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SAMMANFATTNING  Bakgrund: Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) nämns som svåra/traumatiska barndomsupplevelser och inkluderar barns utsatthet för fysiska, psykiska- och sexuella övergrepp, försummelse och dysfunktion i hemmet. Det inkluderar psykisk ohälsa, missbruk, självmord, våld mot modern samt kriminell verksamhet inom familjen. Även om det finns lagar och förordningar som skyddar barn från övergrepp och försummelse, är barnmisshandel fortfarande en vanlig företeelse.  Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att utforska vuxnas upplevelser av att ha blivit utsatta för negativa och traumatiska händelser som barn och hur det har påverkat dem samt hur de valt att hantera effekterna. .  Metod: En litteraturöversikt med en deskriptiv design som inkluderade tio kvalitativa originalartiklar som granskades.    Resultat: Resultatet av granskningen presenteras utifrån fem huvudteman; Det sexuella utnyttjandet, substanssyndromets utveckling och inflytande, psykiska och fysiska konsekvenser samt copingmekanismer. Fyra underteman; relationer, tillitsproblem samt negativa- och positiva upplevelser av professionell hjälp. Det visade att majoriteten av deltagarna upplevde en mängd olika psykiska och fysiska konsekvenser genom hela livet. Upplevelserna skadade inte bara dem själva utan även människor i deras omgivning då svårigheter att skapa anknytning, tillit och nära relationer var återkommande. Många använde sig av både passiva och aktiva copingstrategier. Slutsats: Det blev tydligt hur den psykiska och fysiska ohälsan var ett faktum för dessa individer genom hela livet. Genom en tidig upptäck av barnmisshandel samt ett erhållande av kunskap hos sjuksköterskan kring bemötandet av dessa individer i vuxen ålder, kan en del konsekvenser minskas och där med påverka livskvalitén för dessa individer på ett positivt sätt. Nyckelord: Barnmisshandel, negativa/traumatiska händelser som barn, psykisk ohälsa, upplevelser, anknytning / ABSTRACT  Background: Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) is mentioned as difficult/traumatic childhood experiences and includes children's exposure to physical, psychological and sexual abuse, neglect and dysfunction in the home which includes mental illness, substance abuse, suicide, violence against the mother and criminal activities within the family. Although there are laws and regulations that protect children from abuse and neglect, child abuse is still a common occurrence. Aim: The purpose of this literature review was to explore adults' experiences of being exposed to negative and traumatic events as children, how it has affected them and how they chose to handle the effects.  Method: A literature review with a descriptive design which included ten qualitative original articles.  Results: The results are presented based on five main themes; sexual exploitation, substance syndrome development and influence, psychological and physical consequences and coping mechanisms. Four sub-themes; relationships, trust problems and negative and positive experiences of professional help. The results further showed that the majority of participants experienced a variety of psychological and physical consequences throughout their lives. The experiences not only damaged themselves but also people in their surroundings. Difficulties in creating attachment, trust and close relationships, which was recurring throughout their lives. Many used both passive and active coping strategies.   Conclusion: It became clear how their mental and physical health became affected throughout their lives. Through an early detection of child abuse and the acquisition of knowledge by the nurse regarding the treatment of these individuals in adulthood, some consequences can be reduced and thereby affect the quality of life for these individuals in a positive way. Keywords: Child abuse, Adverse childhood experience, mental illness, experience, Attachment

Au cours des trois dernières décennies, plusieurs modèles théoriques de l’homicide sexuel ont été proposés. Ces modèles ont suggéré qu’il existe une diversité de facteurs associés à la commission d’un ou de plusieurs homicides sexuels, notamment des facteurs développementaux, psychologiques et de l’événement criminel et ont permis de proposer un profil des individus ayant commis un homicide sexuel. Cependant, aucun de ces profils n’a intégré l’ensemble de ces facteurs en un tout cohérent. De plus, ces modèles et profils, à l’exception du modèle proposé par des chercheurs associés au Federal Bureau of Investigation, ont été réalisés à partir d’échantillons d’individus ayant commis un seul homicide sexuel. En conséquence, bien que ces modèles et profils proposent une explication de l’émergence de ces comportements, ils ne permettent pas d’expliquer dans quelles circonstances ceux-ci se répètent et prennent fin. Étant donné que ces modèles et profils n’ont pas pris en considération les caractéristiques du parcours de vie de l’individu après la commission du premier homicide sexuel, ceux-ci n’intègrent pas de paramètres post-homicides, tels que les paramètres de l’enquête criminelle. En conséquence, il existe actuellement peu de certitudes concernant les caractéristiques du profil des individus pouvant constituer des facteurs permettant potentiellement d’expliquer pourquoi certains individus commettront une série d’homicides sexuels tandis que d’autres n’en commettront qu’un. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’identifier les caractéristiques distinctives des individus ayant commis une série d’homicides sexuels, afin de proposer des profils d’individus sériels et non-sériels. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, une série d’études comparatives entre des individus ayant commis des homicides sexuels en série (HSS; n = 33) et des individus ayant commis un seul homicide sexuel (HS; n = 87) ont été réalisées. Les résultats de cette étude mettent en évidence que les caractéristiques qui distinguent les sériels des non-sériels ne se limitent pas à des facteurs individuels ou à la façon dont les individus commettent leur crime, mais aussi à l’échec des intervenants de l’enquête criminelle à appliquer les pratiques considérées comme étant indispensables à la résolution rapide d’un homicide. D’autre part, les résultats de cette étude mettent en évidence qu’il existe deux principaux profils d’individus ayant commis un homicide sexuel, celui des HSS et celle des HS. Finalement, les résultats de cette étude ont servi de fondations au développement d’un modèle conceptuel théorique de l’homicide sexuel sériel et non-sériel qui permet d’expliquer dans quelles circonstances le phénomène semblerait émerger, se répéter et prendre fin. / Over the last three decades, many theoretical models of sexual homicide have been proposed, which have made it possible to propose a profile of individuals. Although these models and profiles have suggested associations between the commission of one or more sexual homicides and a wide variety of factors—notably developmental, psychological, and crime-phase—none has produced a unified vision of sexual homicide that takes into account all factors. Moreover, these models and profiles, with the exception of that of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation, have been based on samples of individuals having committed a single homicide. As a result, although they propose explanations of the emergence of sexual homicide, current models and profiles are silent on the determinants of its repetition and cessation. Additionally, these models and profiles do not address post-homicide parameters, such as those related to the criminal investigation, since they do not take into account the sexual murderer’s life course following the commission of the homicide. For all these reasons, considerable uncertainty remains about why some individuals commit a series of sexual homicides while others commit only one. The principal objective of this thesis’s research was therefore to identify the distinctive characteristics of individuals having committed a series of sexual homicides, in order to proposed profiled of serial and nonserial sexual murderers. To this end, comparative analyses of serial sexual murderers (HSSs; n = 33) and nonserial sexual murderers (HSs n = 87) were conducted. The results indicate that the two groups of participants in this sample can be distinguished not only on individual factors and the manner in which the homicide was committed, but also on the failure of criminal investigators to apply best practices and rapidly resolve the homicides. Finally, this thesis’ research establishes a foundation for the development of theoretical models of serial and nonserial sexual homicide that explain the circumstances responsible for the emergence, repetition, and cessation of this phenomenon.

Substance Use Disorder (SUD) has plagued families of rural Appalachia for many years, perpetuating involvement in the criminal justice system as well as generational trauma for people diagnosed with SUD and their children. This points to the necessity of a trauma-informed, restorative-justice based framework for rehabilitative services to most effectively heal families, address trauma, and re-integrate people diagnosed with SUD into society. A restorative justice-based program would provide health care services for addiction and any comorbid mental health disorders as well as teach parents how to properly provide for themselves and their families, manage finances, obtain employment, and further education. Current rehabilitative program structures were evaluated in the literature, and it was found that typically, rehabilitative programs provide either strictly addiction services or mental health services, but not both. It was also found that the criminal justice system tends to sentence to 28-day inpatient rehabilitative services, which provides people diagnosed with SUD an opportunity to achieve sobriety and establish some stability; however, with little or no follow up, these people are significantly more likely to relapse. These findings were compared with the structure of Ballad Health STRONG Futures, an outpatient addiction services and behavioral health clinic located in Greeneville, TN; Red Legacy Recovery, a recovery initiative serving incarcerated women in Elizabethton, TN; and Families Free, a 501(c)3 organization providing outpatient services to Northeast Tennessee through the Tennessee Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services. It was found that rehabilitative care structures that addresses trauma, addiction, and aspects of daily living such as parenting, finances, education, and employment provides clients with the tools and stability needed to be successful in their respective recovery journeys. This work will provide significant insight for the creation and implementation of other substance use clinics and initiatives across the country and encourage them to address mental health and aspects of daily living to promote clients' success and break cycles of generational trauma.

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Alternative school settings are success prospects for students at risk of school failure. However, research on the daily experiences of the special educators in alternate school settings tasked with educating the at-risk population, is limited. The purpose of this phenomenological study was (a) to recognize the perceptions of special educators concerning their preparation to advance the success of SEN students who are at risk of school failure; (b) to determine how to improve special educator preparation programs in alternative school settings. Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory, focused on student success provided the study's framework. Twelve semistructured interviews were conducted to examine special educators' perceptions on preparation and practice for student success. Data were analyzed through block coding, code comparison and thematic searches. The study's results included accounts of special educators' perceptions and challenges related to preparation and practice for student success in alternate school settings. Emergent themes included applying classroom structure and technology, as well as individualized student instruction. Participants cited a need for rich teacher/student relationships to advance student success. Included are inferences regarding the development of teacher/student relationships. Also included are suggestions for educational leaders to consider while preparing preparatory methods for special educators who teach within the alternative school setting such as administrator knowledge of what special educators require to teach in the alternate classroom. This study may lead to social change by providing information on special educator preparation coursework meant to develop student success for the alternative school student population.

Fans of college sports embrace the idea of athletes playing sport and, in turn, receiving tuition scholarships that provide them an opportunity to trade athletic talent for a free education. A contradictory body of research using internal colonization theory posits that the trade of education for playing sports is not a fair exchange but is fraught with exploitation that continues to perpetuate subjugation. An accepted narrative in athletic competition is that the recruiting pipeline draws athletes from impoverished inner-city areas engaging young athletes who experience difficulties keeping up scholastically becoming academically resistant as they focus on their sport at the expense of their academics. Biopsychosocial and developmental neuroscience research recognizes outside social factors as variables that affect the development of the brain, thus influencing basic mechanical operations of specific brain structures. This dissertation breaks new ground by utilization of the 10-question Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Inventory to explore a possible relationship between ACE scores and Academic Resistance (AR), ACE scores and Locus of Control, and ACE scores and Identity Foreclosure. Using the T-test to determine a relationship between 194 participants’ ACE scores and AR, the findings showed the probability of Type I error of 5%, to be that the AR of student athletes with an ACE score >=2, n=94, to be significantly higher than the AR of student athletes with an ACE

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