Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1994. / Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 216-221).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves xxiv-xxx).

BATISTA, Maria Aline da Silva. Questão agrária e campesinato: a feira agroecológica como uma estratégia de consolidação camponesa. 2014. 108 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em geografia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2014. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T19:04:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_masbatista.pdf: 2619621 bytes, checksum: 5e296f227d01e79212cef28a0cb9dd39 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-06-16T19:11:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_masbatista.pdf: 2619621 bytes, checksum: 5e296f227d01e79212cef28a0cb9dd39 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-16T19:11:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_masbatista.pdf: 2619621 bytes, checksum: 5e296f227d01e79212cef28a0cb9dd39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The agrarian question is a problem that is not limited to the land issue, but unfolds into various dilemmas faced by peasants. The research aims at discussing the role of a path of peasant resistance in the northern region of Ceará: the Agroecological Fair (FA). It was sought to understand how the peasantry has used Agroecology to face the pressures of capital. It was delimited as the universe of the study the group of marketers agroecological and solidary from fair of Itapipoca and fair of Trairi totaling ten families. The FA are alternative marketing channels that enable the peasants greater autonomy in relation to the results of their work at the same time that democratizes access to food without pesticides. Based on the theorists who think the peasantry beyond the economic outlook and Agroecology as a way for rural development, we sought to identify the strategies undertaken by farmers and the results arising. The methodology included literature review and field research. The plantation and agroecological fair were visited. Interviews semistructured taped were realized with peasants-marketer, agricultural technicians and consumers. It was found that agroecological techniques are contributing to the recovery of soils and are more efficient than conventional practices during periods of drought. It was observed that marketing through agroecological fair entails a significant increase in the income of peasants and induces diversification of production, which reflects a improved diet and promotes food security for families. The FA studied allows consumers access to safer products and fair prices. Social relations developed at the fairs transcends the economic dimension, generating friendships based on trust and solidarity. / A questão agrária é um problema que não se esgota na questão fundiária, mas se desdobra em vários dilemas vividos pelos camponeses. Essa pesquisa tem por objetivo discutir o papel da resistência camponesa na região norte do Ceará através das Feiras Agroecológicas (FA). Buscou-se compreender como o campesinato tem utilizado a Agroecologia para enfrentar as pressões do capital. Delimitou-se como universo de estudo o grupo de feirantes agroecológicos e solidários de Itapipoca e de Trairi, totalizando dez famílias. As FA são canais alternativos de comercialização que possibilitam ao camponês maior autonomia em relação aos resultados do seu trabalho ao mesmo tempo em que democratiza o acesso a alimentos sem agrotóxico. Tendo por base os teóricos que pensam o campesinato para além da perspectiva econômica e a Agroecologia como caminho para o desenvolvimento rural, procurou-se identificar as estratégias empreendidas pelos camponeses e os resultados decorrentes. A metodologia utilizada contou com revisão bibliográfica e trabalhos de campo, durante os quais, foram realizadas visitas às unidades de produção e às feiras agroecológicas. Foram feitas entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas com os camponeses-feirantes, técnicos agrícolas envolvidos e consumidores. Verificou-se que as técnicas agroecológicas estão contribuindo para a recuperação dos solos e são mais eficientes que as práticas convencionais nos períodos de estiagem. Constatou-se que a comercialização nas feiras agroecológicas enseja um aumento significativo na renda dos camponeses e induz a diversificação da produção, o que reflete na melhoria da alimentação e promove a segurança alimentar para as famílias. As FA estudadas possibilitam aos consumidores o acesso a produtos mais seguros e a preços justos. As relações sociais desenvolvidas nas feiras transcendem a dimensão econômica, geram laços de amizade, baseados na confiança e na solidariedade.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 desalis_clg_dr_assis.pdf: 1208383 bytes, checksum: 87986f825a3e8f92bf962f80392f2a85 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A partir da década de 50 intensificam-se os debates em torno da efetivação de medidas legais que pudessem viabilizar a execução da reforma agrária no país. Com objetivos ideológicos diversos, direita e esquerda proclamavam a execução da reforma agrária. Paralelamente a esse debate e como conseqüência deste, seguiu-se um período marcado por impasses políticos que obstruíram qualquer tentativa de aprovação de uma legislação agrária para o país. As discussões invariavelmente recaíam sobre os instrumentos, o alcance e a natureza que a reforma agrária deveria assumir. Após o golpe militar, na vigência do governo do Marechal Humberto de Alencar Castello Branco ocorreu, para a surpresa de alguns e inconformismo de outros, a promulgação da Lei n.º 4.504. Sob a denominação Estatuto da Terra a lei englobava vários instrumentos anteriormente reivindicados para a execução da reforma agrária. A presente pesquisa objetivou analisar a origem do Estatuto da Terra no governo Castello e sua trajetória, nos governos militares posteriores à Castello Branco. Constatou-se que motivação para a organização do Estatuto da Terra no governo Castello inseria-se numa concepção econômica para o desenvolvimento nacional, neste sentido o posterior esvaziamento, ou ainda a execução parcial da Lei, não resultariam do fato dela ter sido elaborada apenas com fins políticos, mas sim das incompatibilidades dentro do próprio meio militar e das interpretações dos demais agentes envolvidos na questão agrária. / Right from the 50’s there was an intensification of debates around the legal ways that could allow the execution of an Agrarian Reform in the country. With a range of various ideologies, the right and the left politicians proclaimed the execution of the Agrarian Reform. At the same time of this debate and as its own consequence, there was began a period characterized by political obstacles able to obstruct any try of approval of an Agrarian law to the country. Invariably, all these discussions lead to the instruments, the magnitude and nature the Agrarian Reform should assume. After the Military Stroke, under the Marechal Humberto de Alencar Castello Branco Govern, there was a visible surprise of some and indignation of others as results of the promulgation of the Law n.º 4.504. Denominated Earth Statute Law, it included many instruments before claimed to the Agrarian Reform execution. This present research had as its main purpose the analysis of the Earth Statute origin on Castello’s Govern and also its trajectory on subsequent governments. It was realized that the motivation for the organization of Earth Statute on Castello’s Govern was insert into an economic conception to the national development, in this way an subsequent emptying, or even a partial law execution, would not result in the fact that it was elaborated only with politics goals, but of incompatibilities inside the military environment and also inside the interpretation of the other agents evolved to the agrarian issues.

Submitted by ANA TERRA REIS (anaterrareis@gmail.com) on 2016-12-01T14:50:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA_TERRA_REIS.pdf: 3254373 bytes, checksum: 5279a1d03ff615b2d5954558a1b72867 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-05T12:08:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 reis_at_dr_prud.pdf: 3254373 bytes, checksum: 5279a1d03ff615b2d5954558a1b72867 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-05T12:08:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 reis_at_dr_prud.pdf: 3254373 bytes, checksum: 5279a1d03ff615b2d5954558a1b72867 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar as possibilidades de resistência protagonizadas pelos camponeses organizados pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) ao avanço do sistema metabólico do capital, a partir da implementação do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) em assentamentos do estado de São Paulo. Assim, desenvolvemos em um primeiro capítulo uma síntese acerca do papel do Estado e das políticas públicas que foram sendo desenvolvidas historicamente no Brasil e que reafirmaram o modelo produtivo baseado na grande propriedade, no monocultivo, na super-exploração do trabalho, na exportação de matérias-primas e na destruição do meio ambiente, em detrimento do desenvolvimento da agricultura de base camponesa. Esta realidade histórica define o que é central para a questão agrária no estado de São Paulo, assunto que aprofundamos ao longo do segundo capítulo, abordando a face colonial arcaica do moderno agronegócio, especialmente no que se refere à produção dos cinco maiores cultivos do estado, quais sejam a cana de açúcar, os grãos, a silvicultura, a laranja e a pecuária bovina. No terceiro capítulo abordamos a luta pela terra no estado de São Paulo, trazendo elementos sobre as políticas públicas de reforma agrária e sua consolidação em assentamentos que empreendem a resistência ao sistema metabólico do capital, principalmente quando desempenham o controle político no desenvolvimento destas políticas públicas. Por fim, no quarto capítulo, apresentamos a sistematização dos dados de acesso ao Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos PAA no estado de São Paulo, com vistas a demonstrar os potenciais de resistência decorrentes da implantação deste programa nos assentamentos de reforma agrária. Conclui-se portanto o potencial emancipador do PAA, uma vez que possibilita o rompimento com os agentes de comercialização (atravessadores), a organização de cooperativas e associações, a maior participação de mulheres e jovens, a diversificação da produção, a mudança no modelo produtivo para a matriz agroecológica e o acesso a alimentos sadios para aqueles que vivem em situação de insegurança alimentar. / This paper aims to present the possibilities of resistance leaded by the Landless People Movement (MST) in the progress of the capital´s metabolic system, parting from the implementation of the Food Acquisition’s Program (PAA) in settlements of the State of São Paulo. Therefore, we developed, in the first chapter, a summary about the role of the State and the public policies that have been developed historically in Brazil, and, that reaffirmed the productive model based in big properties, monocultures, the over-exploitation of the workers, the exportation of raw materials and the destruction of the natural environment, over the developing of peasant based agriculture. This historical reality defines what's central for the agrarian issue in the State of São Paulo, matter in which we deepen through the second chapter, approaching the archaic colonial face of the modern agro-business, especially what refers to the production of the five biggest crops of the State, which are sugar cane, beans, forestry, orange, and cattle breeding. In the third chapter, we approach the struggle for the land in the State of São Paulo, bringing elements about the public policies of agrarian reform and its consolidation in settlements that engage the capital´s metabolic system´s resistance, mainly when they play the political control in the developing of these public policies. Finally, in chapter four, we present the systematization of the access data to the Food Acquisition´s Program (PAA) in the State of São Paulo, looking forward to demonstrate the resistance potentials due to the implantation of this program in the settlements of the agrarian reform. Therefore, the emancipatory potential of the Food Acquisition´s Program (PAA) its perceived once it allows the rupture with the commercialization agents (the middleman), the organization of cooperatives and associations, the increasing participation of women and youth, the diversification of the production, the change from the productive model to the agroecology pattern and the access to healthy food for those who live in an unstable food situation.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a colonização do oeste paulista, mais especificamente, a partir dos anos trinta do século XX, situando-a no contexto geral da expansão do capital no âmbito mundial. A análise busca centrar-se no caráter contraditório do processo de colonização que, ao expandir o agrário como forma de superação aos entraves à reprodução do capital, advindos da grande crise de 1929, simultaneamente, estaria a reproduzir um conjunto de relações sociais sob o qual repousaria o próprio fundamento da crise. Nesse sentido a superação se constituiria, de antemão, na reprodução da própria crise, problema que remete à lógica da valorização como fundamento fundante da sociabilidade moderna. Sendo a reprodução do capital balizada pelo encadeamento lógico de seus momentos, a sociedade se põe a reboque de inexorável. Partindo desse pressuposto, questionaremos a racionalidade que, como forma de consciência indivíduos reproduzam a si e a sua sociedade. Despido de sua racionalidade, o capital revela o seu caráter imanentemente crítico, o que se evidencia pela sua forma contraditória de expansão, sendo essa movida, simultaneamente, pela acumulação e crise de acumulação de valor. / The present study aims to analyze the colonization of western São Paulo, more specifically from the thirties of the twentieth century, placing it in the overall context of capital expansion at the global scenario. The analysis focus on the contradictory nature of the colonization process, which, in order to expand the agrarian as a way of overcoming the obstacles to the reproduction of capital, coming from the 1929 crisis, simultaneously, would be playing a set of social relations under which would rest the very foundation of the crisis. In this sense, the overcoming would constitute, in advance, on the reproduction of the crisis itself, a problem that leads to the logic of the valorization as a fundamental basis of the modern sociability. Being the reproduction of capital guided by the logical sequence of its moments, the society begins to tow a process that goes behind it,\" and which imposes itself on her in an inexorable way. Based on this assumption, we shall question the rationality that, as a form of modern consciousness, puts the mediation of the goods as a \"sine qua non\" condition, to make the individuals to reproduce themselves and their society. Stripped of its rationality, the capital reveals its immanently critical character, which is evidenced by its contradictory form of expansion, which is moved simultaneously by the accumulation and value accumulation crisis.

O presente trabalho aborda questão agrária na Colômbia entre os anos de 1961 e 1972, período que situa um ciclo de transição na economia colombiana que se abre com a possibilidade de reformas capitalistas no sentido liberal-democrático e se encerra com a opção definitiva pela restauração conservadora. A reconstituição desse processo histórico é feita sob a perspectiva de um grupo muito particular entre os camponeses colombianos, isto é, os colonos e o colonato. Do ponto de vista teórico, a ideia central deste trabalho é a de recuperar para análise da questão agrária na América Latina, particularmente para a Colômbia, os pressupostos da análise de Marx sobre a renda da terra. Outro aspecto importante em relação à obra de Marx, foi a tentativa de estabelecer um diálogo com sua a obra naquilo que ele apontou como decisivo para se entender o desenvolvimento capitalista nos países de formação colonial. Para a produção do conhecimento histórico relativo ao objeto desta pesquisa houve uma análise crítica tanto da produção teórica de alguns dos principais intérpretes sobre a questão agrária na Colômbia quanto dos dados estatísticos produzidos pelo órgão do Estado colombiano responsável pelo setor, o Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estatística (DANE). / This thesis discusses agrarian question in Colombia between the years 1961 and 1972, a period that represents a transition cycle in the Colombian economy that opens the possibility of capitalist reforms in the liberal-democratic direction and ends with the final choice of the conservative restoration. The perspective of a very particular group of Colombian peasants, that is, the settlers and the settlement, is the central argument that leads the reconstruction of this historical process. From a theoretical point of view, the central idea of this work is to recover for analysis of the agrarian question in Latin America, particularly in Colombia, the assumptions of Marx\'s analysis of ground rent. Another important aspect in relation to the work of Marx was to establish a dialogue with his work in order to find a key to understanding the capitalist development in countries with colonial history. For the production of historical knowledge concerning the object of this research, this thesis produces a critical analysis of both the theoretical production of some of the most important intellectuals on the agrarian question in Colombia and the statistical data produced by the Colombian state body responsible for the sector, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE).

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The thesis examines the processes of social differentiation amongst households living on farms transferred through South African land reform, and the degree to which the ‘commercialisation’ of the cattle economy accounts for these processes. The evidence is drawn from six farms owned by Communal Property Associations (CPAs), which are part of the Besters Land Reform Project in the Besters District of KwaZulu-Natal. Drawing on the scholarship of critical political economists, the thesis shows that social differentiation is a dynamic process that both underlies and exacerbates conflicts over the commercial production of collectively owned cattle. This finding is derived from examining the articulation of three analytically distinct processes. These are the diversification of livelihoods in response to diminishing opportunities for regular wage employment; the social stratifications arising partly from the unequal ownership of cattle; and the differential claims on and extractions made from CPA land and cattle production. The thesis shows that some households are able to accumulate agricultural capital and expand their cattle herds by securing and synchronising a range of livelihoods, including wage employment, social grants and subsidies from CPA farm production. Others, unable to synchronise livelihoods arising from social processes that often run counter to one another, find their cattle herds depleted as they draw on them to survive. When their agricultural production declines, their capacity to generate a livelihood sufficiently robust to withstand shocks is put at risk. This places the collectively owned land, income and assets of the CPAs at the centre of a politics defined by the contradiction between meeting the needs of social reproduction on the one hand, and accumulating farm capital, on the other. This is evidenced in the dynamic nature of the hybridised farm systems in which cattle farming for multiple purposes co-exists with the production of cattle as commodities. Reflecting this materiality, the politics of the CPA draws on older relationships of kinship, underpinned by ceremonial uses of cattle that both reflect and generate broader socio-economic inequalities. The outcome of this fluid and complex ‘politics of the farm’ determines whether land reform produces a small number of ‘winners’ or a greater number of households involved in agricultural petty commodity production. Social differentiation is exacerbated on farms that disband collective production, while households are both more likely to continue farming or to re-enter agricultural petty commodity production where CPA production provides capital and labour inputs. The implications of these findings are that the problems of production on many land reform farms cannot be explained simply in terms of CPAs as troubled institutions. Rather, the dynamics of differentiation constitute CPAs and their enterprises as sites of struggle that render collectively owned production unstable under current land and agrarian policy frameworks. Policy priorities that take cognizance of this politics and support farm level adjudications of member’s rights to land, capital and cash, and support agricultural capital accumulators to exit communal property arrangements could result in limited transformations of the agrarian structure.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This thesis examines the trajectories of agrarian change on community-owned commercial farms in the Levubu Valley in the northern part of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Levubu is a locality where fertile land was developed and made highly productive after state-led dispossession of African communities. White farmers were initially resettled on a state-run irrigation scheme, but later became independent large-scale commercial farmers linked to global agro-food markets. The thesis focusses on four Communal Property Associations (CPAs) that acquired ownership of farms in Levubu. Government’s post-apartheid land restitution programme required the CPAs to enter into ‘strategic partnership’ agreements with agribusiness companies. Resettlement of beneficiaries on these farms was ruled out in an attempt to sustain existing production systems and levels of employment. After these partnerships collapsed, CPAs have attempted to run the farms themselves, through operating companies employing professional farm managers. Using key concepts from agrarian political economy, the thesis seeks to understand the dynamics of production and social reproduction on the farms and the political tensions that have arisen since restitution occurred. It also explores how this form of land restitution has impacted on the livelihoods of farmworkers. The study combines intensive (or qualitative) research methods, involving indepth interviews, focus groups and direct observations, and extensive (or quantitative) approaches, mainly in the form of a farmworker household survey undertaken in two communities. This research design has allowed for ‘retrospective’ analysis of changes over time to be complemented by ‘circumspective’ analysis of the relations and dynamics of property, production and power on community-owned farms in Levubu. The main findings of the study are that neither joint venture companies nor community-owned farming enterprises have been able to distribute dividend payments to claimant community members as yet. Rather, when profits have been realised they have largely been invested back into productive enterprises. Few other benefits have been received either, other than the preferential employment of some claimant farmworkers on the farms, a small number as managers or supervisors. Although additional jobs were created in the initial stages of restitution, these enterprises have struggled to maintain employment levels. Poor management decisions have meant that increased labour costs have not been accompanied by increases in productivity and output. Severe tensions and conflicts have arisen within CPAs, manifested in different forms of identity politics and competing ‘modes of belonging’. Tensions in communityowned large-scale farming enterprises are explained by the contradictory unity of capital and labour within community-owned enterprises, with difficult choices to be made between enhancing social reproduction or ensuring accumulation and profitability. These combine with complex processes of identification in socio-political struggles around access to and control of key resources. These findings suggest that policy makers should re-examine assumptions in relation to community-owned farming enterprises and explore mechanisms through which individual beneficiary households can realise more significant benefits. One policy option might be to seek the complementarity of large-scale commercial farming and smallholder farming systems, both on land restored to CPAs through restitution and in communal areas.

This research is an ethnographic case study of the emerging ecotourism economies in the agricultural village of San Gerardo de Rivas, Pérez Zeledón, Costa Rica. Due to the village’s location as the main entry point to climb the country’s tallest mountain within Chirripó National Park, the majority of households in San Gerardo now derive some income from tourism. I conducted twenty household surveys, followed by twenty-one semi-structured interviews with male and female heads of households and representatives of local organizations and tourism businesses. Drawing on local perspectives, I found that ecotourism was a complementary income source to agriculture and that men and women were engaging differently in ecotourism employment. Local organizations were involved in the participatory management of ecotourism activities within Chirripó National Park. Ecotourism has affected environmental practices and local people are strategically negotiating the direction of tourism development, including through using environmental discourses, to optimize the benefits to their community.