Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 1888088 bytes, checksum: a4891da88deeeb89246adb032ce8fb19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The problems of the areas of risk disaster in Brazilian cities, especially the environmental risks of geological and geotechnical character, such as landslides, and hydrometeorological such as floods, are often related to socioeconomic and environmental determinants. Thus, the subnormal agglomerations (slums) are situated in areas with major problems in several aspects, since they are usually subject to high levels of environmental risks due to occupation of unsuitable areas, driven by the exclusive real estate market. Therefore, the search for methodologies that cover the vicissitudes of the dynamics of the urban environment is essential to optimize actions that minimize this problem. Thus, this work analyzes social risks, including geological and geotechnical components in addition to hydrometeorological data, together with social indicators of housing conditions in subnormal agglomerations: Saturnino de Brito, Renascer I, and Santa Emília de Rodat, situated in the basin of Sanhauá river in João Pessoa, Paraíba State. It proposes a methodology for priorizing actions to improve housing or home reallocations. Regarding to the determination of environmental risks indices we used the methodology proposed by the Ministério das Cidades (Brazil, [2006]). For determination of housing conditions, we used the methodology developed by Silva (2006), focused on the indicator of living conditions which covers subindicators of density and housing quality. The analyse of the results included an integrated multiobjective methodology whic h makes use of a two-dimensional representation of the field of possible solutions of indicators obtained that describes together housing conditions and risk variables, based on integrated environmental methodology of hydrographical basins used by UNESCO (1987). Its is concluded that the agglomerations have low levels of risk in their majority, while in some areas, especially in Saturnino de Brito agglomeration, there was observed higher frequency of high and very high levels of occurrence of geological and geotechnical disaster. The greatest risks of flooding, classified as high, were detected only in the Santa Emília Rodat agglomerate. Regarding to the housing conditions in this agglomeration we observed that the majority of dwellings are classified as midst salubrious. The integrated analysis of the studied sample indicated that for most groups of households it is more relevant the reallocation instead of improvements of housing. / Os problemas das áreas de riscos de desastres nas cidades brasileiras, principalmente os riscos ambientais de caráter geológico-geotécnico, como deslizamentos, e hidrometeorológico, como as inundações, estão normalmente relacionados a determinantes socioeconômicos e ambientais. Assim, os aglomerados subnormais situam-se em áreas com maiores problemas em diversos aspectos, já que geralmente estão submetidos a níveis altos de riscos ambientais, devido à ocupação de áreas inadequadas, motivada pelo excludente modelo econômico vigente. Desse modo, a busca por metodologias que abarquem as vicissitudes da dinâmica do ambiente urbano torna-se fundamental para otimizar ações que oportunizem minimizar essa problemática. Sendo assim, realiza-se neste trabalho uma análise sobre riscos socioambientais, compreendendo as componentes geológico-geotécnicas e hidrometeorológicas conjuntamente com os indicadores das condições de moradia nos aglomerados subnormais Saturnino de Brito, Renascer I e Santa Emília de Rodat, situadas na bacia hidrográfica do rio Sanhauá na cidade de João Pessoa, estado da Paraíba. Propõe-se uma metodologia para priorizar ações de melhoria habitacional ou relocação de moradias. Para a determinação dos riscos ambientais foi utilizada a metodologia desenvolvida pelo Ministério das Cidades (Brasil, [2006]). No que se refere às condições de moradia utilizou-se a metodologia desenvolvida por Silva (2006) centrada no Indicador de Condições de Moradia, que abrange os subindicadores de densidade e qualidade da habitação. A análise dos resultados contemplou uma metodologia integradora multiobjetivo em que se lança mão da representação bidimensional do campo das soluções possíveis dos indicadores envolvidos, que descreve conjuntamente o estado das variáveis riscos e condições de moradia, com base na metodologia ambiental integrada de bacias hidrográfica utilizada por UNESCO (1987). Conclui-se que os aglomerados apresentam graus de risco baixos em sua maioria, sendo que, em algumas áreas, principalmente no aglomerado Saturnino de Brito, observa maior freqüência de graus alto e muito alto de ocorrência de desastres geológico-geotécnico. Os maiores riscos de inundação, classificados como alto, ocorrem apenas no aglomerado Santa Emilia de Rodat. Relativamente às condições de moradias observou-se que a maioria das habitações é classificada na situação de Média Salubridade. Já a análise integrada indicou mais grupos de moradias da amostra estudada como indicadas para a relocação do que para obras de melhorias habitacionais.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Agglomerations of firms already are studied since 1890, with the pioneering British economist Alfred Marshall. At the time, Marshall was able to identify some of the main reasons that led firms to adopt this clustering behavior and the benefits that such an environment generated both companies and for the environment in which they settled. Since then, further studies have been conducted on the topic of new forms and structures were identified and baptized: cluster, a pole of growth, innovative environment, local productive arrangement (APL) etc.. Thinking about the benefits generated by these structures for companies and regions that host them, this work was performed. To this end, four territories of the State of Cearà were addressed: Curu Valley and AracatiaÃu, Caninde Hinterland, Hinterland and Central Inhamuns CrateÃs. We used the instrumental of locational indicators (location quotient, and the relative share Hichmann-Herfindahl index) to identify potential points of existence of these structures. Later, there was a test that could be instrumental use of factor analysis, the necessary condensing indicators into a single index, called the concentration index productive - ICP. Through the latter, it was possible to spatially locate the potential of each municipality in relation to the existence of concentration selected productive sectors: Agriculture, Fishing and aquaculture and processing industry. We noticed a significant potential existence of these structures in most of the municipalities analyzed, with the highlight of the territories Valley Curu and AracatiaÃu and Inhamuns CrateÃs. / As aglomeraÃÃes de firmas jà sÃo estudadas desde 1890, tendo como pioneiro o economista britÃnico Alfred Marshall. Na Ãpoca, Marshall conseguiu identificar alguns dos principais motivos que levavam as firmas a adotarem este comportamento de aglomeraÃÃo, bem como os benefÃcios que tal ambiente gerava tanto Ãs empresas, como para o meio em que se instalavam. Desde entÃo, novos estudos foram realizados sobre o tema e novas formas de estruturas foram identificadas e batizadas: cluster, polo de crescimento, ambiente inovador, arranjo produtivo local (APL) etc. Pensando nos benefÃcios gerados por estas estruturas para as empresas e as regiÃes que as abrigam, foi realizado este trabalho. Para tal, quatro territÃrios do Estado do Cearà foram abordados: Vale do Curu e AracatiaÃu, SertÃo de CanindÃ, SertÃo Central e Inhamuns CrateÃs. Utilizou-se o instrumental de indicadores locacionais (quociente locacional, participaÃÃo relativa e o Ãndice de Hichmann-Herfindahl) para identificar os pontos potenciais de existÃncia destas estruturas. Posteriormente, realizou-se um teste para que se pudesse utilizar o instrumental de anÃlise fatorial, necessÃrio ao condensamento dos indicadores em um Ãnico Ãndice, chamado de Ãndice de concentraÃÃo produtiva â ICP. AtravÃs deste Ãltimo, foi possÃvel localizar espacialmente o potencial de cada municÃpio em relaÃÃo à existÃncia de concentraÃÃo produtiva dos setores selecionados: AgropecuÃrio, Pesca e aqÃicultura e IndÃstria de transformaÃÃo. Percebeu-se um significativo potencial de existÃncia dessas estruturas na maior parte dos municÃpios analisados, tendo como destaque os dos territÃrios do Vale do Curu e AracatiaÃu e Inhamuns CrateÃs.

Essa tese possui dois objetivos que dialogam entre si. O primeiro consiste em investigar a relação existente entre aglomerações urbanas, habilidades e salários, enquanto que o segundo explora a importância da mobilidade interfirma na determinação dos salários e sua relação com o tamanho urbano. No primeiro estudo, a ideia é verificar se os efeitos associados ao aumento do tamanho populacional diferem de acordo com as habilidades ocupacionais dos trabalhadores. Essa análise avança ao considerar as heterogeneidades individuais sob o ponto de vista do que os trabalhadores fazem no posto de trabalho, ao invés de incluir métricas como escolaridade formal. Essa nova perspectiva possibilita interpretar com novos insights a estrutura do mercado de trabalho. Foram utilizadas informações de Maciente (2013) para construir medidas que representam as dimensões cognitiva, social e motora associadas com a ocupação nas quais os indivíduos estão empregados. Além disso, foi utilizada a base da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) para identificar e acompanhar trabalhadores e firmas ao longo do tempo. Através de modelagem via regressões que exploram a estrutura de dados em painel como forma de superar a questão do sorting espacial dos trabalhadores, os resultados sugerem que o prêmio salarial urbano está associado diretamente com as habilidades cognitivas e sociais, mas não totalmente com as motoras. O retorno salarial vinculado com a magnitude dos centros urbanos está fortemente relacionado com as habilidades cognitivas e sociais. O segundo estudo dessa tese analisa a estrutura evolutiva do mercado de trabalho, sob a ótica da mobilidade interfirma. A ideia é discutir a importância da mudança de emprego no mercado de trabalho e sua relação com o tamanho dos centros urbanos. As implicações teóricas que abordam a relação entre mobilidade interfirma e os efeitos sobre os rendimentos dos indivíduos são ambíguas. Indivíduos que mudam de firma possuem diferentes motivações para praticar tal empreitada: voluntária ou involuntária. A distinção entre esses tipos de mobilidade interfirma é uma contribuição para a literatura nacional. Ademais, as transições entre os empregos são encaradas como canais através dos quais as vantagens comparativas das densas metrópoles se manifestam. Do ponto de vista empírico, foram utilizados os microdados da RAIS e a estratégia empírica consiste em explorar o método de efeitos fixos como forma de encontrar o coeficiente de interesse. Os principais resultados mostram que o prêmio salarial urbano associado com a mobilidade interfirma possui uma relação positiva com o tamanho das aglomerações. Quanto maior o porte dos centros urbanos, maior será o efeito salarial vinculado com a mudança de empregador. Além disso, mobilidades voluntárias exibem retornos salariais positivos, enquanto que para as transições involuntárias as evidências são opostas. / This thesis has two objectives that dialogue with each other. The first one investigates the relationship between urban agglomerations, skills and wages, while the second one explores the importance of interfirm mobility to wage determination and its relation to urban size. In the first study, the idea is to verify if the effects associated to the increase in population size differ according to the occupational skills of the workers. This analysis advances by considering individual heterogeneities from the point of view of what workers do at the workplace, rather than including metrics such as formal schooling years. This new perspective makes it possible to interpret the structure of the labor market with new insights. We used information from Maciente (2013) to construct measures that represent the cognitive, social and motor skills dimensions associated with the occupation to which the individuals are employed. In addition, the Annual Social Information Report (RAIS) dataset was used to identify and monitor workers and firms over time. Using regressions that explore the panel data structure as a way to overcome the issue of spatial sorting of workers, the results suggest that the urban wage premium is directly associated with cognitive and social skills, but not totally with the motor ones. The wage return linked to the magnitude of urban centers is strongly related to cognitive and social skills. The second study of this thesis analyzes the structure of the labor market, from the point of view of the interfirm mobility. The idea is to discuss the importance of changing jobs in the labor market and its relation to the size of urban centers. The theoretical implications of the relationship between interfirm mobility with the effects on individuals\' wage are ambiguous. Individuals who change job have different motivations to practice such a transition: voluntary or involuntary. The distinction between these types of mobility is a contribution to the national literature. In addition, transitions between jobs are seen as channels through which the comparative advantages of dense metropolises manifest themselves. From the empirical point of view, the microdata of RAIS were used and the empirical strategy is to explore the fixed effects method as a way to find the coefficient of interest. The main results show that the urban wage premium associated with the interfirm mobility has a positive relation with the size of the agglomerations. The larger the size of the urban centers, the greater the wage effect linked to the change of employer. In addition, voluntary transitions exhibit positive paybacks, while for involuntary ones the evidence is the opposite.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Aydar Sandoval.pdf: 2058714 bytes, checksum: 72940f28dafe7899e66c08ed1b31a30d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-11 / The present study provides an analysis on urban concentration and centralization under an evolutionary perspective. It is understood that this approach is a recent alternative to the limitations of orthodox urban economic theories which, in most of cases, deal with localization based on a static and equilibrium approaches. In that sense, the dynamic, adaptive and non-equilibrium approach of evolutionary economics breaks the determinism and exaggerated simplification of orthodox models and exposes a different tool to the study. It is useful, above all, to demonstrate the complexity of the subject, the need of historical context and the need to treat firms, industries, cities and regions in a heterogeneous manner. By treating the process of technological innovation in an endogenous manner, the role of knowledge diffusion is exposed on the locational decision of firms, evincing that this is not given only by costs of transport. In a context of concentration of innovative processes on relevant urban centers and on high income regions, it is understood that the incorporation of evolutionary economics assumptions on the elaboration of decentralization policies becomes relevant / O presente trabalho realiza uma análise sobre os fenômenos de concentração e centralização urbana sob uma perspectiva evolucionista. Entende-se que essa surge como uma alternativa recente às limitações das teorias ortodoxas da economia urbana, que, na sua maior parte, tratam a questão da localização a partir de uma abordagem estática e de equilíbrio econômico. Nesse sentido a abordagem dinâmica, adaptativa e de não equilíbrio da economia evolucionista, rompe com o determinismo e a simplificação exagerada de modelos ortodoxos, expondo um ferramental diferenciado para o estudo do objeto. Serve antes de tudo para demonstrar a complexidade do assunto, a necessidade da contextualização histórica e de se tratar as firmas, indústrias, cidades e regiões de forma heterogênea. Ainda, ao tratar o processo da inovação tecnológica de forma endógena, é exposto o papel da difusão do conhecimento na decisão locacional das firmas, evidenciando que este não é dado somente pelos custos de transporte. Em um contexto de concentração dos processos inovativos em grandes centros urbanos e em regiões de alta renda, entende-se que a incorporação dos pressupostos da economia evolucionista na formulação de políticas de descentralização torna-se relevante

Die wichtigste Frage der Raumwirtschaftstheorie lautet: Welches sind die Ursachen für die Entstehung, den Bestand und die Wandlungen räumlicher Wirtschaftsstrukturen? Zu den markantesten Strukturen gehören zweifellos Agglomerationen, die nicht auf natürliche Ursachen zurückgeführt werden können. Die Neue Ökonomische Geographie gibt eine Antwort auf die Frage nach den Gründen ihrer Existenz aus einem mikroökonomischen Totalmodell, das unterschiedliche Regionen und Produktionssektoren, heterogene Güter und unterschiedliche Transportkosten berücksichtigt. Das vorliegende Buch verfolgt drei Ziele: Zunächst wird dieses neue Paradigma in einen dogmenhistorischen Zusammenhang mit der traditionellen Raumwirtschaftstheorie und Handelstheorie gestellt. Ferner wird das Basismodell des Ansatzes ausführlich beschrieben und danach kritisch diskutiert. Schließlich werden einige Erweiterungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt, die in der Lage sind, einige zuvor genannte Kritikpunkte bezüglich des Grundmodells aufzuheben. / The most important question of regional economics is: What are the reasons for the existence, the growth, and the changes of regional economic structures? Without any doubt, agglomerations which are not based on natural sources belong to the most significant regional structures. The New Economic Geography gives answers - based on a microeconomic total model with different regions and industrial sectors, with heterogeneous goods and different transport costs - to the questions with regard to the reasons of the existence of agglomerations. This book pursues three objectives: First of all, the new paradigm is connected with the historical background of the traditional regional economics and trade theory. Furthermore, the basic model is described in detail and then discussed from a critical point of view. Finally, some possible extensions are introduced, which make it possible to eliminate some criticized elements of the basic model.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:32:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tanaka_jec_me_rcla.pdf: 2937121 bytes, checksum: ac3d860b62abd4898dfcfe2d51011a3a (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Esta pesquisa visa compreender as relações do trabalho formal nos Arranjo Produtivos Locais calçadistas do Estado de São Paulo, através da análise sistemática das características do mercado de trabalho nos municípios de Birigui, Franca e Jaú. Para tanto, este trabalho se utiliza da abordagem regulacionista para a compreensão da organização do espaço produtivo nesses municípios no período após a década de abertura comercial e reestruturação produtiva / This research seeks to understand the relationships of formal work in the Local Productive Arrangement footwear of São Paulo, through the systematic analysis of the characteristics of the labor market in the counties of Birigui, France and Jaú. Therefore, this work utilizes the regulationist approach to understanding the organization of production space in these municipalities in the period after the decade of trade liberalization and restructuring

Aiming to understand interrelations surrounding maize culture in El Salvador, the present work addresses white maize agri food system in Ciudad Arce. To do so, this thesis has used localized agrifood systems as theoretical framework. Thereof, historical, technical, institutional and food aspects compounding the localized agrifood system have been studied. Seemingly, this thesis has carried out a dense fieldwork, spreading through direct interviews with 82 maize producers in Ciudad Arce. Additionally, a number of actors, both public and private, have been interviewed, including: Rural extentionists, researchers, inputs providers, food retailers among others. This thesis begins with a theoretical analysis of territory. Thereof, the territorial perspective developed in the present work has been enriched from Geography, since it was originally within this science where territory emerged and where it has been more rigorously studied. This theoretical discussion of territory has paved the way to analyze its appropriation by productive agglomeration approaches such as: Industrial districts, clusters, local productive arrangements, local productive systems, rural agoindustry and localized agrifood systems. Given our above mentioned analysis on territory, it is highlighted that all these theoretical perspectives conceive the territorial concept with a positive bias, leaving aside the historical power relations accompanying territory from a geographical perspective. Subsequently, and given a lack of detailed and trustworthy statistics and databases in El Salvador, this thesis profoundly describes maize producers in Ciudad Arce. To do so, the framework of localized agrifood systems is implemented, describing producers in terms of their historical, technical, institutional and food peculiarities. This characterization paved the way to conceptualize and analyze how the maize localized agrifood system is structured in Ciudad Arce. Besides this conceptualization and analysis, the present work has exposed power relations at different levels, some of which are not conscripted to the usual economic and political arena. Hence, it has been possible to identify and discuss at least two power relations in each of the four dimensions that form the above mentioned localized agrifood system (LAFS). This qualitative analysis set the way to move onto a quantitative discussion. Within it, a system of four regressions (one for each LAFS dimension) was performed to predict and quantify maize productivity variations. Likewise a system of four regressions was used to predict and quantify variations in total production of this cereal. In general terms, regressions having productivity as dependent variable showed more modest results. Afterwards, another multiple regression was used to predict the variations of maize production including variables from all four different dimensions form the LAFS. At this point selected variables were combined into only one multiple regression in order to integrate the previous isolated dimensions. This regression was able to predict 83% of variations in maize production (R²: 0.830/ R² Adjusted: 0.782). These results identified many variables that influence total production, among the three most relevant in decreasing importance are: Area planted, commercial motivation to produce maize and the possession of an irrigation system. At the end, this thesis elaborates final considerations at both theoretical and practical level. Likewise, it also points to new research lines. / Con el objetivo de entender las inter-relaciones y el entramado alrededor de la cultura del maíz en El Salvador, el presente trabajo aborda el sistema agroalimentario del maíz blanco en Ciudad Arce. Para tal fin, el presente trabajo se ha valido de los sistemas agroalimentarios localizados como marco teórico. Con ello, se ha estudiado aspectos históricos, técnicos, institucionales y alimenticios del mencionado sistema. De tal suerte, esta tesis se ha valido de un nutrido trabajo de campo, que abarcó entrevistas directas con 82 agricultores que producen maíz, además de un número elevado de actores públicos y privados relacionados al tema, entre ellos: extensionistas rurales, investigadores, proveedores de insumos, comerciantes agrícolas. Esta tesis parte de una revisión teórica que aborda el territorio como concepto central. En tal sentido, la visión del territorio ha sido nutrida con aportes desde la geografía, ya que en esa ciencia se ha tratado históricamente este concepto de forma más rigurosa. La discusión sobre el territorio ha permitido evaluar su aplicación a la hora de ser retomada por enfoques teóricos que estudian aglomeraciones productivas, como los distritos industriales, los clúster, arreglos productivos locales, sistemas productivos locales, agro industrias rurales y los propios sistemas agroalimentarios localizados. A la luz de nuestro análisis sobre el territorio, se ha podido evidenciar que todos estos enfoques teóricos se apropian del territorio con un sesgo positivo, dejando de lado las históricas relaciones de poder circundantes a este concepto geográfico. Posteriormente, ante una ausencia de datos pormenorizados y estadísticas confiables, se caracteriza de forma profunda a los agricultores que producen maíz en Ciudad Arce De tal suerte, y al amparo del marco teórico de los sistemas agroalimentarios localizados, se destacan características históricas, técnicas, institucionales y alimenticias de los agricultores. Esto da paso a poder conceptualizar y analizar, cómo está formado el sistema agroalimentario del maíz en Ciudad Arce. Paralela a esta conceptualización y análisis, se ha explicitado cuáles son las relaciones de poder en diversa escala que han sido identificadas. De tal suerte, ha sido posible problematizar al menos dos relaciones de poder en cada una de las diferentes dimensiones del SIAL. Todo este análisis de cuño más cualitativo, da paso a un análisis cuantitativo. Al respecto, se realiza en primer lugar un sistema de cuatro regresiones (una por cada dimensión del SIAL) para predecir y cuantificar las variaciones en la productividad del maíz. Similarmente se emplea otro sistema de cuatro regresiones teniendo como variable dependiente producción de maíz. En términos generales, las regresiones que tienen a la productividad del maíz como variable dependiente, muestran resultados mucho más modestos. En un segundo momento, se opta por realizar una regresión múltiple que integre variables de las diferentes dimensiones abordadas, mismas que habían sido estudiadas hasta ahora de forma aislada. Esta regresión integrada consigue dar cuenta del 83% (R²: 0.830/ R² Ajustado: 0.782) de las variaciones en la producción. Se pudo identificar numerosas variables que influían en la producción total de maíz, siendo las tres más importantes en orden decreciente: superficie plantada, motivación para la producción de maíz es el comercio y la posesión de un sistema de riego. Finalmente, la tesis concluye con consideraciones a nivel teórico y práctico, no sin antes apuntar sobre nuevas líneas de investigación a ser exploradas.

Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns ett stort intresse bland unga i Sverige att starta företag. Det har också uppenbarats att det finns brister i ungas kunskaper om företagande och entreprenörskap, och de vet inte heller hur de skall gå tillväga för få den kunskapen. De faktorerna påverkar ungas företagande negativt och hämmar dem i deras önskan om egenföretagande. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka specifika faktorer som hindrar unga från att starta företag, det vill säga vilka osäkerheter de upplever i den industriella omgivningen och hur de kan hanteras. I ett försök att finna metoder som hjälper unga att hantera de osäkerheter som upplevs har jag undersökt hur klusterteorin kan underlätta företagandet. Klusterteorin skapades av Michael Porter i slutet av nittonhundratalet och visar på hur företag kan erhålla konkurrensfördelar genom att samlas i industriella kluster. Till det empiriska materialet har jag använt mig av sekundärdata i form av en undersökning utförd av Nutek 2008. Jag har också genomfört en fallstudie med tre företag som opererar i klustret Textil- och Modefabriken.I analysen har jag kunnat identifiera att de osäkerheter som unga upplever är finansiella; hur verksamheten skall finansieras, operationella; hur effektivt företaget kan drivas, samt konkurrensmässiga; om förmågan att konkurrera med andra. Med hjälp av kluster kan de osäkerheterna hanteras då kluster gör unga till bättre företagare med större kunskap om branschen, minskar deras ekonomiska otrygghet och bidrar med en social miljö som främjar deras innovation och ökar den teknologiska utvecklingen.Previous research has shown that there is a great interest among young people in Sweden to start a business. It has also become apparent that there are gaps in young people’s knowledge about business venturing and entrepreneurship, as well as their ability to obtain that knowledge. These factors affect entrepreneurship among young people negatively and it inhibits them in their desire to start at business. The purpose of this paper is to examine the specific factors that prevent young people from starting a business, that is, the uncertainties they experience in the industrial environment and how they can be managed. In an attempt to find methods that can be used to help young people manage the perceived uncertainties I have researched how cluster theory can facilitate entrepreneurship. Cluster theory was created by Michael Porter in the late twentieth century as way to show how businesses can achieve a competitive advantage by congregating in industrial clusters. For my empirical material I have used secondary data in the form of a survey carried out by Nutek in 2008. I have also done a case study with three companies that operate in a cluster called Textil- och Modefabriken.I have identified that the nature of the uncertainties perceived by young people are financial; how the business will be financed, operational; how effectively they will be able to run the business, and competitive; the ability to compete with others. Through the use of clusters these uncertainties can be managed as clusters can turn the young people into better entrepreneurs with a greater knowledge of the industry, as well as reduce their financial insecurities and provide them with a social construct that increase innovation and technological advancements. / Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

Une stratégie d’aménagement durable représente un enjeu important pour le développement des agglomérations contemporaines. L’aménagement durable implique le développement de stratégies visant à réduire l’utilisation des ressources, accroître l’efficacité économique et améliorer l’intégration des aspects sociaux (ex. environnements conviviaux pour les piétons, équilibre entre modes de transport public/privé, réseaux routiers performants, viabilisation des terres agricoles, économie du mouvement ; accès à l’emploi pour tous, commerces, services ; santé, culture et loisirs). A l’inverse, le développement fractal (ex. étalement urbain) n’est pas sans répercussions néfastes sur la nature et tend à augmenter le volume du trafic (principales critiques émises dans une étude de Newman & Kenworthy, 1989, portant sur les relations entre densité d’implantation et consommation d’énergie). Fait intéressant, une ville trop compacte induit un effet semblable car elle peut être à l’origine de flux de trafic pour accéder aux espaces verts et récréatifs ou des déménagements vers des endroits plus éloignés du centre que les lieux de résidence actuels des citadins.Les ménages ne se contentent pas d’utiliser les aménagements urbains intégrés dans les zones à forte densité de population, ils aspirent également à un accès aux espaces verts et récréatifs. Schwanen et al. (2004) ont mis en évidence le fait que les ménages tendaient à optimiser leur choix de résidence en fonction de l’accessibilité de divers types de commodités, un phénomène foncièrement lié au taux de fréquentation (quotidienne, hebdomadaire, mensuelle et occasionnelle) de ces dernières (cf. pratiques spatiales de la population).A l’échelle urbaine, une compacité excessive entraîne par ailleurs des problèmes écologiques, tels que le manque d’espaces verts pour approvisionner la ville en air frais (microclimat urbain). Nous recherchons ainsi une solution afin de gérer le développement fractal de manière à pouvoir concilier efficacement le couple antinomique espaces verts/espaces urbanisés. Cette solution doit également intégrer les aspects dynamiques d’une ville et minimiser les émissions et les coûts du trafic et prévenir la désagrégation des terres agricoles. Sur la base de l’observation selon laquelle l’espace urbain repose sur le principe de la géométrie fractale, il paraît intéressant d’explorer dans quelle mesure la géométrie fractale peut être mise à contribution en vue de résoudre l’antagonisme spatial compacité/étalement urbain. Le système d’aide à la décision (SAD) développé ici permet d’articuler espaces verts et zones urbaines en partant du concept hiérarchique sous-jacent en vue de fournir des espaces récréatifs à proximité de l’espace urbanisé en évitant toutefois la fragmentation du paysage ouvert. Ce concept implique en outre une hiérarchie des centres principaux et auxiliaires à une échelle métropolitaine. Il permet d’améliorer l’accessibilité aux installations fréquentées sur une base quotidienne, hebdomadaire, mensuelle et occasionnelle. Des distances plus importantes sont acceptées pour les installations moins fréquentées. / A sustainable and sustaining planning strategy is globally important for metropolitan areas. Sustainable planning addresses the development of strategies to reduce the use of resources, increase economic efficiency and improve integration of social aspects (e.g. pedestrian-friendly environments, well-balanced public and private transport modes, efficient street networks, land use, movement economy; access for all to jobs, retail, services; healthcare, culture and leisure). In contrast, splinter development (e.g. urban sprawl) involves damage to nature and generation of an increasing volume of traffic (these are the main criticisms following a study by Newman and Kenworthy (1989) on the relationship between settlement density and energy consumption). Interestingly, the overly compact city also has this effect as it may generate traffic flows for accessing green and leisure areas, or changes of residence due to a favouring of sites that lie farther away from the centre than the inhabitants’ current places of residence. Households not only consume urban amenities integrated into densely populated areas, but also aspire to have access to green and leisure areas. Schwanen et al. (2004) showed that households usually optimize their residential choice with respect to accessibility to various types of amenities, which is inherently linked to the frequentation rate of these amenities (daily, weekly, monthly, and occasional) (c.f. spatial practice of people). Moreover, on an urban scale, over-compactness causes ecological problems such as a lack of green wedges for supplying the city with fresh air (urban microclimate).Thus, we aim to find a solution for managing dispersed development which marries the twin elements of green and built-up space in a highly efficient manner. This solution also needs to incorporate dynamic aspects of a city as well as minimizing traffic costs and emissions. Based on the observation that urban space is founded on the principle of fractal geometry, it seems interesting to explore to what extent fractal geometry may be drawn upon for solving the spatial antagonism of compactness and urban sprawl.The decision support system “Fractalopolis” developed herein allows an articulation of green areas and urbanised space based on the underlying hierarchical concept, thus providing leisure areas in the neighbourhood of urbanised space but avoiding fragmentation of open landscape. In addition, this concept introduces hierarchy of centres and sub-centres on a metropolitan scale, allowing accessibility to daily, weekly, monthly and occasionally frequented facilities to be improved. Larger distances are accepted for less frequented amenities.

Abstract This thesis explores early modern industrial dynamics and especially the long-term performance of iron production and its localisation in Central Sweden during the period 1368-1910. Iron production, iron export and localisation in a national perspective as well as the regional industrial development in Central Sweden during the period 1805-1910 are studied. The production and localisation changes of the industry in the early modern period were investigated by processing easily available but scattered data. The study of the iron industry in the period 1805-1910 was based census data on employment structure in the Central Swedish parishes in four benchmark years, 1805, 1855, 1890 and 1910 and was carried out with the help of statistical cluster analysis. The first important result is that the Swedish iron export increased rapidly in the 16th the 17th centuries. This had to do with the breakthrough of bar iron which soon replaced the old form of iron called osmund iron. The export continued to increase up to the 1740s. From the 1740s there was stagnation till the 1820s when an expansion commenced and in the rest of the period under study the export grew fourfold. The distribution of iron production showed variations as to geographical patterns over time and there were rather distinct chronological phases as well. An expansion of established ironworks and tilthammers commenced in the end of the 16th century and reached its highest annual average in the 1630s. The localisation of new establishments in the 16th and early 17th centuries was mainly concentrated to the interior of Central Sweden. The localisation became more and more scattered over the country in the early modern period. Thus, the tendency towards diffusion outside the administrative Bergslagen became more and more obvious in the 18th century with new ironworks and tilthammers in Northern and Southern Sweden. In the late 19th century the number of industrial parishes had increased and so had the share of employed in manufacturing industry. Furthermore, the industrial parishes were concentrated to a large cluster which covered the inner parts of Central Sweden. However, the analysis of industrial branches also showed a diversification where the wood, paper and pulp industries and above all the metal industries were fast growers. The metal industries also proved a geographical closeness to the traditional iron and steel industry The second main outcome of the investigation has to do with the continuity concerning the localisation of the iron industry. The historical continuity and the confinement to a certain area are evident from the analyses of various localisation factors in which a number of logit-models were employed. The status of a parish as industrial at one time point was to a great extent decisive for its status as industrial at a later date. The existence of iron ore mining in the parish and if the parish was situated inside the institutional region of Bergslagen also enhanced the probability for it to be defined as an industrial community also long after the institutional regulation had been abolished in the 1850s. In a long-term perspective, the analysis revealed that there was a marked continuity between the early modern patterns of localisation of the iron industry and the localisation of the engineering industrial firms in the 20th century. However, the early modern localisation did not show a significant connection with the industrial parishes’ localisation in 1855, 1890 and 1910, which means that the results are not unambiguous. The third main result of the study is that geographical vicinity of communities to others with industrial activities contributes to industrial growth. In this way industrial communities tend to concentrate geographically and thereby to form clusters. For 1855 this was not significant but for 1890 it was evident. For 1910 it was shown that if a parish had more than one neighbouring industrial community, the probability of its being industrial was great. In a long-term perspective it seems that agglomerations of industrial activities form an environment which can cope with episodes of increasing transformation pressure in a better way than isolated units. Geographical concentrations which, historically seen, are characterised by “industry in the air” have a high propensity to adapt to changes in the industrial environment.