De plus en plus soulevées, les exceptions préliminaires sont devenues aujourd’hui une institution classique du procès CIRDI. Leur utilisation croissante par les acteurs contentieux, et les multiples enjeux qu’elles recèlent, invitent résolument à s’interroger sur l’existence d’un réel régime juridique qui les encadre et, partant, qui permettrait de garantir un certain degré de prévisibilité. A cet égard, le volet procédural de l’exception renferme maints éléments problématiques. Certains sont liés à la mise en œuvre, d’autres au moment de l’introduction de l’exception. Ainsi, d’une part, cette étude s’intéressera aux motivations réelles derrière la consécration de la faculté de les soulever et aux acteurs contentieux qui en ont accès. D’autre part, ce mémoire se focalisera sur la réalité de l’exigence d’introduction in limine litis pour mieux cerner les dérogations fréquentes ainsi que la souplesse exagérée dont elle fait l’objet. Quant au volet substantiel, nous nous interrogerons sur l’objet de l’exception tant du point de vue de la qualification que du point de vue de la délimitation. Plus précisément, nous aborderons la question de la distinction entre compétence et recevabilité. Pourquoi cette distinction et tantôt observée, tantôt complètement ignorée par les parties au procès. Quel impact pourrait avoir une telle distinction sur le résultat escompté ? De même, nous nous nous interrogerons sur l’extension fréquente, parfois abusive, du champ de la compétence ou de la recevabilité afin de mieux appréhender les contours de l’objet, l’usage qu’en font les Tribunaux CIRDI et les raisons derrière un tel phénomène. / Increasingly used, preliminary objections have now become a traditional institution of ICSID proceedings. The increasing use by litigation actors raises many questions about the reality of their treatment. In particular, it raises questions about the existence of a consistent set of rules that would framework their use and, hence, ensure a certain degree of predictability. In this regard, the procedural aspect of the objections includes many problematic elements. Some are linked to the implementation of the objection, others to the introduction timing. Thus, on the one hand, this research will focus on the real incentives behind the consecration of the right to raise them and who has access to that right. On the other hand, this research will focus on the actuality of the condition to introduce them in limine litis and try to explain the frequent exceptions, and exaggerated flexibility, in the arbitral practice regarding this condition. As to the substantive aspect, we will inquire about the purpose of the objection from both qualification and delimitation point of views. Specifically, we will address the issue of the distinction between jurisdiction and admissibility. Why this distinction is sometimes considered and sometimes completely ignored by the parties to the proceedings. What impact might such a distinction have on the final outcome? Similarly, we will question the frequent extension, sometimes even abusive, of the scope of jurisdiction or admissibility by the ICSID Tribunals to help better understand the borders of the objections substance and the reasons behind such a phenomenon.

Magister Legum - LLM / Kenya’s December 2007 Presidential elections sparked a wave of violent clashes over allegations of election rigging. The protests broke out along ethnic lines, causing greater civil unrest. There have been allegations that during these outbreaks of violence crimes against humanity were committed. This violence attracted world-wide concern and was universally condemned. Kenya is loathe to prosecute the perpetrators or those who bear the highest responsibility for the alleged commission of crimes against humanity. It has instead established a national investigatory mechanism, the Kenyan Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (hereafter TJRC). This approach adopted by Kenya has been criticized for the fact that it fosters a culture of impunity. However, the Prosecutor of International Criminal Court (hereafter ICC) has used his proprio motu powers to initiate an investigation of alleged commission of crimes that fall within the jurisdiction of the Court. This research paper has analysed the reasons for the proprio motu intervention of the ICC in Kenyan situation. It also examined whether Kenya was unwilling or genuinely unable to prosecute the perpetrators of the post-election violence of 2007. Furthermore, the paper evaluated the provisions of the Kenyan TJRC, the major shortcomings of the Commission and the challenges it is facing in fulfilling its mandate. In conclusion the paper analysed the relationship between TJRC and ICC and re-evaluate any role that the two bodies could play in dispensing justice in Kenya. But before that, the paper laid down the factual background that led to the proprio motu interevention of the ICC in Kenya where a truth commission had alreday been established. / South Africa

This diploma thesis deals with analysis of the highest and best use. The first part of the thesis is the theoretical part, which deals mainly with valuation methods and the essence of analysis. This analysis is applied to the Nursery School in Pilsen, where it examines whether the proposed variants meet the four tests. The result is finding the highest and best use of the object.

The Position of Review Appeal in the System of Remedies Abstract What is the purpose of the review appeal in civil matters? Should the review appeal be of an ordinary or extraordinary nature? Should the admissibility requirements of the review appeal be determined entirely objectively, or should it depend, at least in part, on the subjective discretion of the appellate court? This is only a part of numerous questions that have accompanied the institute of review appeal for several historical stages and, due to the planned overall re- codification of the civil procedure law, these issues remain relevant even today. The author of this work aims to provide an answer to some of these questions based on a critical view of the historical development of the review appeal, current legislation concerning this matter and the review appeal from de lege ferenda perspective. In the first chapter, the author generally discusses remedies in civil proceedings, their nature, effects, and definition of the review appeal. The greatest attention is paid to the purposes of the review appeal, which include finding individual justice and unifying the decision-making practice of the civil courts. In the second chapter, the author focuses in detail on the historical development of the institute of review appeal. Its important...

Concrete domains have been introduced in the area of Description Logic to enable reference to concrete objects (such as numbers) and predefined predicates on these objects (such as numerical comparisons) when defining concepts. Unfortunately, in the presence of general concept inclusions (GCIs), which are supported by all modern DL systems, adding concrete domains may easily lead to undecidability. To regain decidability of the DL ALC in the presence of GCIs, quite strong restrictions, in sum called ω-admissibility, were imposed on the concrete domain. On the one hand, we generalize the notion of ω-admissibility from concrete domains with only binary predicates to concrete domains with predicates of arbitrary arity. On the other hand, we relate ω-admissibility to well-known notions from model theory. In particular, we show that finitely bounded homogeneous structures yield ω-admissible concrete domains. This allows us to show ω-admissibility of concrete domains using existing results from model theory. When integrating concrete domains into lightweight DLs of the E L family, achieving decidability is not enough. One wants reasoning in the resulting DL to be tractable. This can be achieved by using so-called p-admissible concrete domains and restricting the interaction between the DL and the concrete domain. We investigate padmissibility from an algebraic point of view. Again, this yields strong algebraic tools for demonstrating p-admissibility. In particular, we obtain an expressive numerical p-admissible concrete domain based on the rational numbers. Althoughω-admissibility and p-admissibility are orthogonal conditions that are almost exclusive, our algebraic characterizations of these two properties allow us to locate an infinite class of p-admissible concrete domains whose integration into ALC yields decidable DLs.

Concrete domains have been introduced in the area of Description Logic to enable reference to concrete objects (such as numbers) and predefined predicates on these objects (such as numerical comparisons) when defining concepts. Unfortunately, in the presence of general concept inclusions (GCIs), which are supported by all modern DL systems, adding concrete domains may easily lead to undecidability. One contribution of this paper is to strengthen the existing undecidability results further by showing that concrete domains even weaker than the ones considered in the previous proofs may cause undecidability. To regain decidability in the presence of GCIs, quite strong restrictions, in sum called w-admissiblity, need to be imposed on the concrete domain. On the one hand, we generalize the notion of w-admissiblity from concrete domains with only binary predicates to concrete domains with predicates of arbitrary arity. On the other hand, we relate w-admissiblity to well-known notions from model theory. In particular, we show that finitely bounded, homogeneous structures yield w-admissible concrete domains. This allows us to show w-admissibility of concrete domains using existing results from model theory.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie proefskrif word daar gekonsentreer op die bewyslas in die nywerheidshof omdat die nywerheidshof se benadering met betrekking tot die bewyslas verskil van geval tot gevaL afhangende van die aard van die regshulp waarvoor die party je die nywerheidshof nader. In die tweede plek volg 'n bespreking van hoe en deur wie die voorlegging van getuienis aan die nywerheidshof mag geskied, hetsy by wyse van dokumente of getuies en daarbenewens oak 'n bespreking van watter soort getuienis aan die nywerheidshof voorgele mag word met spesifieke verwysing na inter alia, klankopnames, videobande en die resultate van leuenverklikkertoetse. / In this thesis there will be concentrated on the burden of proof in the industrial court because the industrial court's approach in regard to the burden of proof differs from case to case, depending on the nature of the legal aid for which the party /ies approaches the industrial court. In the second place a discussion will follow of how and by whom the presenting of evidence can be done, whether by documents or by witnesses, and in addition thereto also a discussion on which sort of evidence can be presented to the industrial court with specific reference to, inter alia, taperecordings, video tapes and the results of lie-detector tests. / Private Law / LL.M. (Handelsreg)

Avoir une qualité est une condition indispensable pour que l’action soit recevable. La question de la qualité évoque certaines controverses sur la détermination et la définition de son sens et de sa nature juridique. Pour certains auteurs, la qualité est une condition distincte de la recevabilité de l’action, pour d’autres auteurs la qualité ne constitue qu’une condition parmi d’autres. La majorité de la doctrine française et égyptienne considère la qualité comme une condition autonome de recevabilité de l’action, elle se distingue des autres conditions, et notamment de celle de l’intérêt. Le législateur français distingue entre la qualité comme condition de recevabilité de l’action et la qualité comme condition de validité de la procédure. Dans le premier cas, le législateur consacre la qualité comme telle et ne considère pas l’intérêt comme seule condition de recevabilité de l’action ; dans le deuxième cas, la qualité constitue une condition de validité de l’acte de procédure. En revanche, le législateur égyptien ne prévoit pas de texte consacrant expressément la qualité comme condition de recevabilité. En outre, la controverse relative à la nature juridique soulève la question sur la sanction applicable en cas de défaut. Le législateur français a soumis le défaut de qualité nécessaire à la validité de l’acte de procédure et la qualité pour recevabilité de l’action à une sanction variable en fonction de la nature juridique, alors que le législateur égyptien n’ a prévu qu’une seule sanction en cas de défaut de qualité : la fin de non recevoir. / Having a quality is a prerequisite for action to be admissible. The quality issue raises a controversy on the identification and the definition of its meaning and its legal nature. For some authors, the quality is a separate condition of admissibility of the action. Other authors believe that the quality is only one condition among others. The majority of the French and Egyptian doctrines consider quality as a separate condition of admissibility of the action ; it is distinguished from other conditions, including that of interest. The French legislature distinguishes between quality as a condition of admissibility of the action and quality as a condition of validity of the procedure. In the first case, the legislature devotes quality as such and does not consider the interest as the sole condition for admissibility of the action. In the second case, quality is a condition of validity of the proceeding. In contrast, the Egyptian legislature does not consider the text providing expressly quality as a condition of admissibility. In addition, the controversy concerning the legal nature raises the question about the applicable penalty in case of default. The French legislature has submitted the lack of the necessary quality to validity of the proceeding and the quality of the action’s admissibility to the penalty varying according to the legal nature, while the Egyptian legislature has considered only one penalty for the lack of quality: the end of inadmissibility.

La demande reconventionnelle est une conclusion du défendeur qui poursuit des avantages autres que le simple rejet de la prétention du demandeur. Elle peut être introduite dans toutes les juridictions, mais devant la Cour Internationale de Justice elle présente des caractéristiques particulières que notre recherche a souhaité mettre en lumière. Celles-ci apparaissent tant dans les éléments constitutifs de cette demande que dans ses conditions de recevabilité. En ce qui concerne les éléments de sa définition, il ressort de la jurisprudence de la Cour qu’elle est une demande autonome et indépendante, qu’elle est un moyen de défense, qu’elle est formée par le défendeur et qu’elle est une demande incidente. Toutefois, s’il ne fait aucun doute qu’elle constitue une demande autonome, il n’en demeure pas moins que la pertinence de son influence sur le sort de la demande de la partie adverse, l’identification de la partie habilitée à l’introduire en cas de saisine de la Cour par compromis, et sa distinction d’autres demandes réciproques, restent à déterminer. S’agissant des conditions de sa recevabilité, une distinction délicate doit être établie entre la « connexité » requise par l’article 80 du Règlement et la « jonction » de la demande à l’instance en cours. A ce titre une question centrale se pose, celle de savoir si le juge peut refuser une demande reconventionnelle pourtant connexe à l’objet du litige, et inversement, l’accepter quand la connexité fait défaut. Alors que la jurisprudence de la Cour paraît incertaine et la doctrine reste partagée, notre thèse avance des arguments pour une réponse favorable. / The counterclaim is the submission of respondent that pursuing objectives other than the mere dismissal of the claim of the applicant in the main proceedings. The counterclaim which the International Court of Justice may entertain by virtue of article 80 of the rules, although similar to those that can be introduced in other jurisdictions, has unique characteristics. This appears in both components of this claim and in its conditions of admissibility. Regarding its definition, if one should not doubt that it constitutes a legal claim, the fact remains that its influence on the fate of the claim of the other party, the identification of the party entitled to present such a claim when the case is brought before the Court by ad hoc compromise, and its distinction from other cross-claims, are to be determined. As regards the conditions of admissibility, after explaining that it must comes within the jurisdiction of the Court and maintain a direct connection with the subject-matter of the claim of the other party, this research emphasizes the distinction between its admissibility under rule 80 and its junction with the current proceeding. The goal is to demonstrate that an claim brought by the defendant may not be attached to the pending proceeding even though the conditions imposed by the rules are met.

The thesis aims to describe the new regulation of the application for appeal review introduced by means of an amendment to the Civil Procedure Code made by the act No. 404/2012 Sb. and to assess its compliance with the Constitution. During the preparation of this amendment a part of the Civil Procedure Code (specifically sec. 237 (1) c)) governing the admissibility of the discretionary application for appeal review was cancelled due to being in conflict with the Constitution by means of the decision of the Constitutional Court of 21 February 2012, file No. Pl. ÚS 29/11. For that purpose, at first, the thesis deals with the application for appeal review itself and certain aspects of it, especially the role it has in the Czech legal system. Based on this general part a special part is built dealing with the admissibility of the application for appeal review. Firstly, the admissibility under the old legislation is described, after that the conclusions of the Constitutional Court are critically examined and, finally, the new legislation is described and confronted with the findings of the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court criticized the old legislation for not being sufficiently predictable. It concluded that in order for the new legislation to comply with the Constitution the potential...