The diploma thesis is dealing with a description, emplacement and function of the causal adverbial complement in the contemporary French and Czech language. This paper is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. In the theoretical part, the topic of causality is elucidated and the notion of causal adverbial complement in the French and Czech linguistic terminology is defined. Further, it works with syntactic and semantic features of causal adverbial complement, observes the possible valence understanding of this sentence member, and deals with the question of its extra-predicative and intra-predicative emplacement, as well. Furthermore, the attention is drawn to the position of causal adverbial complement in a relationship to the functional sentence perspective. The practical part is dedicated to corpus analysis of the chosen causal utterances, which implement the causal adverbial complements. The main focus is given to their emplacement in the French and Czech sentence.

Submitted by Fabio Henrique de Carvalho Bertonha null (bertonha.tradutor@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-09T19:12:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Bertonha_final correto.pdf: 1390555 bytes, checksum: 8ac12bde0223b3326acd29aba930ca02 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-03-12T18:13:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bertonha_fhc_me_sjrp.pdf: 1390555 bytes, checksum: 8ac12bde0223b3326acd29aba930ca02 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T18:13:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bertonha_fhc_me_sjrp.pdf: 1390555 bytes, checksum: 8ac12bde0223b3326acd29aba930ca02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho propõe, primeiramente, analisar locuções adverbiais e prepositivas compostas por „a‟, „de‟ e „em‟; em seguida, propor um dicionário especial na direção português-italiano, da macro à microestrutura. Apoiados em Berruto (1979), Ilari e Geraldi (1985), Tamba-Mecz (2006), Oliveira (2012) e Regueiro Rodríguez (2013), acreditamos que duas ou mais palavras podem ser consideradas como sinônimas em uma língua se forem intercambiáveis em um dado contexto, sem provocar alteração de sentido, em outro. Uma vez que assumimos a equivalência entre as línguas como condição sine qua non para a elaboração de dicionários bilíngues, delineamos um verbete-modelo, que inclui contextos de uso a fim de atestar a ocorrência das locuções adverbiais e prepositivas deste estudo. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, consideramos 154 itens lexicais que estão presentes no Dicionário Houaiss: Sinônimos e Antônimos (2011). Com relação à busca dos equivalentes em italiano, observamos a semelhança na descrição das locuções adverbiais e prepositivas em dicionários italianos monolíngues e bilíngues, bem como em dicionários brasileiros. Além disso, legitimamos o uso da(s) locução(ões) equivalente(s) por meio de motores de busca na internet. Desse modo, verificamos a correspondência das ocorrências sinonímicas, ou melhor, se os contextos de uso na língua-fonte e na língua-alvo eram os mesmos. Se por um lado, nossos resultados demonstraram a presença de equivalentes sinonímicos como locuções adverbiais e prepositivas, por outro lado, também indicaram a recorrência de advérbios terminados em „-mente‟, funcionando como sinónimos de nosso objeto de pesquisa, tanto em português quanto em italiano (ambos, inter- e intralinguisticamente). Com isso, destacamos a importância da sinonímia como fenômeno linguístico, particularmente, para tradutores, pois pode conduzi-los a equivalentes mais apropriados para um contexto particular. Por fim, tendo como proposta ulterior a elaboração de um dicionário bilíngue, apresentamos 119 verbetes nos quais estão distribuídas 99 locuções adverbiais e 29 locuções prepositivas constituídas pelas preposições „a‟, „de‟ e „em‟. / This study aims, firstly, to analyse adverbial and prepositional phrases composed of ‘a’, ‘de’ and ‘em’; secondly, to propose a Portuguese-Italian special dictionary, from its macrostructure to its microstructure. Based on Berruto (1979), Ilari and Geraldi (1985), Tamba-Mecz (2006), Oliveira (2012) and Regueiro Rodríguez (2013), we affirm that two or more words can be considered as synonymous in a language if they are interchangeable in a given context, without meaning alteration, in another. Once we assume as sine qua non condition for the elaboration of bilingual dictionaries the equivalence between languages, we delineate a prototype entry, which includes contexts of use in order to certify the occurrence of adverbial and prepositional phrases in study. For the development of this research, we consider 154 itens that are present in the Dicionário Houaiss: Sinônimos e Antônimos (2011). Concerning the search for the Italian equivalents, we observe the similarity in the description of adverbial and prepositional phrases in bilingual and monolingual Italian dictionaries, as well as in Brazilian dictionaries. Moreover, we legitimate the use of the equivalent phrase(s) by means of web search engines. Thus, we verify the correspondence of synonymic occurrences, or rather, if the contexts of use in source and target languages are the same. If, on one hand, our results demonstrate the presence of synonymic equivalents as adverbial and prepositional phrases, on the other hand, they also indicate the recurrence of adverbs ending in –mente functioning as synonyms of our research object, both in Portuguese and Italian (both inter- and intra-linguistically). For this reason, we highlight the importance of synonymy as a language phenomenon, especially for translators, since it can conduce them to the most appropriate equivalents in a particular context. Finally, having as an ulterior purpose the elaboration of a bilingual dictionary, we present 119 entries in which are included 99 adverbial phrases and 29 prepositional phrases composed of ‘a’, ‘de’ and ‘em’.

Fria adverbial med ett inledande för att kan antingen bestå av en final bisats eller prepositionen för + final infinitivfras. Syftet med den här studien är dels att jämföra distributionen av dessa två syntagmer i fria adverbial, dels att utreda huruvida för att kan ses som ett sammansatt infinitivmärke vid finala infinitivfraser. Genom en korpusundersökning analyserades 400 finala infinitivfraser och 400 finala bisatser utifrån kontroll och bisatsernas subjekt. Resultatet visar att de flesta finala infinitivfraser är möjliga att omformulera till finala bisatser, medan majoriteten av bisatserna inte är möjliga att omformulera till infinitivfraser. Slutsatsen är att språkbrukare föredrar en infinitivfras när det är möjligt, men eftersom det finns undantag kan detta endast ses som en tendens och inte en regel. Undersökningen ger stöd för att betrakta för att som ett sammansatt infinitivmärke eftersom den finala infinitivfrasen kan ses som reducerad variant av en final bisats.

Adverbial connectors join together sentences and units in a text to signal logical relations. Appropriately used, they can help the reader to make sense of the text. The usage of adverbial connectors can create problems for foreign language learners, and is often shown as under- , over- and misuse of connectors. In this study, a quantitative analysis of connector usage of advanced EFL learners’ and native speakers’ student writing is presented. For the current corpus-based study, three sub-corpora of the SUSEC (Stockholm University Student English Corpus) were chosen. The sample includes 164 linguistic essays from students at Stockholm University and 82 linguistic essays from students at King’s College in London. The analysis, where the learners’ connector usage is compared to that of native speakers, is based on 69 connectors. The results show that both the learners and the native speakers rely on a rather small set of these connectors in their writing. As a group, the advanced Swedish EFL learners underuse connectors in their written production. Additionally, the learners significantly overuse 12 and underuse 6 connectors. Similarities between the learners and the native speakers were found in the positioning of the connectors. Both groups prefer the most frequently used connectors in the medial position of a sentence, and prefer mostly the same set of connectors in the different positions of a sentence, although some differences in the positioning were also found. The findings create a basis for future research where a qualitative analysis of the connector usage could be carried out in order to increase knowledge of the interlanguage of the learners. The findings could also be used for pedagogical purposes.

abstract: Temporal adverbial clauses are present in many forms of writing. These clauses can impact the complexity of a sentence. Sentence complexity can have some effect on how readers with a diagnosed reading disability, such as dyslexia, process language. This study incorporated Hawkins’ (1994) theories about Early Immediate Constituency into a self-paced reading task designed to evaluate whether or not temporal adverbial clause positioning caused the main clause of the sentence to become more difficult to understand. Hawkins theorized that main clauses appearing at the beginning of a sentence would create an environment where a reader could reach sentence comprehension faster (CITE). The experiment used software called Linger to present the self-paced reading task. Eight participants – four with dyslexia and four without – volunteered to read sentence items from a college level textbook that had temporal adverbial clauses appearing before and after the main clause of sentences. Statistical significance in the findings show that participants read sentences more quickly when the temporal adverbial clause appeared before the main clause; however, more research is required to determine the difference between sentences fronted by adverbial clauses and sentences fronted by main clauses. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 2020

This study investigates adverbial clauses in a translation of a popular science text from English to Swedish. The clauses investigated are both finite and non-finite adverbial clauses. The non-finite adverbial clauses are ing-clauses (present participle), ed-clauses (past participle) and to-infinitive clauses. The results show that finite adverbial clauses are directly transferred with a very high frequency. For the adverbial ing-clauses, translation into finite clauses was the most common correspondence, whereas the frequency of direct transfer was very low due to their semantically indeterminate structure and limited productive correspondences in Swedish. For the adverbial edclauses, the most frequent translation correspondence is also finite clauses with subordination being the dominant one. This was followed by the past participle, showing a higher direct transfer than for adverbial ing-clauses, partly due to expressions with an idiomatic character. The adverbial to-infinitive clauses are the only clauses that kept their infinitive construction in the majority of the cases which seems to be due to the less ambiguous meaning, followed by adverbial finite clauses. In summary, for all adverbial clauses except for adverbial to-infinitive clause, a finite clause construction is the most common translation correspondence. For the ing- and ed-clauses explicitation was briefly investigated. They both showed a degree of explicitation. This was higher for the ing-clauses which were rendered as relative clauses. The ed-clauses showed one occurrence of explicitation into an adverbial subordinated clause.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att följa den syntaktiska och semantiska utvecklingen hos frasen på ett ungefär. Detta görs genom att undersöka autentisk tidningstext från två tidsperioder: 1830–1919 samt 1994–2013. Materialet är hämtat från Språkbankens korpus Korp. Den syntaktiska undersökningens syfte är att ta reda på vilken funktion i satsen på ett ungefär innehar då som nu. Detta görs genom att sätta in frasen och de satser den tillhör i satsscheman. Den semantiska analysen går ut på att utröna de betydelser på ett ungefär har haft genom åren. Enligt SAOB kan frasen ha två olika betydelser, vilka jag benämner ’uppskattningsvis’ och ’slumpvis’, och uppsatsen undersöker hur de har utvecklat sig. I den semantiska analysdelen undersöks framför allt de verb- och subjektstyper frasen står med för att se om på ett ungefär har fått en mer subjektiv innebörd. Utvecklingarna diskuteras utifrån teorier om grammatikalisering, vilket är uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk, och subjektifiering. Resultatet visar att på ett ungefär främst förekommer i satsadverbialens position A1 under båda perioderna, om än något mer under den äldre. Frasen förekommer allt oftare i objektposition N2 under den senare perioden, särskilt tillsammans med relativsatser vars huvudord är relativa adverb som hur, var och vad. Detta tolkas som att på ett ungefär alltid har kunnat vara satsmodifierande men med tiden utvecklat en alltmer ledmodifierande funktion. Betydelsen ’slumpvis’ står inte att finna någonstans i det senare materialet; på ett ungefär innehar endast betydelsen ’uppskattningsvis’ från 1990-talet och framåt. Subjekt i tredje person är alltid vanligast men subjekt i första person ökar i frekvens under de två sista årtiondena. Även en ökning av samförekomst med kognitiva verb går att utläsa i det senare materialet. På ett ungefär uppvisar flera tecken på att ha blivit grammatikaliserat. Den ledmodifierande funktionen härleds till att på ett ungefär har genomgått en reanalys, från prepositionsfras till adverb. Detta har i sin tur gett på ett ungefär funktionsmöjligheter som är reserverade för adverb, däribland att kunna modifiera exempelvis andra adverb och adjektiv. Reanalysen har gjort att på ett ungefär står djupare ned i syntaxen, något som tyder på en grammatikalisering. Därutöver tycks på ett ungefär ha genomgått en frekvensökning, utvidgning, semantisk blekning och dekategorisering. Syntaktiskt sett befinner sig på ett ungefär i ett stadie av skiktning ännu vid den senare periodens slut. Den semantiska skiktningen torde ha förkommit någon gång mellan 1919 och 1994, då ’slumpvis’ fortfarande var i bruk i slutet av den äldre perioden. Gällande subjektifiering har på ett ungefär i betydelsen ’uppskattningsvis’ alltid innehaft förmågan att talarens egen bedömning av något träder fram. Då på ett ungefär numera endast uppvisar den betydelsen ser frasen ut att ha blivit mer subjektiv.

Adverbial clauses are grammatical constructions that are of relevance in both typical language development and impaired language development. In recent years, computer software has been used to assist in the automated analysis of clinical language samples. This software has attempted to accurately identify adverbial clauses with limited success. The present study investigated the accuracy of software for the automated identification of adverbial clauses. Two separate collections of language samples were used. One collection included 10 children with language impairment, with ages ranging from 7;6 to 11;1 (years;months), 10 age-matched peers,and 10 language-matched peers. A second collection contained 30 children ranging from 2;6 to 7;11 in age, with none considered to have language or speech impairments. Language sample utterances were manually coded for the presence of adverbial clauses (both finite and non-finite). Samples were then automatically tagged using the computer software. Results were tabulated and compared for accuracy. ANOVA revealed differences in frequencies of so-adverbial clauses whereas ANACOVA revealed differences in frequencies of both types of finite adverbial clauses. None of the structures were significantly correlated with age; however, frequencies of both types of finite adverbial clauses were correlated with mean length of utterance. Kappa levels revealed that agreement between manual and automated coding was high on both types of finite adverbial clauses.

Scientific literacy has been at the forefront of science education reform for the past 20 years, particularly for students from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds (Lee et. al., 2005; Pearson, Moje & Greenleaf, 2010). The ability to extract meaning from text is an important skill. Yet many students struggle with effectively comprehending what they read, particularly in content areas of science, math and history. According to the National Assessment Educational Progress (NAEP, 2013) report, adolescents are not acquiring advanced literacy skills needed to succeed in the workplace and academic setting. Literacy experts have called for the use of disciplinary literacy approaches to engage learners with the content in ways that mirror what scientists, historians and mathematicians do to gain understanding in their disciplines (Moje, 2006; Shanahan & Shanahan, 2008). Although disciplinary literacy instruction is promising, there is limited empirical research on the effectiveness of discipline-specific literacy approaches. The present study examined the effects of a metalinguistic approach on the comprehension of science text among African American 5 and 6th grade students. The focus of the instructional protocol was to explicitly teach adverbial clauses and assist students to unpack adverbial clauses through the use of a graphic organizer. The process of unpacking complex sentences aimed to facilitate comprehension of science text by engaging the participants in analysis and discussion of the meaning obtained from the adverbial clauses. This study employed an experimental single-case multiple-probe across participants design. Visual Analysis (VA) and the Improvement Rate Difference (IRD) were used to analyze the data. The results of VA and IRD indicated that all participants demonstrated progress between baseline and treatment phases. Overall, the results of the investigation suggest that it is possible for 5th and 6th grade African American students to benefit from instruction that closely analyzes language. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.

Ce travail de recherche se donne pour but d’analyser la dynamique générale de la norme de l’anglais contemporain et son rapport avec la variation linguistique. Pour ce faire, nous abordons quelques subordonnants qui illustrent le déplacement du centre de gravité de la norme sur les axes spatial et social. À travers l’étude de la complémentation du verbe help, nous illustrons l’américanisation syntaxique de l’anglais britannique et nous montrons comment les contraintes d’emploi se sont assouplies, pour aboutir finalement, dans le cas de l’opposition help + to + infinitif et help + zéro + infinitif, à une disparition de la distinction sémantique entre les deux formes. Cette disparition est le résultat d’un recours sans cesse plus fréquent à l’infinitif nu pour des raisons stratégiques, surtout dans la publicité. Ensuite, nous nous intéressons au like conjonction et nous analysons son expansion dans la langue. Après avoir expliqué son apparition par des facteurs isomorphiques et sémantiques, auxquels s’ajoute probablement une réanalyse de l’adjectif like signifiant « vraisemblable », nous montrons comment ce subordonnant s’est répandu à travers les registres de langue et les types de texte, ainsi qu’à travers les constructions syntaxiques, jusqu’à devenir un élément non périphérique de la syntaxe anglaise. D’après nous, le succès de cette innovation reflète l’évolution des modes de communication, qui se fondent de plus en plus sur la proximité interpersonnelle à des fins stratégiques. D’une simple acceptation de la familiarité dans la norme, c’est donc de plus en plus vers une norme de familiarité que nous nous dirigeons actuellement. / This study aims at analysing the general dynamics of the norm of contemporary English, together with its relationship with linguistic variation. In order to do so, a few subordoners have been selected to illustrate how the centre of gravity of the norm moves along the spatial and social axes. The study of the opposition between zero and to after the verb help is used to document the syntactic americanization of British English and it is shown that the constraints limiting the use of zero have gradually slackened, which led to a complete disappearance of the semantic distinction between the two forms. The said disappearance results from an evergrowing use of the bare infinitive for strategic reasons, particularly in advertizing. The third part deals with conjunction like and analyzes its expansion in English. It is argued that the appearance of this subordoner can be attributed to isomorphic and semantic factors, and to a potential reanalysis of the adjective like meaning likely.. This section also traces how this subordoner has spread through registers and text-types, and through syntactic structures, before becoming a central part of the English syntax. It appears that the success of this innovation reflects the current trends in modes of communication, which tend to favour interpersonal proximity for strategic purposes. From a mere acceptance of informality within the norm, we are now heading towards a new norm of informality.