This paper focuses on two aspects of the recipe minilect: clause-initial adverbials and object and determiner ellipsis in the translation from English into Swedish. The aim of the study is to find general tendencies on how clause-initial adverbials are translated and how this affects the information structure. In addition, the occurrence of object and determiner ellipsis in translations is studied, to see if there are differences between English and Swedish. Based on a theoretical background by Hasselgård (1997) the translation of clause-initial adverbials is identified and structured, according to Hasselgård’s (1997) model of word order correspondence. The structures are then studied quantitatively, through different examples in English and Swedish, and with regards to Lindquist’s (1989) definition of adverbial placement. The theoretical background for the study on object and determiner ellipsis is mainly based on the work by Nordman (1994), Hultman (2003) and Biber et al (1999). The occurrence of ellipsis is identified and then studied quantitatively. The results show that different kinds of word order restrictions govern the translation of clause-initial adverbials and that changes in adverbial placement can affect the information structure. The occurrence of object ellipsis is somewhat higher in the present study than in the analyzed parallel texts, possibly due to influence from the ST. Due to Swedish rules on definiteness, there is a low occurrence of determiner ellipsis in the TT.

<p>The aim of this study is to analyse the variation between infinitive and finite verb adverbial clauses in European Portuguese. In order to understand this variation, three central questions are raised: (1) What determines the use of the uninflected vs. the inflected infinitive in same-subject adverbial clauses? (2) What does the pronoun SE signal in these adverbial clauses? (3) What difference is there between the use of the inflected infinitives vs. finite verbs in different subject adverbial clauses?</p><p>Earlier investigations about these three questions are discussed. One conclusion of this review is that former research almost exclusively has been conducted from a traditional or formalistic point of view that has given priority to structural descriptions instead of semantic or conceptual explanations. In contrast to this, the present study endeavours to examine these issues from a cognitive linguistic perspective.</p><p>It is claimed that the use of the inflected infinitive in adverbial same-subject clauses may be explained by contextual factors which create a cognitive need to highlight the subject of the adverbial clause. Further, an analysis about how the grammatical micro-context can determine the interpretation of the clitic pronoun SE as a marker for a generic trajector is conducted. It is also argued that the difference between infinitive and finite adverbial clauses can bee explained by means of theories of subjectification and mental spaces.</p><p>The conclusion is drawn that a cognitive approach to grammar can, indeed, shed light on the issues considered. In particular, it is shown that different adverbial constructions can express different conceptual meaning. In the light of this fact, other issues concerned with finite and infinite verb forms are raised.</p>

<p>La presente investigación estudia el uso adverbial como un tipo de variación léxica en un grupo de aprendientes suecos de español L2 en Chile. Así, nos preguntamos si la cantidad de años de input e interacción con hablantes nativos ejerce alguna influencia en la capacidad del aprendiente de usar el mismo tipo de adverbios, y con la misma frecuencia, que los hablantes nativos. Para eso extrajimos los 10 adverbios más usados en ambos grupos para observar si habían diferencias entre el grupo de aprendientes y el grupo de nativos, recurrimos a la variable tiempo de estadía con el fin de ver si ésta podía explicar el comportamiento de los aprendientes. La hipótesis que formulamos postula que cuanto más años de estadía en el ámbito L2, cuanto más nativo será el empleo adverbial. Los resultados extraídos con el t-test indican que en 8 casos las diferencias del uso adverbial en ambos grupos no resultaron ser significativas, mientras que en 2 casos (donde y abajo) las diferencias sí son significativas. Con la ayuda del test correlacional Pearson observamos si era posible establecer una correlación entre el tiempo de estadía en el ámbito L2 y el uso de estos 2 adverbios, por parte de los aprendientes. Los resultados indicaron que no se puede establecer una correlación entre ambas variables. Luego nos decidimos por analizar la variable nivel de escolarización en la L2 con el uso de estos 2 adverbios. Aquí, los resultados indican que únicamente se puede establecer una correlación en el caso del adverbio abajo.</p>

The aim of this study is to analyse the variation between infinitive and finite verb adverbial clauses in European Portuguese. In order to understand this variation, three central questions are raised: (1) What determines the use of the uninflected vs. the inflected infinitive in same-subject adverbial clauses? (2) What does the pronoun SE signal in these adverbial clauses? (3) What difference is there between the use of the inflected infinitives vs. finite verbs in different subject adverbial clauses? Earlier investigations about these three questions are discussed. One conclusion of this review is that former research almost exclusively has been conducted from a traditional or formalistic point of view that has given priority to structural descriptions instead of semantic or conceptual explanations. In contrast to this, the present study endeavours to examine these issues from a cognitive linguistic perspective. It is claimed that the use of the inflected infinitive in adverbial same-subject clauses may be explained by contextual factors which create a cognitive need to highlight the subject of the adverbial clause. Further, an analysis about how the grammatical micro-context can determine the interpretation of the clitic pronoun SE as a marker for a generic trajector is conducted. It is also argued that the difference between infinitive and finite adverbial clauses can bee explained by means of theories of subjectification and mental spaces. The conclusion is drawn that a cognitive approach to grammar can, indeed, shed light on the issues considered. In particular, it is shown that different adverbial constructions can express different conceptual meaning. In the light of this fact, other issues concerned with finite and infinite verb forms are raised.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’expliquer pourquoi l’insertion de comptes-rendus de perception ou CRP dans un fragment narratif, lorsqu’elle entraîne une rupture dans la progression thématique de ce fragment, ne compromet pas sa compréhension.Les études narratologiques (Hamon, Adam et Petitjean) définissent les textes descriptifs comme des séquences qui se caractérisent par des marqueurs d’introduction et de clôture corrélés. Les études sur l’accès cognitif à l’information (Vogeleer) montrent, par ailleurs, que les CRP décrivent une situation accessible dans la situation spatio-temporelle d’un sujet. Ce sont des énoncés thétiques qui se caractérisent par leur absence de thème (Furukawa). A l’écrit, le contexte gauche d’un CRP peut compenser son absence de thème en décrivant une situation qui permet d’inférer le lieu cible de perception (Emma s’approcha de la fenêtre) d’un sujet introduit en amont. Les énoncés de ce type sont ainsi apparentés au DIL.La classification d’un corpus de CRP intégrant les noms fenêtre(s) et porte(s), nous a conduit à distinguer six types de CRP parmi lesquels les séquences de compte rendu de perception indirect libre ou CRPIL sont les plus fréquentes. Dans ces séquences, lorsque le premier CRP de l’extrait n’a aucun lien avec son contexte gauche, il décrit une situation perçue accessible dans la situation spatio-temporelle du sujet qui la perçoit, qui est donc inédite jusqu’à son introduction dans le monde fictif. La coïncidence spatio-temporelle entre le sujet et cette situation peut être dénotée dans certains extraits par un SP spatial ou temporel antéposé dans le premier CRP de la séquence et potentiellement cadratif (Charolles). Ce SP signale le point de vue du sujet introduit en amont, dénote le lieu cible ou la localisation temporelle de la situation décrite dans le CRP et permet d’interpréter tous les CRP de la séquence. Dans les extraits ne mentionnant pas de SP, le lieu cible et le temps de la situation perçue sont inférés dès l’introduction du premier CRP, cette inférence validant tous les CRP de la séquence. La rupture topicale suscitée par l’introduction des CRP signale, dans tous les cas, l’émergence du point de vue d’un personnage introduit en amont. / The aim of this thesis is to explain why the inclusion of perceptual reports (PRs) in a literary narrative does not interfere with the comprehension of such narratives, despite when breaking their thematic progression.Narratological studies (Hamon, Adam and Petitjean) define descriptive texts as sequences characterised by correlated introductory and closing markers. Furthermore, research on evidentiality (Vogeleer) shows that PR describe a situation that is accessible in the space/time situation of a subject. PRs are thetics statements characterised by a lack of topic (Furukawa). In the written form, the left context of the PR may make up for the lack of topic by describing a situation that may be used to infer the place targeted by the perception (Emma s’approcha de la fenêtre) of a subject introduced earlier. Statements of this type are thus similar to represented speech and thought or RST.The classification of a corpus of PRs incorporating the nouns fenêtre(s) and porte(s), leads us to distinguish six PRs types among which represented perceptual reports (RPRs), are most frequent. In these sequences, when the first PR of the excerpt has no link to its left context, it describes a perceived situation accessible in the spatial/temporal situation of the subject that perceives it, which is therefore unknown until introduced into the fictitious world. The spatial and temporal coincidence of the subject and this situation may be noted in certain excerpts by a spatial or temporal prepositional phrase (PP) that is placed earlier in the first PR of the sequence and that is potentially framing (Charolles). This PP signals the point of view of the subject introduced earlier, denotes the target location or temporal location of the situation described in the PR and makes it possible to interpret all the PRs in the sequence. In the excerpts that do not mention a PP, the target location and time of the perceived situation are inferred once the first PR is introduced, with this inference validating all perceptual reports in the sequence. The topical break caused by the introduction of PRs signals, in all cases, the emergence of the point of view of a character introduced earlier.

Abstract Translation is not an easy task. There is a plethora of problems and difficulties which needs to be tackled in the process of translating a text from one language to another. This analysis concentrates on three of them – terminology, connectors and cultural aspects. The study is based on the Swedish translation of an English text concerning the medical and ritual use of chocolate in ancient Native American cultures as well as in Europe during the colonial era. The main problem encountered in the translation of this text was how to generalize it so it would suit the Swedish public but still maintain the level of formality of the source text. The specialized terminology found belongs to the fields of medicine and botany and these terms were often explained or replaced with more common words. A couple of the cultural aspects were also explained, since, for example, the cultural area Mesoamerica may not be known to the target readers unless they are knowledgeable in anthropology or archaeology. This made the target text somewhat less formal than the original so, to compensate, the translation of the adverbial connectors however and thus were on occasion translated with the more formal Swedish emellertid and således.

This study investigates the translation of non-finite supplementive clauses and one-word adverbials with a suffix of -ly in an English non-fiction text of academic prose and its Swedish target text. The results show that the non-finite supplementive clauses often are translated into either a new main clause, a coordinated clause or a subordinate clause, where the latter in a majority of cases involves the use of explicitation. The main clause strategy proved the most frequently used, indicating a possible connection between choice of translation strategy and source text sentence length. The ly-adverbials show a clear tendency for translation into one-word open-class adverbials in Swedish, most frequently with a suffix of -t. Clear differences were found between the investigated adverbial structures regarding movement; the supplementive clauses retain their source text positions in a vast majority of cases whereas the ly-adverbials show a higher frequency of movement, most commonly from their original source text position to sentence-final position in the target text. Other factors proven to impact the choice of translation strategies are compliance with Swedish preference regarding adverbial placement (in turn dependent on the type, grammatical structure and length of the adverbial as well as the register of the source text), the clarity and readability of the target text as well as style and level of formality.

Modalitetsmarkörer används för att uttrycka bland annat värderingar och åsikter för påståenden i satser. I föreliggande studie är huvudsyftet att undersöka om det finns en relation mellan andraspråkselevers användning av modalitetsmarkörer och deras betyg. Materialet för studien hämtades från de nationella proven 2015 i kursen SVA 3 på gymnasiet. För att uppfylla syftet användes en kvantitativ metod som innefattade en granskning av 20 elevlösningar jämnt fördelade mellan en lägre respektive högre betygsgrupp. Efter granskningen applicerades en analys samt sammanställning av modalitetmarkörernas frekvens och funktion där betygsgruppernas resultat jämfördes med varandra. Studiens resultat visade att det fanns marginella skillnader mellan betygsgrupperna i både frekvens och funktion. Att det skulle finnas en relation mellan andraspråkselevers användning av modalitetmarkörer och betyg går således inte att fastställa utifrån resultatet som presenteras i denna studie.

Adverbial constructions are a problematic subject in Tswana grammatical studies. Traditionally termed descriptives, it is not clear what the defining features of this category are. It is also a very vast category. There seems to be many different structures functioning as adverbials in Tswana, including particles, words, prepositional phrases and clauses. Tswana grammars in general often have little to say about the syntax of adverbials, in respect of, for instance, the propensity of Tswana adverbials for multiple occurrences in the same clause and the range of possible positions of Tswana adverbials in clause structure. Because of the vastness of the adverbial category we only deal with adverbials as elements of clause structure. A typical feature of adverbials is the considerable mobility they enjoy in relation to other elements in clause structure which affects their grammatical and semantic status in relation to such elements. By distinguishing different categories of adverbials, in clause structure it becomes clear that the same structural element may function within different adverbial categories. This necessitates a definition of adverbials which is based on their specific semantic functions within clause structure. The study is divided into five chapters. When dealing with the adverbial as a clause element in Tswana, we realise that it is not sufficiently described. The first two chapters therefore serve as an introduction to central theoretical issues where some relevant research is critically examined and related to the present study. In the next chapter, that is Chapter 3, we establish formal and semantic frameworks for the classification and descriptive treatment of adverbials in Tswana. In Chapter 4 we implement the structural, syntactic and semantic properties as well as the features adverbials have as modifiers to make a functional classification of adverbials in clause structure. The classification of adverbials as adjuncts, subjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts from A Comprehensive grammar of the English language by Quirk, et al. (1985) (CGEL) is taken as the basis for this classification. Chapter 5 presents the overall conclusions and implications of the study. / African Languages / D.litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Diploma thesis is concentrated on the phenomenon called coocurance of primary prepositions. It is a construction of two prepositions directly standing next to each other, where each of them is part of another prepositional phrase. The first preposition is not directly in front of its phrases, but there is the second prepositional phrase inserted between the first preposition and its phrases. The aim of the thesis was to find these structures in the corpus SYN2009PUB, and their description of the semantic and formal aspects. Inserted phrase is in most cases syntactically incorporated into sentence, where takes the adverbial or object distinction. Comparison in length (in number of words) of inserted phrase with the phrases, which can be inserted, showed that during insertion depends on the length of the transferred phrases. The paper outlines other factors affecting coocurence, e. g. pronounceability.