State based legal text as well as resolutions and regiments from the Courts of Justice. We perform empirical research within 25 Courts of Justice as well as 72 Law Clerks from the Rio de Janeiro s Court of Justice. With this, a general Viewpoint of Law Clerks regulations was made possible. The intent was to create a cautious beginning for an effective shared theory of judicial decision making capable of taking Law Clerk s role seriously.

This doctoral thesis focuses on certain private actors that operate transnationally in fields relevant to administrative law, such as food security, environmental protection, pharmaceuticals and medical device regulation. We are only interested in some of the activities carried out by these private actors, concretely those which have an effect that we have termed “regulatory impact”. In this work, we use the term “regulatory” as a meta-juridical concept, in order to understand the capacity that characterizes the activities of our transnational private actors to influence the final recipients in the respective fields. These activities do not result in the coercive imposition of a certain behaviour or an obligation on recipients (whether public or private subjects). Instead, they materialise through a series of varied acts with a flexible nature and a non-binding nature (e.g. technical norms or private standards, guidelines, recommendations or other instruments). However, these activities have considerable multiplier effects on the analysed fields as a consequence of their possible impact (in particular, on the protection of certain fundamental rights recognised at an European level). This makes their study from a legal-administrative perspective all the more relevant. In our view, the branch of administrative law is perhaps the most experienced in this matter. In particular, administrative doctrine has shown the greatest interest in understanding how far certain private actors may intervene in the regulatory chain in a way that is analogous or parallel –and not substitutive– to that of the Public Administration itself in these or other comparable fields. Depending on the case studies, administrative law can be a tool for finding out and understanding how our private legal actors operate transnationally and how they carry out their activities. Likewise, many of the internal rules and codes of conduct that make up the internal policy of our private actors contain procedural criteria or practices. These rules include some of the cultural values of administrative law, particularly participation and transparency. These criteria or practices have a certain similarity to those typically procedural principles of a legal-administrative nature that govern the activity of the Public Administration. The participation and transparency function as “strategies” which, in certain cases, set out to substantiate said activities of some private actors, in order to put in place harmonized and more efficient instruments in the various sectors in which they operate. On the one hand, with the incorporation of the practice of participation, some private actors recognize multiple subjects and stakeholders the opportunity to take part in the regulatory task, in order to give voice to their claims and deliberate collectively. On the other, sometimes the practice of transparency allows the global community to know and understand how these private actors carry out their activities. As a basis, we rely on extant studies in administrative doctrine pertaining to associated matters and fields. We intend to address, in this context and from a subjective viewpoint, the meaning of such practices and criteria and how they operate within the structural framework of transnational private actors. / Nuestra tesis doctoral toma en consideración algunos actores privados que operan a nivel transnacional en sectores de relevancia para el Derecho administrativo, tales como la seguridad alimentaria, la protección ambiental, la regulación farmacéutica y de los dispositivos sanitarios. De esos actores privados nos interesan sólo algunas de las actividades que prestan y que aquí denominamos de “impacto regulador”. Ese “impacto regulador” se presenta en nuestro trabajo como un concepto meta-jurídico que empleamos de manera amplia para comprender la capacidad que caracteriza las actividades que prestan nuestros actores privados transnacionales para influir sobre los destinatarios finales en los respectivos sectores. Conviene indicar que esas actividades no se traducen en la imposición coactiva de un determinado comportamiento o una obligación a sus destinatarios (ya sean sujetos públicos como privados), pues se materializan a través de una serie de actos de diversa índole –tales como normas técnicas o estándares privados, directrices, recomendaciones u otros instrumentos– de naturaleza flexible y de carácter no vinculante. No obstante, y como se verá, son considerables los efectos multiplicadores que tales actividades despliegan sobre los sectores objeto de análisis, como consecuencia del impacto que pudieran generar –en particular sobre la protección de determinados derechos fundamentales reconocidos a nivel europeo– y de ahí su relevancia para ser estudiado desde la perspectiva jurídico-administrativa. Y es que consideramos que la rama del Derecho administrativo es, quizás, la más experimentada en este campo, máxime cuando es la doctrina administrativista la que mayor interés ha demostrado en comprender en qué medida ciertos actores privados pueden llegar a intervenir en la cadena regulatoria de forma análoga o paralela –que no sustitutiva– a como lo ha podido venir haciendo hasta ahora la propia Administración en esos u otros ámbitos análogos. En función de los casos de estudio, el Derecho administrativo podría interesarse por conocer y comprender cómo nuestros actores de naturaleza jurídica privada operan a nivel transnacional y llevan a cabo sus actividades de impacto regulador. Observamos, además, que buena parte de los reglamentos internos y códigos de conducta que conforman la política interna de nuestros actores privados contienen criterios o prácticas de procedimiento que guardan una cierta similitud con aquellas normas típicamente procedimentales de naturaleza jurídico-administrativa que rigen la actividad de la Administración. Estas representan, por analogía y de manera abstracta, algunos de los valores de la cultura del Derecho administrativo como son, en particular, la participación y la transparencia. En algunos casos, tales criterios o prácticas permiten a determinadas realidades privadas –especialmente aquellas donde han adquirido carta de naturaleza– poner en marcha instrumentos armonizados y más eficientes en los diversos sectores en los que estos se proyectan. Por un lado, con la incorporación de la práctica de la participación, algunos actores privados reconocen a múltiples sujetos e intereses especialmente relevantes la oportunidad de intervenir en la tarea regulatoria, a fin de dar voz a sus pretensiones, deliberar y decidir de manera compartida. Por otro lado, la práctica de la transparencia permite a la comunidad global, si cabe, conocer y comprender cómo llevan a cabo sus actividades. En este orden de cosas, y desde el plano subjetivo, con nuestro trabajo pretendemos indagar –apoyándonos en los estudios ya realizados por parte de la doctrina administrativista en materias y sectores concomitantes– sobre el verdadero sentido de tales criterios o prácticas y de qué manera operan dentro de este marco estructural de actores privados transnacionales.

The dissertation examines the applicability of procedural fairness to actions by members of the South African National Defence Forces (SANDF). The research focuses on and uses the South African Defence Force Union v The Minister of South African National Defence Force (SANDU 2010 judgment) to illustrate how procedural fairness should find application in the SANDF, given the sui generis nature of the defence forces. This judgment presented an opportunity to investigate whether the legislative framework that is available in the SANDF is adequate to protect the right to procedural fairness of the members of the SANDF encapsulated in section 33 of the Constitution, 1996. The dissertation examines the relevant sections of the Defence Act, Military Discipline Supplementary Measures Act, Labour Relations Act (LRA), and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act (PAJA) read with sections 23 and 33 of the Constitution to determine whether there is a gap that exists in so far as the protection of the right to procedural fairness of members of the defence forces is concerned. It also examines the Military Discipline Code and the rules and regulations of the Defence Forces. The analysis of the SANDU 2010 judgment demonstrates that PAJA could find application in dismissal or employment related disputes within the SANDF. The scenario that is evidenced from the analysis of the defence force legislative framework is that the legislative framework that is available within the SANDF is inadequate to protect and deal with disputes which arise from allegations of infringement of the right to procedural fairness. This scenario is compounded by the fact that the LRA which is the empowering legislation that was promulgated to give effect to the right to section 23 of the Constitution and to deal with dismissal and employment related disputes, does not apply to members of the SANDF. / Public, Constitutional, and International Law / LL. M.

In this thesis I explore the attitudes, arguments, and actions of British political elites in connection with the development of human rights law in Europe and the UK. I do this by examining British input into five key episodes for the development of European supranational rights and their incorporation into domestic legal orders (namely the drafting of the European Convention on Human Rights 1950, the drafting of the European Social Charter 1961, the acceptance of individual petition in 1966, the failed 1970s Bill of Rights debate, the passing of the Human Rights Act 1998, and recent developments such as the UK ‘opt-out’ to the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, and the emergence of a new ‘British Bill of Rights’ debate). Casting light on British involvement in less examined periods in European rights development, I challenge existing, isolated, explanations for the more focal episodes (such as Simpson’s rational-choice post-colonial thesis for individual petition acceptance, and ideological accounts for New Labour’s post-1997 constitutional reform). Responding to the most recent literature in the area, central to my analysis is the question of how rights progress relates to inter-party conflict. By considering continuities and discontinuities in elite political discussion of rights I argue that while conflict is a significant underlying feature of every major episode of rights progress during the last sixty years, and is less evident in less progressive periods, other factors have had a greater influence over the form, timing, and extent of rights progress. Most significant amongst these is the constitutional ideological development of the Labour party and the critical connection between Labour’s elevation of the Convention within the UK constitutional space and revisionist shifts in party thinking.

This dissertation analyses the ability of Chinese lawyers to use administrative litigation to protect individuals and groups from an authoritarian state that frequently infringes on their rights. These plaintiffs fill administrative courts in China, opposing the overzealous tactics of police, challenging the expropriation of their land, and disputing the seizure and demolition of their homes. Empirically, it relies on several unique data sources in a mixed-methodological approach. Qualitative and small-n quantitative data from 126 interviews with a random sample of Chinese lawyers and 52 additional interviews are supplemented by documentary sources. These findings are then tested against official data and a large survey of Chinese lawyers. This research demonstrates that administrative litigation is part of a polycentric authoritarian system that helps the Chinese state to monitor its agents, allows limited political participation, and facilitates economic development (Chapter One). By giving ordinary Chinese a chance to hold their local governments accountable in court, administrative litigation represents a significant step towards rule of law, but its limited scope means that it has not been accompanied by dramatic liberalisation (Chapter Three). In part, this is because the most prolific and successful administrative litigators are politically embedded lawyers, insiders who challenge the state in court but eschew the most radical cases and tactics (Chapter Four). The tactics that allow politically embedded lawyers to successfully litigate administrative cases rely on and contribute to China’s polycentric authoritarianism by drawing in other state, quasi-state, and non-state actors (Chapter Five). Multinationals in China are largely failing to contribute to the development of China’s legal system because they readily accept preferential treatment from the Chinese state as an alternative to litigation (Chapter Six). While administrative litigation bolsters China’s polycentric authoritarianism in the short term, it offers tremendous potential for rationalisation, liberalisation, and even democratisation in the long term.

Dans Németh c. Canada (Justice) (2010), la Cour suprême vient à la conclusion qu’il est possible, pour le ministre de la Justice, d’autoriser l’extradition d’un réfugié dans la mesure où cette dernière n’est pas injuste ou tyrannique, et qu’elle ne vise pas à punir la personne pour des motifs de persécution. Le juge Cromwell précise qu’il n’est pas nécessaire de révoquer le statut de réfugié avant le processus d’extradition ; le ministre n’a qu’à démontrer que les clauses de cessation se trouvant dans la Loi sur l’immigration et la protection des réfugiés s’appliquent. Cela implique qu’il doit faire la preuve, selon la balance des probabilités, que les réfugiés n’ont plus de raison de craindre la persécution dans leur pays d’origine, en établissant qu’il y a un changement stable de circonstances. Toutefois, le processus actuel d’extradition n’assure pas pleinement les protections procédurales auxquelles ont droit les réfugiés, dans la mesure où la Loi sur l’extradition accorde un pouvoir discrétionnaire au ministre de décider, au cas par cas, qui devrait avoir droit à une audition orale pour étayer sa cause. Puisque la possibilité de persécution au retour reste une question empreinte de subjectivité et fait appel à la crédibilité, il est du devoir du ministre d’accorder une forme d'audition aux réfugiés afin d’offrir de solides garanties procédurales. Or, la Cour n’est pas allée jusqu’à prescrire un tel devoir. Dans ce mémoire, nous nous interrogeons sur l’étendue des protections procédurales qui devraient être accordées à un réfugié menacé d’extradition. / In Németh v. Canada (Justice) (2010), the Supreme Court concludes that it is possible for the Minister of Justice to surrender a refugee facing extradition, unless it is unjust or oppressive or the discrimination clause can be applied. Cromwell J. established it isn't necessary to revoke the refugee status prior to the extradition; the Minister only has to demonstrate that the change of circumstances in the refugee's country may lead to the cessation of refugee protection. This implies that the Minister must come forward with evidence of changed circumstances and be satisfied on the balance of probabilities that the refugee no longer needs protection in Canada. Unfortunately, the extradition procedures do not properly ensure the substantive fundamental justice and protections sought by refugees. There is no discussion on a possibility to properly respond to the Minister's evidence. However, there must be an opportunity for them to disprove the evidence, especially because it is a subjective matter which challenges the refugees' credibility. Therefore, it is the Minister's responsibility to ensure there is a hearing to comply with fundamental justice. Nevertheless, the Court didn’t go on to prescribe such an obligation to the Minister. In this research, we will then ask ourselves which procedural safeguards should be given by the Minister of Justice to refugees facing extradition.

Cette étude aborde les questionnements relatifs à l’homologation et à l’entérinement d’une entente de règlement amiable conclue dans le cadre des processus de médiation ou de conciliation administrative. L’étude vise d’abord à clarifier les concepts en définissant précisément la terminologie privilégiée. La mise en œuvre des demandes est ensuite analysée au regard de la compétence des tribunaux administratifs et de celle des tribunaux de droit commun à l’égard d’un accord de conciliation ou d’une transaction conclu dans le cadre d’un litige administratif. Les formalités relatives à la présentation de la demande sont exposées. Les tests de conformité à la loi et à l’ordre public sont ensuite circonscrits pour terminer par un examen des conséquences de l’homologation ou de l’entérinement de l’entente sur les recours ultérieurs possibles tels que le recours en révision administrative ou le recours en révision judiciaire. / This study examines the homologation or approval of a settlement agreement reached under administrative mediation or conciliation. The first part aims to clarify the concepts by defining the preferred terminology in a comprehensive way. The implementation of these applications is then analyzed according to the jurisdiction of administrative tribunals and courts of law with respect to a conciliation agreement or a transaction concluded under administrative proceedings. The formalities relating to the submission of the demand are exposed. The tests for compliance with the law and with public order are then circumscribed to complete with an examination of the consequences of the agreement on eventual remedies, as administrative review or judicial review.