A finalidade precípua deste estudo consiste em analisar e compreender a estratégia da política africana do Brasil, suas tensões, limites, configurações, dinâmicas e propósitos em relação à África, com ênfase nas suas políticas de cooperação cultural com os países do continente africano e, nesse particular, o intercâmbio educacional com a República de Cabo Verde. No primeiro momento, apresentamos os elementos analíticos de Cabo Verde. Seguidamente, o Programa Estudante Convênio de Graduação PEC-G e sua relevância para os países aos quais se destina. No caso particular de Cabo Verde, onde se nota ainda o estado incipiente das instituições de ensino superior (IES), apresentaremos essas instituições existentes, bem como a discussão da educação como capital humano e fator de desenvolvimento sócio-econômico do país. Descreveremos os Atos assinados no plano cultural-educacional, desde o início da iniciativa política brasileira até hoje, referentes ao continente africano, apresentando essa série de Acordos existentes. Termina-se indagando, refletindo e analisando as estratégias, tensões e limites dessa política do Brasil em relação à África, examinando seus resultados e implicações para ambos os lados do Atlântico. / La principal finalidad de este estudio consiste en analizar y comprender la estrategia política africana de Brasil, sus tensiones, límites, configuraciones, dinámicas y propósitos en relación a África, con énfasis en sus políticas de cooperación cultural con los países del continente africano, y en particular, el intercambio educativo con la República de Cabo Verde. En un primer momento, presentamos los elementos analíticos de Cabo Verde. Seguidamente el Programa Estudante Convênio de Graduação PEC-G, y su relevancia para los países a los cuales se destina. En el caso particular de Cabo Verde, donde se nota todavía el estado incipiente de las instituciones de educación superior (IES), presentaremos esas instituciones existentes, así como la discusión de la educación como capital humano y factor de desarrollo socioeconómico del país. Describiremos los Acuerdos firmados en el plano cultural-educacional desde el inicio de la iniciativa política brasileña hasta ahora, referente al continente africano, presentando esa serie de Acuerdos existentes. Se termina indagando, reflexionando y analizando las estrategias, tensiones y límites de esa política de Brasil en relación a África, examinando sus resultados e consecuencias para ambos lados del Atlántico.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:39:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotalMoama.pdf: 2396841 bytes, checksum: 0abdc853fd27253292e678cb6a82e741 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Our thesis has eight stories written by Mozambican Mia Couto in its corpus, which were selected from four different books: from Cronicando (1991), A velha e a aranha , from Estórias abensonhadas (1994), O perfume , from Na berma de nenhuma estrada e outros contos (2001), the homonymous narrative: Na berma de nenhuma estrada , and from O fio das missangas the other four short stories: A saia almarrotada , Inundação , A despedideira and O cesto . In all of them, we come across female protagonists who find themselves in situations of waiting, most of them related to a male character: son, husband, lover. The starting point for the proposition of the research was the finding that waiting is the generating and conducting theme of the narratives, real determiners for the constitution of its elements, particularly, in time and space. According to this observation, we have aimed to study the times and spaces of waits of the female characters. The basis theory which supports the analysis is the Bakhtinian chronotopes, which correlates time and space in an inseparable way, however, observing them also in relation to other elements of the narrative. Nonetheless, other theoretical and critical studies were also of great importance to the basement of our analyzes, among which, we highlight the main ones: the studies about the intimate space of the house made by Bachelard (2005), the discussions on the functions of space in literature by Osman Lins (1976), the research on the cyclic time in the works of Portuguese writers held by Isabel Allegro de Magalhães (1987), a few representative authors of Cultural Studies, such as by Stuart Hall (2011) and Homi Bhabha (2010), among others, including those who, in their writings, provide important contributions to the understanding not only the works by Mia Couto, but also of the Mozambican short stories in general, as the thesis developed by Maria Fernanda Afonso (2004). As for the results, we have found out that the chronotope of the short stories analyzed is an "intimate space in a cyclical time of waits." This intimate space will be represented mainly by the house, as well as by what we call border chronotopes, taking the road as an example, since even when the characters circulate outdoor spaces, yet they speak of an intimacy strongly related to theme of waiting. / Nosso trabalho de tese tem como corpus oito contos do escritor moçambicano Mia Couto, que foram selecionados de quatro livros diferentes: do Cronicando (1991), A velha e a aranha , de Estórias abensonhadas (1994), O perfume , de Na berma de nenhuma estrada e outros contos (2001), a narrativa homônima: Na berma de nenhuma estrada , e de O fio das missangas os outros quatro contos: A saia almarrotada , Inundação , A despedideira e O cesto . Em todos eles, nos deparamos com protagonistas mulheres que se encontram em situações de espera, a maior parte delas relacionada a uma personagem masculina: filho, marido, amante. O ponto de partida para a proposição da pesquisa foi a constatação de que a espera é o tema gerador e condutor das narrativas, determinante para a constituição de seus elementos, em especial do tempo e do espaço. De posse dessa constatação, formulamos o objetivo de estudar os tempos e os espaços das esperas das personagens femininas. A teoria-base que dá suporte para as análises é o cronotopo bakhtiniano, que correlaciona de maneira indissociável o tempo e o espaço, sem deixar, no entanto, de observá-los também em relação aos demais elementos da narrativa. Entretanto, outros estudos teóricos e críticos também se mostraram de grande importância para o embasamento de nossas análises, entre os quais destacamos os principais: os estudos acerca do espaço íntimo da casa empreendidos por Bachelard (2005), as discussões sobre as funções do espaço na literatura tecidas por Osman Lins (1976), a pesquisa sobre o tempo cíclico nas obras de escritoras portuguesas realizada por Isabel Allegro de Magalhães (1987), alguns autores representativos dos Estudos Culturais, a exemplo de Stuart Hall (2011) e Homi Bhabha (2010), entre outros, incluindo aqueles que, em seus textos, apresentam importantes contribuições para a compreensão não apenas das obras de Mia Couto, mas do conto moçambicano de uma forma geral, como a tese de Maria Fernanda Afonso (2004). Quanto aos resultados, nós verificamos que o cronotopo por excelência dos contos analisados é um espaço íntimo num tempo cíclico de esperas . Esse espaço íntimo vai estar representado, principalmente, pela casa, mas também pelo que denominamos de cronotopos de fronteira, a exemplo da estrada, já que mesmo quando as personagens circulam por espaços externos, ainda assim estes falam de uma intimidade, estando fortemente relacionados ao tema da espera.

A finalidade precípua deste estudo consiste em analisar e compreender a estratégia da política africana do Brasil, suas tensões, limites, configurações, dinâmicas e propósitos em relação à África, com ênfase nas suas políticas de cooperação cultural com os países do continente africano e, nesse particular, o intercâmbio educacional com a República de Cabo Verde. No primeiro momento, apresentamos os elementos analíticos de Cabo Verde. Seguidamente, o Programa Estudante Convênio de Graduação PEC-G e sua relevância para os países aos quais se destina. No caso particular de Cabo Verde, onde se nota ainda o estado incipiente das instituições de ensino superior (IES), apresentaremos essas instituições existentes, bem como a discussão da educação como capital humano e fator de desenvolvimento sócio-econômico do país. Descreveremos os Atos assinados no plano cultural-educacional, desde o início da iniciativa política brasileira até hoje, referentes ao continente africano, apresentando essa série de Acordos existentes. Termina-se indagando, refletindo e analisando as estratégias, tensões e limites dessa política do Brasil em relação à África, examinando seus resultados e implicações para ambos os lados do Atlântico. / La principal finalidad de este estudio consiste en analizar y comprender la estrategia política africana de Brasil, sus tensiones, límites, configuraciones, dinámicas y propósitos en relación a África, con énfasis en sus políticas de cooperación cultural con los países del continente africano, y en particular, el intercambio educativo con la República de Cabo Verde. En un primer momento, presentamos los elementos analíticos de Cabo Verde. Seguidamente el Programa Estudante Convênio de Graduação PEC-G, y su relevancia para los países a los cuales se destina. En el caso particular de Cabo Verde, donde se nota todavía el estado incipiente de las instituciones de educación superior (IES), presentaremos esas instituciones existentes, así como la discusión de la educación como capital humano y factor de desarrollo socioeconómico del país. Describiremos los Acuerdos firmados en el plano cultural-educacional desde el inicio de la iniciativa política brasileña hasta ahora, referente al continente africano, presentando esa serie de Acuerdos existentes. Se termina indagando, reflexionando y analizando las estrategias, tensiones y límites de esa política de Brasil en relación a África, examinando sus resultados e consecuencias para ambos lados del Atlántico.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A Tese Brincando no (Canto-que-DanÃa) do Ijexà com o Bumba-meu-Boi: Teatro do Encantamento da Ancestralidade Africana em Fortaleza A Cidade Tan-Tan, tem por objetivo aprofundar estudos da minha dissertaÃÃo de mestrado. No referido trabalho movimentÃvamos uma discussÃo na intenÃÃo de fazer o pensamento cantar e danÃar como festivamente ensina a cultura tradicional africana de matriz ioruba, a fim de elencar possibilidades para a construÃÃo de uma EducaÃÃo Teatral assentada na Ancestralidade Africana e na AfrodescendÃncia. Agora, no doutorado, a proposta à focar-se na ritualÃstica de saberes do Candomblà Ketu. Daà fazer batucar o Movimento (Canto-que-DanÃa) do IjexÃ: Exu-Oxum-Logun com o Brinquedo Afro Ancestral do Bumba-meu-Boi. Quando o Ijexà Movimenta o Bumba-meu-Boi, c@ntando a histÃria da minha descendÃncia, dessa conexÃo nasce meu feto-filho â Teatro do Encantamento da Ancestralidade Africana â parido no meu Ãtero negro. Nosso projeto, orientado pelos conceitos da Ancestralidade Africana e da AfrodescendÃncia quer plantar os Fundamentos Afrodescendentes de uma EducaÃÃo Teatral, tendo por base uma oralidade toda minha. O que desejamos à nos emprenhar com uma experiÃncia outra no sentido de mobilizar e desenvolver o corpo para uma expressividade teatral orgulhosamente afrodescendente. Ao final dos trabalhos instituir uma alternativa de EducaÃÃo em Teatro que nÃo nos oprima nem nos agrida por sermos as pessoas que somos. / La tesis Jugando con el (Canto-que-baila) del Ijexà con el Bumba-meu-boi: teatro del encantamiento de la ancestralidad africana en Fortaleza, la ciudad alocadaâ, tiene como meta profundizar estudios de mi disertaciÃn de maestrÃa. En este trabajo habÃamos creado una discusiÃn con el intento de hacer el pensamiento cantar y bailar como festivamente enseÃa la cultura tradicional africana de origen iorubà con el objetivo de elencar posibilidades para la construcciÃn de una EducaciÃn Teatral asentada en la Ancestralidad africana y Afrodescendencia. Ahora, en el doctorado, la propuesta es enfocar la ritualÃstica de saberes del Candomblà Ketu. De ahà el batuque con el Movimiento (Canto-que-baila) del IjexÃ: Exu-Oxum-Logun con el Juguete Afro Bumba-meu-Boi. Cuando el Ijexà mueve el Bumba-meu-boi, c@antando la historia de mi descendencia, de esta conexiÃn nace mi feto-hijo â Teatro del encantamiento de la Ancestralidad africana â parido en mi Ãtero negro. Nuestro proyecto, orientado por los conceptos de la Ancestralidad africana y de la Afrodescendencia, busca plantar los fundamentos afrodescendientes de la educaciÃn teatral basado en una oralidad completamente mÃa. Lo que deseamos es empreÃarnos con una experiencia otra en el sentido de mover y desarrollar el cuerpo hacia una expresividad teatral orgullosamente afrodescendiente. Al final de los trabajos instituir una alternativa de educaciÃn en el teatro que no nos oprima tampoco nos enoje por ser quienes somos.

Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques généralistes réalisées de 2009 à 2014, dans 4 départements de la région de l’Ouest Cameroun, ont permis de collecter 561 plantes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle. L'évolution sur le terrain a été la méthode utilisée. 4 plantes ont été sélectionnées : Terminalia avicennioides, Crossopterix febrifuga, Vitellaria paradoxa et Afzelia africana. La préparation des extraits à partir des écorces du tronc a été réalisée en présence de solvants de polarité croissante (CH2Cl2, MeOH et MeOH/H2O). Une activité anti-inflammatoire in vitro a été observée pour les extraits MeOH/H2O et les décoctions de C. febrifuga, T. avicennioides et V. paradoxa avec une inhibition de la production de NO de plus de 60 % à 10µg/ml. Tous les extraits d’A. africana, ont montré une inhibition de la production de NO > 8O% mettant en évidence une activité anti-inflammatoire élevée. A partir de ces résultats et compte tenu du manque de données phytochimiques, A. africana est choisie pour la suite du travail. A partir de l’extrait méthanol d’A. africana, 13 composés ont été isolés et identifiés : 9 flavonoïdes et dérivés (dihydrokaempférol, kaempférol3-O-néohespéridoside-7-O-rhamnoside, 2R,3R-trans-aromadendrine-7-O-β-D glucopyranose-6″-(4 hydroxy-2‴-méthylènebutanoate), taxifoline-7-O-β-D-glucoside, sinensine, isosinensine, lutéoline, catéchine, dunnianoside D, glucoside phénolique) et 4 lignanes (lyoniside, nudiposide, ssioriside et alcool trans dihydrodéhydroconiférylique). Ces composés sont isolés pour la 1ère fois dans l’écorce du tronc d’A. africana. Du fait de l’activité anti-inflammatoire élevée de la décoction, un gel a été envisagé pour application par voie locale. / Ethnobotanical surveys were carried out from 2009 to 2014, in four divisions located in the western region of Cameroon. One method was used to collect the data. The evolution on the ground. Finally 561 plants were collected. Among the plants listed, four were selected: Terminalia avicennioides, Crossopterix febrifuga, Vitellaria paradoxa and Afzelia africana. The extracts were prepared from the stem bark of selected plants in the presence of solvents of increasing polarity (CH2Cl2, MeOH and MeOH/H2O). Anti-inflammatory activity was observed for MeOH/H2O extracts and decoctions of C. febrifuga, T. avicennioides and V. paradoxa with inhibition of NO production more than 60% at 10 μg/ml. All extracts of A. africana showed significant inhibition of NO production > 80%, indicating a high anti-inflammatory activity. On the basis of these results and given the fact that few studies had been carried out, Afzelia africana was chosen for the further work. From the methanol extract of A. africana, 13 compounds have been isolated and identified: 9 flavonoids and derivatives ( dihydrokaempferol, kaempferol-neohesperidoside-7-O rhamnoside, 2R,3R-trans-aromadendrin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranose-6″-(4‴-hydroxy-2‴-méthylènebutanoate), taxifolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, sinensine, isosinensine, luteolin, catechin and dunnianoside D). 4 lignans ( lyoniside, nudiposide, ssiorisid and : trans -dihydrodehydroconiferyl alcohol).All these compounds are isolated for the first time in the stem bark of Afzelia africana.Due to the high anti-inflammatory activity of the decoction an initial development of the decoction was considered with the development of an anti-inflammatory gel for local application.

Esta investigación estudia los modos en que los rastafari boboshanti producen una identidad ética, étnica y cultural alrededor de la negritud. El trabajo muestra cómo esta construcción identitaria opera ya no desde características fenotípicas sino desde el performance, el embodiment de objetos sacralizados, la ética y la ritualidad. Asimismo, exhibe cómo, a partir de estos elementos, se compone una narrativa teleológica afrocentrista que sitúa al hombre negro y la mujer negra como actores decisivos en la historia. Este papel protagónico en el devenir humano es concebido no como concesión divina sino como esfuerzo colectivo que debe traducirse en independencia social, económica y espiritual. Finalmente, se propone que la configuración intersubjetiva de una etnicidad negra fuera de lo fenotípico-racial es parte de un proceso global desterritorializado en que las identidades y reivindicaciones afrodiaspóricas se están (re)produciendo dentro de nuevas coordenadas sociales, políticas y simbólicas. / This research studies the ways in which boboshanti rastafari produce an ethical, ethnic and cultural identity around blackness. This work shows how this identitarian construction functions not form fenotypic characteristics but form performance, embodiement of sacred gagdets, ethics and ritual. Moreover, exhibits how, from this elements, a afrocentric teleological narrative of the blackman and the blackwoman as main characters of history is compounded. This protagonic role in human becoming is conceived not as divine concession but as a colective effort that must be trasnlate in social, economic and spiritual independence. Finally, the proposal is that the intersubjective configuration of a black ethnicity out of the fenotypic and race is part of a deterritorialized global process in which the identities and afrodiasporic claims are (re)producing inside new social, political and simbolic coordinates.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Salvia africana lutea is one of 26 Sage species indigenous to Southern Africa from a total of 900 worldwide. The genus Salvia belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Labeled a ‘broad spectrum remedy’ S. africana lutea amongst other sage species is medicinally important. Reports are many highlighting its benefits, which include from alleviating coughs and colds to gynaecological complaints. Studies have revealed in vitro antimicrobial, anti-cancer and antioxidant activity. Plant secondary metabolites fundamentally have a strong bearing on the phytochemical activities a plant may possess. Consequently the environment indirectly affects the phytochemical properties as it influences the variation in the plant metabolome via plant-environment interactions. Five S. africana lutea plant populations, within the Western Cape province of South Africa were sampled and chemotypes and bioactivity tested. Four populations were wild growing in protected areas namely; Brackenfell, Koeberg, Silwerstroomstrand and Yzerfontein, while the fifth was a garden growing population from Stellenbosch. Using gas chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), compounds such as monosaccharides, carboxylic acids and fatty acids were detected. Variation of compounds identified with 80% certainty was compared across all populations. Stellenbosch population showed some compounds that were not present in the other four sites. These compounds were namely; propanoic acid, rythronic acid, 2-keto-1-gluconic acid and 1,3-dibromobicyclon, while this population also did not have xylitol that was detected in all the other four populations. To consolidate the GC-MS findings, analysis on the metabolite profiles (utilizing liquid chromatography linked with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)) was done. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the NMR data. The partial least squaresdiscriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to integrate LC-MS and NMR data sets. All statistics were performed with the SIMCA-P+ 12.0 software. By integrating LC-MS and 1H NMR analyses, large chemotype differences leading to samples grouping by site, suggested strong plant-environment interactions as factors influencing metabolite composition. Signals distinguishing the Stellenbosch profile were in the aromatic part of the 1H NMR spectra. Antimicrobial activity was tested against two Fusarium species. Fusarium is a plant pathogenic species that causes large agricultural losses particularly in the maize crop, one of the staple foods in the African continent. Some species also produce mycotoxins in infected crop and lead to a significant increase in the risk factor of cancers when contaminated foods are consumed. Four high-mycotoxin producing strains from two species F. verticillioides (MRC 826 and MRC 8267); F. proliferatum (MRC 7140 and MRC 6809) were utilized in all in vitro antifungal assays in this study. A preliminary assay using dichloromethane: methanol (1:1 v/v) crude plant extracts of the five populations; Stellenbosch, Brackenfell, Koeberg, Silwerstoomstrand and Yzerfontein, from 2009 and 2011. All test samples exhibited good activity as the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values ranged from 0.031 mg ml-1 to 0.5 mg ml-1, values below the latter are regarded as strong inhibitors. The Stellenbosch extracts were the most active for both 2009 and 2011 collections, with the best activity against F. verticillioides MRC 8267 and MRC 826 at 0.031 mg ml-1. While the least activity, albeit still a strong inhibitor, was observed from the Yzerfontein extracts with an MIC value of 0.5 mg ml-1. Generally comparison between the two years revealed that samples collected in 2011 were more potent than those in 2009, possibly due to prolonged storage that may have resulted in chemical decomposition. As the Stellenbosch population had shown the best activity as well as a relatively different chemical profile, leaves from these plants were then introduced into tissue culture conditions. Leaf explants were placed on solid plant growth regulator (PGR)-free Murashige and Skoog media and that supplemented with hormones in various combinations. (two concentrations of benzyl adenine (BA) utilized individually and in combination with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) 4.4 and 8.8, while for NAA 0.27, 2.7 and 5.4.) Namely: 4.4 BA, 8.8 BA, 0.27 NAA: 4.4 BA, 2.7 NAA: 4.4 BA, 5.4 NAA: 4.4 BA, 2.7 NAA: 8.8 BA and 5.4 NAA: 8.8 BA. The PGR combinations did not induce shooting nor rooting, only callus on PGR-free MS media. Antifungal activity of the callus extract was in the same range as the whole plant extracts from which the leaf explants were harvested from, showing no ‘loss’ of activity after introduction to tissue culture conditions. Metabolite profiles using LC-MS, however, did reveal qualitative and quantitative differences, though they appear to not have any bearing on the activity. A bioassay-guided fractionation was then conducted on samples collected from Stellenbosch. This led to the identification of carnosol and carnosic acid being involved in the anti-Fusarium activity of S africana-lutea. A combinational study revealed no synergistic activity of the two compounds against four Fusarium test strains, with fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) values of 1.5 and 3.0. Antifungal activity of carnosol and carnosic acid was observed to be in the same range (strong inhibitor) as was the callus and whole plant extracts. The study showed variation in population chemotypes and identified two compounds that are involved in S. africana-lutea activity against Fusarium species. It also provided a tissue culture system onto which mass production of the two bioactives may be achieved from, in the development of new fungicides. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Salvia Africana lutea is een van die 26 Salie spesies wat inheems aan Suid-Afrika is uit ‘n totaal van 900 spesies wêreldwyd. Die genus Salvia hoort tot die Lamiaceae familie. S. africana lutea word geklassifiseer as ‘n “breë spektrum geneesmiddel”, en medisinaal as belangrik geag tussen die ander salie spesies, want volgens verslag word dit gebruik vir die verligting van hoes en verkoues tot selfs ginekologiese ongesteldhede. Definitiewe biologiese aktiwiteit eksperimente het anti-mikrobiese, antikanker en anti-oksidant aktiwiteite aan die lig gebring. Plant sekondêre metaboliete het fundamenteel ‘n baie sterk verband met die fitochemiese aktiwiteite van ‘n plant. Gevolglik affekteer die omgewing indirek die fitochemiese eienskappe, want dit beïnvloed die variasie in die plant metaboloom deur die interaksies van die plant met die omgewing. In vyf streke binne die Wes-Kaap van Suid-Afrika waar S. africana lutea bevolkings voorkom, is steekproewe gedoen en chemotipes en bioaktiwiteit getoets. Vier bevolkings was wild-groeiende bevolkings in beskermde areas, naamlik; Brackenfell, Koeberg, Silwerstroomstrand en Yzerfontein, terwyl die vyfde uit ‘n tuingroeiende bevolking in Stellenbosch geneem is. Deur gas chromatografie gekoppel met massa spektrometrie te gebruik, is primêre samestellings soos monosakkariede, karboksielsure en vetsure gevind. Variasies van samestellings wat met 80% sekerheid geïdentifiseer is, is oorkruis met al die bevolkings vergelyk. Die Stellenbosch bevolking het ‘n paar samestellings geopenbaar wat nie aanwesig was in die ander vier terreine nie. Hierdie samestellings was: propanoësuur, erythroniese suur, 2-keto-1-glukoniese suur en 1,3-dibromobicyclon. Verder het hierdie bevolking geen xylitol gehad nie en dit is in al vier die ander bevolkings gevind. Verdere studies was gedoen met die gebruik van vloeibare chromatografie gekoppel met massa spektrometrie (LC-MS) sowel as kern magnetiese resonansie (1H NMR). Chemiese profiele het hoë variasies getoon, en dus deur te fokus op die aromatiese samestelling streke, het die Stellenbosch terrein duidelik merkbare verskille en punte op die PLS-DA aangetoon. Met die koppeling van NMR data met LC-MS data, is daar gevind dat onderskeidende punte van die NMR PLS-DA wat gegroepeer is met retensie tye die skeiding van die Stellenbosch terrein van ander terreine gedryf het. Dit het onweerlegbaar bewys dat daar variasie binne die vyf bevolkings voorkom en dat Stellenbosch die mees noemenswaardige chemotipe variasie het. Dit blyk uit die anti-mikrobiese eksperimente dat aktiwiteit teen Fusarium heel nuwe belangstelling wek. Fusarium is ‘n plant-patogeniese spesie wat groot landbou verliese veroorsaak veral in die mielie gewasse, een van die stapelvoedsels van die Afrika kontinent. Dit produseer ook mikotoksiene in aangetaste gewasse en hierdie kan lei tot die ontstaan van kankers wanneer besmette voedsel op groot skaal verbruik word. Vier hoë-mikotoksien produserende swamlyne van twee spesies, naamlik F. verticillioides (MRC 826 en MRC 8267) en F. proliferatum (MRC 7140 en MRC 6809) is gebruik in alle in vitro anti-swam ondersoeke in hierdie studie. Die eerste analise het dichloromethan: methanol (1:1 v/v) ongesuiwerde plant ekstrakte bevat van die vyf bevolkings: Stellenbosch, Brackenfell, Koeberg, Silwerstroomstrand en Yzerfontein, geneem gedurende 2009 en 2011. Al hierdie toets monsters het goeie aktiwiteit getoon waar die minimum beperkende konsentrasie (MIC) waardes van 0.031 mg ml-1 tot 0.5 mg ml-1 gevarieer het. Waardes laer as laasgenoemde word beskou as sterk inhibeerders. Die Stellenbosch ekstrakte was die mees aktief vir albei jare hierbo genoem, met die beste aktiwiteit teen F. verticillioides MRC 8267 en MCR 826 by 0.031 mg ml-1. Die minste aktiwiteit (hoewel nog ‘n sterk inhibeerder) waargeneem was van die Yzerfontein ekstrakte, met ‘n MIC waarde van 0.5 mg ml-1. Oor die algemeen het ‘n vergelyking tussen die twee jare aangetoon dat die monsters wat in 2011 versamel is veel sterker was dan dié van 2009, moontlik te wyte aan ‘n verlengde bewaringstyd wat moontlik ‘n chemiese dekomposisie ten gevolge gehad het. Omdat die Stellenbosch bevolking die beste aktiwiteit getoon het sowel as ‘n relatief afwykende chemiese profiel, is blare van hierdie plante toe bekendgestel aan weefselkultuur kondisies. Blaar eksplante is op soliede hormoonvrye Murashige en Skoog media geplaas en dit is aangevul met sintetiese auksien Naftaleen asynsuur (NAA) en sitokien Bensiel adenien (BA) individueel en in verskillende kombinasies. Geen wortels of uitloopsels is waargeneem in al die hormoon kombinasies nie maar in die hormoonvrye media het daar egter Kallus in twintig persent van die eksplante voorgekom. Kallus is toe as subkultuur van hormoonvrye MS media gekweek en saamgevoeg en dichloromethan: methanol (1:1v/v) ekstrakte is getoets teen die volgende Fusarium swamlyne MRC 826; MRC 8267; MRC 7140 en MRC 6809. MIC waardes het sterk inhiberende eienskappe getoon met die laagste waarde as 0.025 mg ml-1 teen drie swamlyne: MRC 1740, MRC 8267 en MRC 826, en die hoogste was 0.25 mg ml-1 na 48 uur. Die minimum inhiberende konsentrasie waardes het gestyg na 0.5mg ml-1 na 60 uur, wat ‘n fungistatiese aksie getoon het. Maar van 60 tot 92 uu het waardes egter ‘n swamdodende aksie aangetoon met geen verandering van 0.5mg ml-1 nie. In die identifisering van die bioaktiewe komponente, is die ekstraksie van Stellenbosch se bevolking in dichloromethan: methanol (1:1 v/v) uitgevoer, en met gebruik van vyftig gram van die ekstrak is bioanalise-geleide fraksionering gedoen deur gebruik van ‘n VersaFlash®. Die mees aktiewe fraksie is verder gefraksioneer deur die gebruik van ‘n konvensionele silikajel kolom. Aktiewe fraksies is getoets deur LC-MS te gebruik, en twee verbindings, carnosol en carnosic suur, is geïdentifiseer. Voorbereidende TLC is gebruik om identiteit te bevestig, want fraksies was naas die kommersiele standaarde van die twee verbindings getoets. Sinergistiese aktiwiteit van die twee samestellings is ondersoek deur ‘n antiswam ontleding teen die vier swamlyne uit te voer. Hierdie studie het dus die veronderstelde bestaan van verskillende chemotipes tussen die bevolkings waarvan voorbeelde geneem is, bekend gestel. Veral die Stellenbosch se bevolking het die meeste verskil, heel moontlik omrede die verlengde en hoër versteurings deur die nabyheid van mense. Plant– omgewing interaksies speel ‘n belangrike rol in die metaboloom van plante, wat dan indirek hul eienskappe verander, en in hierdie geval die antiswam aktiwiteit. Die tuingroeiende bevolking was die mees aktief, heel moontlik omrede hierdie aspek. Nietemin was geen bioaktiwiteit verloor waar die mees kragtige bevolking met weefsel kultuur kondisies in aanraking gebring is nie. Dus is dit ideaal vir kommersialisering. Een nuwe belangrike bevinding was die carnosol en carnosic suur wat twee welbekende samestellings is wat meesal geassosieer is met Rosmarinus officinalis en gedokumenteer is vir antioksidant aktiwiteit. Hier dui laasgenoemde samestellings ‘n antiswam aktiwiteit aan teen die getoetste Fusarium swamlyne. Met ‘n gevestigde weefsel kultuur sisteem alreeds in plek, voorsien dit ‘n beginpunt vir die bestudering van hoe hierdie bioaktiewe komponente in massa geproduseer kan word in die ontwikkeling van nuwe swamdodende produkte.

<p>La disertación no define un campo disciplinario, ni una construcción formal, ni una metodología que intente llegar a una verdad racional. Se desobedece la linealidad epistémica occidental y el enfoque en un tema específico. El manuscrito opta por navegar a través de rutas relacionales en conversación desde, con y entre varios saberes y experiencias personales, tribales y comunitarias. Localizamos el andar decolonial en un territorio expandido donde incorporamos una geo-­‐‑política trazada en la continuidad que ofrece la ancestralidad lingüística y cultural entre maya, seminole y loko, esta última conectada a la lengua madre arahuaca que se extiende desde la región amazónica del este de Los Andes, norte de Argentina y Paraguay desde 9000 A.C.</p><p>Al hilvanar experiencias y saberes otros, se establecen conexiones y rupturas más cercanas a los que entendimos como cosmos-­‐‑existencia y cosmoconvivencia en los imaginarios indígenas, afro y US latinxs. La disertación no podrá abarcar todas las rutas y encrucijadas que propician la decolonialidad del imaginario erótico kairibe, pero transito caminos sacbes desde donde los trazos de la memoria y la experiencia sanan la opresión colonial y nutren el andar del espíritu por los saberes inscritos en los relatos de creación indígenas y afro caribe, la oralidad de las lenguas maya yucateca y loko, la expresión de varixs creadores decoloniales, y las conversaciones e intercambios sociales con algunos de los miembros del proyecto decolonial.</p><p>A partir de la propuesta metodológica de Linda Tuhiwai Smith, en la cual se afirma que las metodologías indígenas son el resultado de la elaboración de un tejido, este manuscrito entrelaza una plataforma crítica, una encrucijada de saberes donde confluyen la variabilidad de los proyectos metodológicos propuesto por Tuhiwai Smith (1999), el pensamiento fronterizo de Gloria Anzaldúa (1987), la corpo-­‐‑política de Frantz Fanon (1987), la poética relacional de Edouard Glissant (1997), las pedagogía sagrada de Jacqui Alexander (2005), el desprendimiento, delinking de Walter D. Mignolo (2007), el poder erótico de Audre Lorde (1986), la transmodernidad de Enrique Dussel (2005) y la geopolítica del pensar propuesta por Catherine Walsh (2007).</p><p>Desde esta encrucijada de saberes, la disertación navega el racismo cognitivo eurocentrado, al mismo tiempo que efectúa el desligue epistémico y creativo hacia locaciones otras donde las experiencias y aprendizajes, conectados a las memorias ancestrales de lxs abuelxs, propician la decolonización del imaginario erótico kairibeafroxeri.</p> / Dissertation

Esta dissertação, de caráter ensaístico e cartográfico, acompanha dimensões da arte contemporânea africana a partir de estudo de cinco criadores do continente africano participantes do Festival de Arte Contemporânea Sesc_Videobrasil, realizado na cidade de São Paulo, entre 2011 e 2018. O repertório composto evidencia desafios e possibilidades para a constituição de poéticas e sensibilidades extraocidentais, reunindo criações que expressam diversas formas de deslocamento e destacam a intensa circulação entre mundos como parte importante da assinatura africana. De modo polifônico, as produções de Dan Halter, Bouchra Khalili, Bianca Baldi, Michael MacGarry e Karo Akpokiere sublinham a complexidade dos universos estéticos de criações africanas, ao mesmo tempo que questionam prescrições sobre diferenças culturais, regimes de fronteiras e narrativas hegemônicas que impulsionam a captura das imaginações. Sinalizam um campo multifacetado, em plena ebulição e construção, que se desdobra na necessidade de pluralização de referenciais, a fim de desconstruir assimetrias de poder, gerando novas experiências políticas e estéticas. / This dissertation, of an essayistic and cartographic character, describes the characteristics of contemporary African art, based on the study of five creators from the African continent who took part in the Sesc_Videobrasil Festival of Contemporary Art, in the city of São Paulo, between 2011 and 2018. The program shows the challenges and possibilities for the formation of non-Western poetics and sensibilities, bringing together creations that express diverse forms of displacement and highlight the intense circulation among worlds as an important African characteristic. The productions of Dan Halter, Bouchra Khalili, Bianca Baldi, Michael MacGarry and Karo Akpokiere polyphonically underline the complexity of Africa\'s aesthetic universes and question prescriptions on cultural differences, boundary regimes, and hegemonic narratives that drive the capture of the imagination. They signal a multifaceted field which is in full construction and unfold in the need to change references so that the asymmetries of power can be deconstructed into new political and aesthetic experiences.

Essa dissertação tem como proposta analisar o desenvolvimento do colonialismo português, com seus avanços e retrocessos, e entender como a formação de uma ordem política africana, centralizada e autônoma, se contrapôs às iniciativas efetivas de colonização portuguesa no sul de Moçambique em 1895. Após a Conferência de Berlim (1884-1885), acirraram-se as disputas pelos territórios africanos e a posse da província de Moçambique viu-se seriamente ameaçada pelo interesse britânico e por seu projeto expansionista de ligar o Cairo ao Cabo. Nesse contexto, o anseio britânico em anexar o sul de Moçambique, escoadouro natural de toda a produção da África do Sul, nessa época uma colônia inglesa, resultou no envio de representantes ao poder que parecia desafiar e sobrepor ao de Portugal na região - o do Reino de Gaza. Diante da ameaça crescente à posse da província, o governo português reuniu esforços concentrados enviando as tropas encarregadas de subjugar o Reino de Gaza e garantir a ocupação efetiva desse território. A pesquisa percorreu o período entre 1821 e 1897 que, submetido à análise, fornece as bases necessárias à compreensão de como a presença portuguesa passou de acuada a ofensiva e de como o movimento migratório nguni no começo do século XIX gerou um Reino africano soberano capaz de ameaçar a posse de Moçambique por Portugal. O objetivo é compreender como, em conjunto, esses processos desenvolveram-se, modificaram-se mutuamente e engendraram transformações profundas tanto para os projetos portugueses como para as populações africanas dessa área. / This dissertation thesis proposes to analyze the development of the Portuguese colonialism and its advances and setbacks and to understand how the formation of a centralized and autonomous political order in Africa opposed to effective initiatives of the Portuguese colonization in the south of Mozambique in 1895. After the Conference of Berlin (1884-1885), disputes for African territories were reinforced and the possession of the province of Mozambique was strongly threatened by the British interest of linking Cairo to Cape Town. In that specific context, the British longing to attach the south of Mozambique, \"natural\" outflow for the whole South African production, at that time, an English possession, had as a result the sending of representatives who seemed to match or even overcome their Portuguese counterparts in the region, that is to say, in the kingdom of Gaza. Facing the growing threat of losing their control over the area, the Portuguese government gathered their military resources, sending them in order to subjugate the kingdom of Gaza and guarantee the effective occupation of that area. This research covered the period from 1821 to 1897 that, submitted to analysis, supplies the necessary basis to the understanding of how the Portuguese presence went from defensive to offensive and how the Nguni migratory flow in the beginning of the 19th century generated an African sovereign kingdom capable of representing a threat to the Portuguese possession of Mozambique. The objective of this study is to understand how, as a whole, those processes mutually unfolded and transformed themselves and also how they represented deep transformations in both the Portuguese projects and the life of the African populations in that area.